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Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children

Protocol in the United Nations

Field	Value
name	Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime
type	Organized crime; international criminal law
date_drafted	15 November 2000
date_signed	12 December 2000
location_signed	New York City, United States
date_effective	25 December 2003
condition_effective	40 ratifications
signatories	117
parties	185
depositor	Secretary-General of the United Nations
languages	Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish

The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (also referred to as the Trafficking Protocol or UN TIP Protocol) is a protocol to the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime. It is one of the three Palermo protocols, the others being the Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air and the Protocol Against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms.

The protocol was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2000 and entered into force on 25 December 2003. As of July 2025, it has been ratified by 185 parties.

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is responsible for implementing the protocol. It offers practical help to states with drafting laws, creating comprehensive national anti-trafficking strategies, and assisting with resources to implement them. In March 2009, UNODC launched the Blue Heart Campaign to fight human trafficking, to raise awareness, and to encourage involvement and inspire action.

The protocol commits ratifying states to prevent and combat trafficking in persons, protecting and assisting victims of trafficking and promoting cooperation among states in order to meet those objectives.

Content of the protocol

The protocol covers the following:

Defining the trafficking in human beings and the scope of "exploitation": to be considered trafficking in persons, a situation must meet three conditions: act (i.e., recruitment), means (i.e., through the use of force or deception) and purpose (i.e., for the purpose of forced labour) (Articles 3a, 3b)
Requiring states to adopt legislation criminalising trafficking as so defined, acting as an accomplice to other traffickers and organizing trafficking by others (Article 5)}}
Facilitating the return and acceptance of children who have been victims of cross-border trafficking, with due regard to their safety
Prohibiting the trafficking of children (defined as being under 18 years of age) for purposes of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC), exploitative labour practices, or the removal of body parts
Ensuring that definitions of trafficking reflect the need for special safeguards and care for children, including appropriate legal protection
Ensuring that trafficked persons are not punished for any offences or activities related to their having been trafficked, such as prostitution and immigration violations
Ensuring that victims of trafficking are protected from deportation or return where there are reasonable grounds to suspect that such return would represent a significant security risk to the trafficked person or their family
Considering temporary or permanent residence in countries of transit or destination for trafficking victims in exchange for testimony against alleged traffickers, or on humanitarian and compassionate grounds
Providing for the confiscation of the instruments and proceeds of trafficking and related offences to be used for the benefit of trafficked persons
Arrangements for dispute resolution between State Parties (Article 15).

Regional action against trafficking in human beings

In Warsaw on 16 May 2005, the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings was opened for accession. The convention established a Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA) which monitors the implementation of the convention through country reports. It has been ratified (as of January 2016) by 45 European states, while a further one state (Turkey) has signed but not yet ratified it.

Complementary protection is ensured through the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (Lanzarote, 25 Oct 2007).

In addition, the European Court of Human Rights of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg has passed judgments involving trafficking in human beings which violated obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights: Siliadin v France, judgment of 26 July 2005, and Rantsev v Cyprus and Russia, judgment of 7 January 2010.

The Council of Europe co-operates closely with the United Nations.

References

"UNODC – Signatories to the CTOC Trafficking Protocol". United Nations.
"Full list".

Info: Wikipedia Source

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