Problem Video Game Playing Questionnaire

Scale

The scale's survey questions are based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria for substance dependence, and for pathological gambling, as well as the literature on addictions. In presenting their article, published in the British journal Addiction in 2002, Tejeiro-Salguero and Bersabé-Moran showed, through psychometric analysis, that the PVP Questionnaire is one-dimensional, and has acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of 0.69. The pattern of associations between scale scores and alternative measures of problem play (r=0.64 with frequency of play; r=0.52 with mean duration of play; r=0.56 with longest time per session; r=0.47 with score on the Severity of Dependence Scale; all p

A study by Hart et al. concluded that, while the PVP is a robust measure of addiction, there is no support for the use of a cutoff score of any level with this instrument.

Further, Tejeiro-Salguero suggested that the pattern of problems associated with high PVP scores can be best referred to as abuse, since it is quite similar to the DSM-IV-TR criteria for substance abuse: a maladaptive pattern (of use) leading to clinically significant impairment or distress as manifested by a failure to fulfill major role obligations at school or home, or continued use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by behavior (arguments, physical fights).

A 2013 review presented in the Clinical Psychology Review journal by a team of professors from Australia, the Netherlands and the UK found that, among 18 instruments analyzed, the PVP was the only one that demonstrated capacity to assess the proposed DSM-V classification of "Internet Use Disorder". Four instruments (including the PVP) demonstrated strong convergent validity, and the scores in the scale were positively related to those of the other six instruments reviewed. Also, the PVP and three other instruments demonstrated a single-factor structure with the factor termed "addiction". The authors concluded that "on the basis of available evidence, this review suggests that the Problem Video Game Playing scale may provide the best overall measure of Internet Use Disorder".

Research with the PVP

The article presenting the PVP questionnaire was also published in 2003 in the Italian journal Personalita/Dipendenze, edited by the Societa di Studio per i Disturbi di Personalitá and in the Greek journal Exartiseis. A short article including the questionnaire's nine items was also published in the American newsletter The Complete Practitioner.

Since 2003, the PVP (in its original version or with minor changes affecting the number of questions or the response format) has been utilized in a variety of studies conducted in several countries:

**United States **

• Lyles (2007)
• Langley (2010){{Cite web|url= https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc33181/m2/1/high_res_d/thesis.pdf
• Elliott, Golub, Ream, & Dunlap (2012)
• Ream, Elliott & Dunlap (2011a)
• Ream, Elliott & Dunlap (2011b)
• Tolchinsky & Jefferson (2011)
• Lewis, Weber & Bowman (2006)
• Hart et al. (2009)

Canada

• Adlaf, Paglia-Boak, Beitchman & Wolfe (2008)
• Parker et al. (2008)
• Taylor (2008)
• Lafrenière, Vallerand, Donahue & Lavigne (2009)

Iceland

• Hróarsson (2004)
• Einarsdóttir (2008)
• Skarphédinsson, Pálsdóttir, & Ólason (2008)
• Arnasson (2011)

France

• Bioulac, Arfi & Bouvard (2008)
• Bioulac, Arfi & Bouvard (2010)

Australia

• Loton (2007)
• Porter et al. (2010)

Thailand

• Hongsanguansri, Silpakit & Ruangkanchanasetr (2006)
• Supaket, Munsawaengsub, Nanthamongkolchai, & Apinuntavetch (2008)

Spain

• Tejeiro, Angulo, Gómez-Vallecillo, Pelegrina, Wallace & Emberley (2012)

Brazil

• Icassati-Suzuki, Vieira, Araujo, & Magallaes (2009)

Chile

• Arab et al. (2007)

Peru

• Vallejos & Capa (2010)

United Kingdom

• Collins, Freeman, & Chamarro-Premuzic (2012)

China

• De-Lin Sun et al. (2008)

References

References

1. (2002). "Measuring problem video game playing in adolescents". Addiction.
2. DSM-IV, [[American Psychiatric Association]], 1994.
3. (2009). "Effects of Video Games on Adolescents and Adults". CyberPsychology & Behavior.
4. "Tejeiro, R. (2002). Los videojuegos, ¿adicción o abuso? Categorización, consideraciones metodológicas y análisis de factores de riesgo".
5. "American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.)".
6. (Apr 2013). "King, Haagsma, Delfabbro, Gradisar & Griffiths (2013). Toward a consensus definition of pathological video gaming: a systematic review of psychometric assessment tools". Clin Psychol Rev.
7. "Tejeiro (2003). Dipendenza dai videogiocchi".
8. "Tejeiro (2003). Exartiseis, 3, 146-156".
9. (2011). "Patrón de Uso y Dependencia de Videojuegos en Infancia y Adolescencia". Anales de Psicología.
10. "Lyles, H. (2007). Video game addiction: truth or fiction".
11. (2012). "Video Game Genre as a Predictor of Problem Use". Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking.
12. (2011). "Patterns of and Motivations for Concurrent Use of Video Games and Substances". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.
13. (2011). "Playing Video Games While Using or Feeling the Effects of Substances: Associations with Substance Use Problems". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.
14. (2011). "Problematic Video Game Play in a College Sample and Its Relationship to Time Management Skills and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptomology". Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking.
15. (2008). "'They May Be Pixels, but They're MY Pixels:' Developing a Metric of Character Attachment in Role-Playing Video Games". CyberPsychology & Behavior.
16. "Adlaf, E.M., Paglia-Boak, A, Beitchman, J.H., & Wolfe, D. (2008). The Mental health and Well-Being of Ontario Students, 1991-2007: Detailed OSDUHS Findings".
17. (2008). "Problem gambling in adolescence: Relationships with internet misuse, gaming abuse and emotional intelligence". Personality and Individual Differences.
18. Taylor, R.N.. (2008). "Adolescent Problem Gambling: Relationship With Affect Regulation, Internet Addiction and Problematic Video Game Playing". Trent University.
19. (2009). "On the Costs and Benefits of Gaming: The Role of Passion". CyberPsychology & Behavior.
20. "Hróarsson, H. (2004). Athugun á hugsanlegum vanda vegna tölvuleikjanotkun medal báttakenda á skjálfta 2004; cited in Arnason, 2011".
21. "Einarsdóttir, H. (2008). Tölvuleikjaspilun ungmenna, algengi hugsanlegs tölvuleikjavanda og tengsl við áhættuþætti; cited in Arnason, 2011".
22. (January 2025). "Skarphédinsson, G.A., Pálsdóttir, S.E. y Ólason, D.P. (2008). Mat á tölvuleikjavanda: Próffraedilegir eiginleikar og tengsl vid tölvuleikjategundir".
23. "Arnason, E.J. (2011). Próffræðilegir eiginleikar matskvarða á tölvuleikjavanda".
24. (2008). "Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and video games: A comparative study of hyperactive and control children". European Psychiatry.
25. (2010). "Intérêt de l'utilisation du questionnaire des problèmes associés aux jeux vidéo de Tejeiro (Problem Videogame Playing: PVP). Étude exploratoire chez des enfants présentant un TDA/H". Annales médico-psychologiques.
26. "Loton, D. (2007). Problem Video Game Playing, Self Esteem and Social Skills: An Online Study".
27. (2010). "Recognizing problem video game use". The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry.
28. "Hongsanguansri, S., Silpakit, C. & Ruangkanchanasetr, S. (2006). The Development of Problem Video Game Playing (PVP) Questionnaire, Thai version".
29. (April 2018). "Supaket, P., Munsawaengsub, Ch, Nanthamongkolchai, S. y Apinuntavetch, S. (2008). Factors Affecting Computer Game Addiction and Mental Health of Male Adolescents in Mueang District, Si Sa Ket Province".
30. (2012). "The relationship between perceived emotional intelligence and problema video game playing in adolescents".
31. (2009). "O uso de videogames, jogos de computador e internet por uma amostra de universitários da Universidade de São Paulo". Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria.
32. (2007). "Evaluación del uso de video juego en escolares de la Región Metropolitana". Revista Sociedad de Psiquiatria y Neurologia de la Infancia y Adolescencia.
33. "Vallejos, M. & Capa, W. (2010). Videojuegos: adicción y factores predictores".
34. (2011). "Massively multiplayer online role-playing games: Comparing characteristics of addict vs non-addict online recruited gamers in a French adult population". BMC Psychiatry.
35. (2008). "Computer Games: A Double-Edged Sword?". CyberPsychology & Behavior.