Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union

Election

The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet was elected by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR at a joint session of both chambers at the first session of each after convocation. The deputies of the Presidium were appointed for the duration of the term of office of the Supreme Soviet. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR consisted of a chairman, a first vice-chairman (after 1977), his 15 deputies (one from each republic), a secretary, and 20 additional deputies from its two constituent chambers, for a total of 39. The Presidium was accountable to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR for all its activities.

From 1938 to 1989, the chairman of the Presidium was regarded as the USSR/Soviet Union's head of state and was sometimes referred to as the "President of the USSR/Soviet Union" in non-Soviet sources.

The building of the Presidium

Its building, situated inside the Moscow Kremlin, was appropriately named the Kremlin Presidium.

Constitutional powers

At inception

According to the 1936 Constitution of the USSR, as in force as enacted originally (and thus, at the establishment of the Presidium), the basic powers of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR were:

• interpretation of current Soviet laws;
• dissolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the basis of Article 47 of the 1936 Constitution of the USSR and scheduling new elections: implementing a national referendum on its own initiative or at the request of one of the republics of the Union.
• abrogation of decrees, issued by the Council of Ministers and Council of Ministers of the republics of the Union in case there is a discrepancy with the law;
• relieving the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of his job and appointing Ministers of the USSR (between sessions of the Supreme Soviet) with the subsequent submittal for the Supreme Soviet's approval;
• establishment of orders and medals of the USSR and implementing the awarding procedures.
• establishment of honorary titles of the USSR and their assignment.
• realization of the right to pardon;
• appointment and dismissal of the executive command of the Soviet Armed Forces;
• establishment of military and diplomatic ranks and other special ranks;
• declaration of the general and partial mobilization;
• declaration of war in case of an attack on the USSR or in case when it was necessary to implement obligations of international mutual defense treaties;
• ratification and denunciation of international treaties, signed by the USSR;
• representation of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (between its sessions) in its relations with parliaments of foreign countries;
• appointment and dismissal of Soviet plenipotentiaries in foreign countries;
• receiving of Letters of Credence and Letters of Recall from foreign diplomatic representatives, accredited in the USSR;
• declaration of the martial law in a given region or across the USSR in the interest of defending the USSR or preserving public order and state security.

The presidium also dealt with questions regarding the acquisition of the Soviet citizenship, its forfeiting or voluntary rejection.

When the Supreme Soviet was not in session, the Presidium carried out the Supreme Soviet's ordinary functions. It was also empowered to issue decrees in lieu of law, which were to be submitted to the Supreme Soviet at its next session. If such decrees were not ratified by the Supreme Soviet, they were to be considered revoked. In practice, the Supreme Soviet's infrequent sessions (it usually sat for only one week per year) and the principles of democratic centralism meant that Presidium decrees de facto had the force of law. It was not unheard of for the CPSU Politburo to bypass the full Supreme Soviet and enact major laws as Presidium decrees. While the Supreme Soviet's power of veto was almost never exercised in practice, it was not unheard of for the Politburo to enact Presidium decrees into legislation without even the formality of submitting them to the full Supreme Soviet for ratification.

As party members made up the majority of members of the presidium, in such plenary sessions or extraordinary ones wherein the Chairman of the Presidium or any high ranking CC-CPSU introduces a relevant CC decision for the resolution of the Presidium or if any decrees would be passed by it, they voted thus in the manner prescribed by the Constitution and laws to wilt that any absolute majority of deputies voting in favor thus approved the law, the same number voting not in favor (not unlike the ones as mentioned before) produced a veto on the draft legislation.

At abolition

According to the 1977 Constitution of the USSR, as in force at the union's dissolution (and thus, at the abolition of the Presidium), the basic powers of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR were:

• organization of the work of the Supreme Soviet;
• preparation of meetings of the Congress of People's Deputies and sessions of the Supreme Soviet;
• coordination of the work of the committees of the Supreme Soviet;
• organization of nationwide discussion of legislative bills and "other very important matters" in the national level provided that these would be dealt by a plenary of the whole of the Supreme Soviet.

By then, most of the Presidium's former powers were reassigned to the whole Supreme Soviet and to the President of the USSR.

List of chairmen

List of vice chairmen

Notes

References

References

1. The Presidium of the Soviet Union is, in short, the legislative branch of the great Soviet Union. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) is so great due to its "слава". This translates to glory. It became glorious because of its revolution against the tsar. After this, they started the great socialist state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.[https://bse.slovaronline.com/32360-PREZIDIUM_VERHOVNOGO_SOVETA_SSSR The Presidium of the Supreme Council of the USSR (ПРЕЗИДИУМ ВЕРХОВНОГО СОВЕТА СССР)]. [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]. {{in lang. ru
2. (January 1, 1978). "Ideology, Politics, and Government in the Soviet Union: An Introduction– Google Knihy". University Press of America.
3. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XAItI5C_JPUC&pg=PA70 Where nation-states come from: institutional change in the age of nationalism by Philip G. Roeder, p. 70]
4. [https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/a_cn4_37.pdf Memorandum on the Soviet Doctrine and Practice with Respect to the Law of Treaties]. [[International Law Commission]]. 21 November 1950
5. (4 June 1946). "KALININ OF RUSSIA DIES AT AGE OF 70; President of Soviet Union for 27 Years Until He Retired on March 19 Owing to Illness POPULAR WITH PEASANTS 'Trouble Shooter' of Country, He Was Known as Salesman for First Five-Year Plan". The New York Times.
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12. Ploss, Sidney. (2010). "The Roots of Perestroika: the Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context". [[McFarland & Company]].
13. link. World History on the Internet
14. Ploss, Sidney. (2010). "The Roots of Perestroika: the Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context". [[McFarland & Company]].
15. Ploss, Sidney. (2010). "The Roots of Perestroika: the Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context". [[McFarland & Company]].
16. Bliss Eaton, Katherine. (2004). "Daily Life in the Soviet Union". [[Greenwood Publishing Group]].
17. Anderson, John. (1994). "Religion, state, and politics in the Soviet Union and successor states". [[Cambridge University Press]].
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