Potassium cyanate

Structure and bonding

The cyanate anion is isoelectronic with carbon dioxide and with the azide anion, being linear. The C-N distance is 121 pm, about 5 pm longer than for cyanide. Potassium cyanate is isostructural with potassium azide.

Uses

The potassium and sodium salts can be used interchangeably for the majority of applications. Potassium cyanate is often preferred to the sodium salt, which is less soluble in water and less readily available in pure form.

Potassium cyanate is used as a basic raw material for various organic syntheses, including, urea derivatives, semicarbazides, carbamates and isocyanates. For example, it is used to prepare the drug hydroxyurea. It is also used for the heat treatment of metals (e.g., Ferritic nitrocarburizing).

Therapeutic uses

Potassium cyanate has been used to reduce the percentage of sickled erythrocytes under certain conditions and has also increased the number of deformalities. In an aqueous solution, it has prevented irreversibly the in vitro sickling of hemoglobins containing human erythrocytes during deoxygenization. Veterinarians have also found potassium cyanate useful in that the cyanate salts and isocyanates can treat parasite diseases in both birds and mammals.

Preparation and reactions

KOCN is prepared by heating urea with potassium carbonate at 400 °C: :2 OC(NH2)2 + K2CO3 → 2 KOCN + (NH4)2CO3 The reaction produces a liquid. Intermediates and impurities include biuret, cyanuric acid, and potassium allophanate (KO2CNHC(O)NH2), as well as unreacted starting urea, but these species are unstable at 400 °C.

Protonation gives a 97:3 mixture (at room temperature) of two tautomers, HNCO (isocyanic acid) and NCOH (cyanic acid). This mixture is stable at high dilution but trimerizes on concentration to give cyanuric acid.

Properties

Potassium carbonate crystals are destroyed by the melting process so that the urea can react with almost all potassium ions to convert to potassium cyanate at a higher rate than when in the form of a salt. This makes it easier to reach higher purities above 95%. It can also be made by oxidizing potassium cyanide at a high temperature in the presence of oxygen or easily reduced oxides, such as lead, tin, or manganese dioxide, and in aqueous solution by reacting with hypochlorites or hydrogen peroxide. Another way to synthesize it is to allow an alkali metal cyanide to react with oxygen in nickel containers under controlled conditions. It can be formed by the oxidation of ferrocyanide. Lastly, it can be made by heating potassium cyanide with lead oxide.

References

References

1. ''Recreation of Wöhler's Synthesis of Urea: An Undergraduate Organic Laboratory Exercise'' James D. Batchelor, Everett E. Carpenter, Grant N. Holder, Cassandra T. Eagle, Jon Fielder, Jared Cummings The Chemical Educator 1/Vol .3,NO.6 '''1998''' ISSN 1430-4171 [http://chemeducator.org/sbibs/s0003006/spapers/36eag897.pdf Online article] {{webarchive. link. (2006-09-30)
2. Peter M. Schalke1, "Cyanates, Inorganic Salts" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi. 10.1002/14356007.a08_157.pub2. Article Online Posting Date: July 15, 2006
3. {{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd
4. Jursík, F. (2001). Anorganická chemie nekovů (1. vydání). VŠCHT Praha. {{ISBN. 80-7080-417-3
5. T. C. Waddington "Lattice parameters and infrared spectra of some inorganic cyanates" J. Chem. Soc., 1959, 2499-2502. {{doi. 10.1039/JR9590002499
6. Ulrich Müller "Verfeinerung der Kristallstrukturen von KN3, RbN3, CsN3 und TIN3" Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 1972, Volume 392, 159–166. {{doi. 10.1002/zaac.19723920207
7. INEOS Paraform GmbH, ''Potassium Cyanate (KOCN) product information.'' [http://www.ineosparaform.com/files/potassium_cyanate_english.pdf Online version] accessed on 2009-06-30.
8. [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11378442 "Potassium Cyanate"]
9. "Potassium cyanate" https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11378442