Poonch District, Pakistan

History

Sovereign State

Around 850CE, Poonch became a sovereign state ruled by Raja Nar. According to Rajatrangani, Raja Trilochanpal of Poonch resisted Mahmood Ghaznavi who invaded Poonch 1020. Ghaznavi failed to enter Kashmir, as he could not capture the fort of Lohara (modern day Loran, in district of Poonch).

Kashmir Sultanate(1475-1596)

Poonch came under the Kashmir Sultanate during late 15th century through the military campaigns of Malik Tazi Bhat, a general of the Sultanate. He led military campaigns that resulted in the conquest and administration of several regions, including Poonch, Jammu, Rajouri, Bhimber, Jhelum, Sialkot, and Gujrat, from 1475 to 1487. Following its incorporation, Poonch was administered as a vassal state under the Kashmir Sultanate. Local rulers retained a degree of autonomy but were required to acknowledge the suzerainty of the Sultan and provide tribute and military support when necessary. This arrangement persisted until the late 16th century, when the region came under Mughal influence. In 1596, Mughal Emperor Jahangir granted Siraj-ud-Din Rathore rulership over Poonch, marking the end of its vassalage under Kashmir.

Mughal Era (1596 - 1752)

In 1596, Mughal Emperor Jahangir granted Siraj-ud-Din Rathore rulership over Poonch Jagir. Earlier, during his second visit to Kashmir in 1592, Emperor Akbar, accompanied by Prince Salim (later Jahangir), had passed through the Haji Pir Pass, where Rathore's hospitality had greatly impressed them. As a result, the Mughals rewarded him with authority in the region. Siraj-Ud-Din and his descendants ruled the some parts of Poonch area up to 1792. The Rathore family and their descendants ruled substantial parts of Poonch until around 1792, administering their domains as separate jagirs under Mughal suzerainty. However, their authority did not extend over the entire territory and areas such as Sudhanoti and nearby highlands were governed by local Sudhan chieftains, who likewise maintained their own independent jagirs. Thus, the political structure of Poonch during this period was fragmented, with Rathore rulers and Sudhan chiefs each exercising autonomous control over their respective estates.

Durrani Empire (1752–1819)

Under the leadership of Ahmad Shah Abdali, the Durrani Afghans conquered Kashmir, taking advantage of the declining Mughal Empire. They thus obtained control of Poonch, and established their government in the region. They ruled the region until 1819, when the Sikh Empire routed them from the Kashmir Valley, and annexed parts of Poonch (eastern half). They subsequently lost rule in any remaining territories in Kashmir.

Tribal Coalitions (1819–1832)

In the western parts of Poonch (modern day Poonch Division, AJK) the local tribes had entrenched themselves in the hills. The Muslim tribes of the region formed a defensive coalition against the Sikhs, at the head of which was the Sudhan tribe.

After Gulab Singh received the chakla of Jammu as a jagir (autonomous territory), he made renewed attempts at conquering Poonch, but the armies he raised were not large enough to defeat the resistance, and consequently he would face defeats before being forced to withdraw.

In 1832, Gulab Singh convinced Ranjit Singh to attack the coalition. Ranjit marched with an army of 60,000 troops alongside an assortment of hill cannons. The coalition made the decision to surrender, accepting the suzerainty of the Sikhs over Poonch.

Sikh Empire (1819–1846)

The Sikhs had conquered the eastern part of Poonch in 1819, but did not exert full control over it until the tribal coalition was defeated in 1832.

In 1822, Ranjit Singh appointed Gulab Singh as the Raja of Jammu and, in 1827, appointed Dhyan Singh as the Raja of Bhimber, Chibbal and Poonch (covering the Mirpur and Poonch districts as of 1947 A peep into Bhimber, Daily Excelsior, 6 November 2016. ). Dhyan Singh spent most of his time in Lahore, subsequently becoming the diwan (prime minister) in the Sikh court. Gulab Singh is said to have managed his jagirs on his behalf.

In 1837, the hill tribes of Poonch, led by the Sudhans launched a rebellion. They captured Sikh garrisons and defeated the son of Gulab Singh, Ottam Singh, whom had been sent with a force of five thousand troops to crush the rebellion. Though the rebels captured the majority of Poonch, after Gulab Singh returned from his campaign against the Yusufzai, he was able to incite treachery within the rebellion. Gulab Singh then attacked with an army of twenty-thousand which he had raised in Kahuta, and after fierce fighting and aid of Sikh reinforcements, he captured key forts of the rebels and their leaders, flaying alive Sudhan sardars Malli Khan and Sabz Ali Khan, executions of other commanders and notables from the rebellious tribes and killed the main leader of the rebellion, Shams Khan. Gulab Singh's forces caused devastation and massacres within captured rebel territory, due to which he faced controversy, particularly by the British, and obtained the reputation of a tyrant.

After the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839, the Sikh court fell into anarchy and palace intrigues took over. Dhyan Singh, Suchet Singh as well as Dhyan Singh's son Hira Singh were murdered in these struggles. Poonch was confiscated by the Sikh Durbar on the grounds that the Rajas had rebelled against the state and handed it over to Faiz Talib Khan of Rajouri.

Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir (1846–1947)

After the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846) and the subsequent Treaties of Lahore and Amritsar, the entire territory between the Beas and the Indus rivers was transferred to Gulab Singh, including Poonch. He was recognised an independent ruler, a maharaja, of the newly created state of Jammu and Kashmir. Gulab Singh reinstated the jagir of Poonch to Jawahir Singh, the eldest remaining son of Dhyan Singh. Thus, the Dogra dynasty became the rulers of the state.

Separation of Poonch

Main article: 1947 Poonch rebellion, Indo-Pakistani War of 1947

After independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, there was a rebellion in the western part of the Poonch District. The rebels led by Sardar Ibrahim Khan, sought support from the Dominion of Pakistan, which provided arms and then launched an invasion of its own, using Pashtun tribals. In response, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir joined India, and the conflict turned into an Indo-Pakistani war. When a ceasefire was effected, the then Poonch District was divided into two parts. The former headquarters, the city of Poonchin the eastern part, came under Indian control, and the western part of the district came under Pakistani control, a new capital was established at Rawalakot.

1949 to Present

The Pakistan-administered portion of the Poonch district was reorganised as the Poonch Division. Of the four tehsils of the original Poonch District, viz., Bagh, Sudhnoti, Haveli, and Mendhar, the Poonch Division included the first two and a portion of the third. Those three tehsils were eventually made separate districts, and a new Poonch District was created in the center of the Poonch Division by incorporating portions of the Bagh and Sudhnoti tehsils.

Poonch district was the main area of violent anti government revolt (led by the Sudhan tribe) during the 1955 Poonch uprising, which lasted from early 1955 to late 1956.

Administrative divisions

The district is administratively subdivided into four tehsils:

• Abbaspur Tehsil
• Hajira Tehsil
• Rawalakot Tehsil
• Thorar Tehsil

Towns

• Khai Gala
• Barmang

Education

According to the Pakistan District Education Ranking 2017, a report released by Alif Ailaan, the Poonch District is ranked at number 8 nationally, with an education score of 73.52. Over the past five years, the Poonch District has shown the most improvement in the establishment of middle schools. The learning score for the Poonch District is 84.15. The school infrastructure score for the Poonch District is 14.88, ranking the district at number 151, which places it in the bottom five districts relating to infrastructure in Pakistan and its two dependent territories. Schools in the Poonch District also have severe problems with regard to electricity, drinking water, and boundary walls, as reflected in their scores of 2.67, 12.1, and 6.23, respectively. The state of some school buildings also presents a major safety risk for students.

Transport

The Poonch-Rawalakot Bus, which crosses the LOC, has helped to re-establish ties across the border.

References

Bibliography

References

1. Rahman, Tariq. (1996). "Language and politics in Pakistan". Oxford University Press.
2. "AJK at glance -2020".
3. "University of Poonch VC Prof. Dr. Zakaria directed to complete construction of campuses on war footing".
4. Ibrahim, Sardar Mohammed. (1990). "The Kashmir Saga". Verinag.
5. "Statistical Year Book 2020". AJ&K Bureau Of Statistics.
6. Parmu, R. K.. (1969). "A History of Muslim Rule in Kashmir, 1320-1819". People's Publishing House.
7. Grewal, Brigadier J. S.. (2022-08-01). "Poonch: India's Invincible Citadel". Lancer Publishers.
8. Snedden, Christopher. (2015). "Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris". Oxford University Press.
9. (1977). "Kashmiris Fight for Freedom: 1819-1946". Ferozsons.
10. (1977). "Kashmiris Fight for Freedom: 1819-1946". Ferozsons.
11. (1977). "Kashmiris Fight for Freedom: 1819-1946". Ferozsons.
12. Carmichael Smyth, G. (1847). "The Soodhun Revolt." In ''The History of the Reigning Family of Lahore'' (pp. 205–212). [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.173352/page/n247/mode/1up Archive.org]. English.
13. (1977). "Kashmiris Fight for Freedom: 1819-1946". Ferozsons.
14. Snedden, Christopher. (2013). "Kashmir: The Unwritten History". Harper Collins Publishers.
15. "Tehsils of Poonch District on AJK map". AJK Official Portal.
16. "Pakistan District Education Rankings 2017". [[Alif Ailaan]].
17. (16 April 2011). "Intra-Kashmir bus service completes six years". The Express Tribune.