Pluralis excellentiae

Abstract plurals with feminine singular

Abstract plurals with -im endings such as in words for 'uprightness', 'blessedness', 'sweetness', 'youth', 'strength', etc. take feminine singular verbs and adjectives.

Behemoth—beasts or great beast

Sometimes the normal plural of a noun and the intensive plural are the same. For example behem, 'beast' singular, conjugates with the common feminine plural -oth, and behemoth + plural verb in, for example, the Genesis account of Noah's Ark indicates 'beasts' plural. But in the Book of Job behemoth + singular verb indicates 'giant beast', i.e. the sense of behemoth in English. Leviathan is also intensive: "You crushed the heads of Leviathan. You gave it as food for people, for[?] beasts".

Intensive plurals with masculine or feminine singular

An adjective qualifying a noun in the plural of excellence is more often found in the singular than in the plural. Examples of the singular include

• Deuteronomy 5:23
• 1 Samuel 17:26, 36
• 2 Kings 19:4, 16 Elohim hay 'living God'.
• Psalm 7:10 "a just God"
• Isaiah 19:4 adonim qaseh 'a hard master'
• Isaiah 37:4, 17
• Jeremiah 10:10, 23:36

Objections

Against this are objections such as that of the Hebrew grammarian and Messianic Jewish missionary C. W. H. Pauli (1863) that Gesenius had misunderstood the grammar and perpetuated a hoax. Pauli writes, "Such a pluralis excellentiæ was, however, a thing unknown to Moses and the prophets. . . . kings throughout ת״ב״ד, (the Law, the Prophets. and the Hagiographa) speak in the singular, and not as modern kings in the plural. They do not say we, but I, command; as in Gen xli. 41 ; Dan. iii. 29 ; Ezra i. 2, etc., etc."

Other correspondence of number in Hebrew

Singular nouns may also take plural adjectives.

Related grammatical constructs

Distinct from the apparent "plural" of nouns with singular verbs is the "plural of deliberation", for "Let us make man in our own image". The plural is usually identified by a -im, -ot, or -ei ending.

References

References

1. Gesenius 124 g-i, 132 h, 124 a-c, 135 p
2. [[s:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/124. The Various Uses of the Plural-form. Gesenius ch.124]]
3. Andrew Bruce Davidson, ''Introductory Hebrew Grammar: Hebrew Syntax'' 1902 p74 "On the other hand, plur. of inanimate objects that may be grouped under one conception, of the lower creatures, and abstract plurals are frequently construed with fem. sing, of pred."
4. Bruce K. Waltke, Michael Patrick O'Connor; ''An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew syntax'', p. 122.
5. Paul Joüon, T. Muraoka; "7.4.3 Honorifics and the Like", ''A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew'', p. 541: "An adjective qualifying a noun in the plural of excellence or of majesty (§ 136 d) is more often found in the singular than in the plural. Singular: Is 19.4 ne? ''p D'ng'' 'a hard master', 2Kg 19.4,16 ''TJ DYfts'' 'living'
6. Bruce K. Waltke, Michael Patrick O'Connor; ''An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax'', p. 122, 1990: "''D'VjVn'' 'a just God,' Ps 7:10); 16 when used of various gods, it takes plural agreement (''OnriN wribx'' 'other gods,' Exod 20:3; cf. ... The agreement is mixed in, e.g. Josh 24:19, which has plural predicate adjectives and a singular verb."
7. "which some modern grammarians, who possess more of the so-called philosophical than of the real knowledge of the Oriental languages, call a pluralis excellentiae."
8. Nassi, Tzvi. (2010). "The Great Mystery or How Can Three Be One". Worldwide Nazarene Assembly of Elohim.
9. Glinert ''Modern Hebrew: An Essential Grammar'' Routledge
10. Steven L. Bridge; ''Getting the Old Testament: What It Meant to Them'', 2009: "Scholars advance two possibilities. One is that the plural is appropriate given the self-reflective tone of the passage. This grammatical construction is called a 'plural of deliberation.' Similar examples can be found in Gen 11:7–8, Isa 6:8 ...".