Pitavastatin

Medical uses

Pitavastatin is indicated for hypercholesterolaemia (elevated cholesterol) and for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

A 2009 study of the 104-week LIVES trial found pitavastatin increased HDL cholesterol, especially in patients with HDL lower than 40 mg/dL, who had a 24.6% rise, in addition to reducing LDL cholesterol 31.3%. HDL improved in patients who switched from other statins and rose over time. In the 70-month CIRCLE observational study, pitavastatin increased HDL more than atorvastatin.

It has neutral or possibly beneficial effects on glucose control. As a consequence, pitavastatin is likely to be appropriate for patients with metabolic syndrome plus high LDL, low HDL and diabetes mellitus.

Side effects

Common statin-related side effects (headaches, stomach upset, abnormal liver function tests and muscle cramps) were similar to other statins. Pitavastatin is a lipophilic statin. Reports indicate that this statin may lead to fewer muscle side effects than other statins. One study found that coenzyme Q10 was not reduced as much as with certain other statins (though this is unlikely given the inherent chemistry of the HMG-CoA reductase pathway that all statin drugs inhibit).

There is evidence that pitavastatin does not increase insulin resistance in humans, with insulin resistance assessed by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) method.

Hyperuricemia or increased levels of serum uric acid have been reported with pitavastatin.

Metabolism and interactions

Statins are metabolised in part by one or more liver cytochrome P450 enzymes, leading to an increased potential for drug interactions and problems with certain foods (such as grapefruit juice). The primary metabolism pathway of pitavastatin is glucuronidation. It is minimally metabolized by the CYP450 enzymes CYP2C9 and CYP2C8, but not by CYP3A4 (which is a common source of interactions in other statins). As a result, it is less likely to interact with drugs that are metabolized via CYP3A4, which might be important for elderly patients who need to take multiple medicines.

History

Pitavastatin (previously known as itavastatin, itabavastin, nisvastatin, NK-104, or NKS-104) was discovered in Japan by Nissan Chemical Industries and developed further by Kowa Pharmaceuticals, Tokyo. Pitavastatin was approved for use in the United States by the FDA in August 2009, under the brand name Livalo. Pitavastatin has been also approved by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in UK in August 2010. Zypitamag (pitavastatin magnesium), a pharmaceutical alternative to Livalo, was approved for use in the United States by the FDA in 2017.

Society and culture

Brand names

Pitavastatin is marketed in the United States under the brand names Livalo and Zypitamag, and in the European Union and Russia under the brand name Livazo.

Research

Synthetic lethality has been demonstrated in mice with triple-negative breast cancer by combining pitavastatin with the AKT inhibitor AZD5363 (capivasertib).

References

References

1. (2003). "Pitavastatin: efficacy and safety profiles of a novel synthetic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor". Cardiovascular Drug Reviews.
2. (2006). "Analogue-based Drug Discovery". John Wiley & Sons.
3. "Zydus Cadila launches pitavastatin in India".
4. (July 2010). "Pitavastatin (Livalo)--the seventh statin". The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics.
5. (October 2009). "Effects of pitavastatin (LIVALO Tablet) on high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in hypercholesterolemia". Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis.
6. (30 May 2013). "Pitavastatin in cardiometabolic disease: therapeutic profile". Cardiovascular Diabetology.
7. (November 2023). "Efficacy and Safety of Pitavastatin in Patients with Impaired Glucose Tolerance: An Updated Review". Elsevier BV.
8. (March 2012). "Pitavastatin: a review of its use in the management of hypercholesterolaemia or mixed dyslipidaemia". Drugs.
9. (November 2021). "A comprehensive review on the lipid and pleiotropic effects of pitavastatin". Progress in Lipid Research.
10. (20 May 2021). "Hydrophilic or Lipophilic Statins?". Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine.
11. (11 May 2013). "Alternative Cholesterol-Lowering Drug for Patients Who Can't Tolerate Statins". ScienceDaily.
12. (February 2005). "Pitavastatin". International Journal of Clinical Practice.
13. (May 2008). "Comparison of effects of pitavastatin and atorvastatin on plasma coenzyme Q10 in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: results from a crossover study". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.
14. (2015). "Differential Effects of Atorvastatin and Pitavastatin on Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, and the Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Patients with Dyslipidemia". Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis.
15. (June 2010). "Effects of three strong statins (atorvastatin, pitavastatin, and rosuvastatin) on serum uric acid levels in dyslipidemic patients". Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids.
16. "Livalo". [[Drugs.com]].
17. (October 2024). "Targeting Cholesterol Biosynthesis with Statins Synergizes with AKT Inhibitors in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer". Cancer Research.