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Pinolenic acid

Pinolenic acid

Pinolenic acid (often misspelled as pinoleic acid) is a fatty acid contained in Siberian Pine nuts, Korean Pine nuts and the seeds and xylem of other pine (Pinus) species. The highest percentage of pinolenic acid is found in Siberian pine nuts and the oil produced from them.

Chemistry and biochemistry

Pinolenic acid is formally designated as all-cis-5,9,12-18:3. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930034042/http://www.cyberlipid.org/fa/acid0003.htm#1e | archive-date=2018-09-30 | url-status=dead |access-date=2007-10-25 delta-5,9,12/18:3) in the biologic literature.

Pinolenic acid is an isomer of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). GLA is an ω-6 essential fatty acid (EFA) but pinolenic acid is not. However, like the EFAs, it forms biologically active metabolites in the presence of cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase. These metabolites can partially relieve some of the symptoms of EFA deficiency.

Physiology

Recent research has shown its potential use in weight loss by curbing appetite.{{cite web| url= https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20060908/hl_nm/indonesia_pinenut_dc Pinolenic acid causes the triggering of two hunger suppressants—cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Pinolenic acid may have LDL-lowering properties by enhancing hepatic LDL uptake.{{cite journal

Natural occurrence

Oftentimes, it is found in conifers together with other fatty acids (juniperonic, coniferonic, taxoleic, sciadonic acid) that have a double bond in the position 5, separated by more than one methylene group from the next double bond.

References

Pine nuts are a rich source of pinolenic acid

References

  1. (2023). "The Beneficial Effects of Pine Nuts and Its Major Fatty Acid, Pinolenic Acid, on Inflammation and Metabolic Perturbations in Inflammatory Disorders". International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
  2. (1998). "Methylene-interrupted double bond in polyunsaturated fatty acid is an essential structure for metabolism by the fatty acid chain elongation system of rat liver". Biochim. Biophys. Acta.
  3. (1985). "Physiologic effects of columbinic acid and its metabolites on rat skin". Biochim. Biophys. Acta.
  4. (10 April 2020). "Sciadonic acid derived from pine nuts as a food component to reduce plasma triglycerides by inhibiting the rat hepatic Δ9-desaturase". [[Scientific Reports]].
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