Pinghua

History

Historically, Pinghua is associated with the earliest Han Chinese migrants who entered Guangxi via Hunan in the 1st millennium AD. The name is said to derive from the Pingnan Jun (平南軍, "Pacify the South Army"), a Northern Song-era army led by Di Qing in the 11th century.

Classification

Language surveys in Guangxi during the 1950s recorded varieties of Chinese that had been included in the Yue dialect group but were different from those in Guangdong. Pinghua was designated as a separate dialect group from Yue by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in the 1980s and since then has been treated as a separate dialect in textbooks and surveys.{{cite book

Since designation as a separate dialect group, Pinghua has been the focus of increased research. In 2008 a report by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences of research into Chinese varieties noted an increase in research papers and surveys of Pinghua, from 7 before the 1987 publication of the Language Atlas of China based on the revised classification, and about 156 between then and 2004.

In the 1980s the number of speakers was listed as over 2 million; and by 2016 as 7 million.

Dialects

Pinghua is generally divided into two mutually unintelligible languages:

• Northern Pinghua ( 桂北平话) is spoken in northern Guangxi, around the city of Guilin, in close proximity with Southwest Mandarin dialects.
  • and also in a some places in Hunan, such as Tongdao.
  • Younian dialect (ethnically Yao)
• Southern Pinghua ( 桂南平话) is spoken in southern Guangxi, around the city of Nanning. These varieties form a dialect continuum with Yue varieties spoken in that part of Guangxi (excluding enclaves of Cantonese, such as in Nanning).{{cite book | editor-given = Hilary M. | editor-surname = Chappell
  • Yongjiang, spoken along the Yong River around Nanning.
  • Guandao (), spoken to the east of Nanning in Laibin and the counties of Heng and Binyang, around the road to the Southwest Mandarin-speaking city of Liuzhou.
  • Rongjiang, spoken along the Rong River to the north of Liuzhou.

The Zheyuan people of Funing County, Yunnan speak a form of Pinghua. They are located in Dongbo and Guichao, and they migrated from Nanning.

Phonology

Nanning Pinghua has a voiceless lateral fricative for Middle Chinese or , for example in the numbers "three" and "four". This is unlike Standard Cantonese but like some other Yue varieties such as Taishanese.

Tones

Southern Pinghua has six contrasting tones in open syllables, and four in checked syllables,{{cite book

The split of the lower entering tone is determined by the initial consonant, with the low rising contour occurring after sonorant initials.{{cite thesis

Genetic profile

Genetically, Pinghua speakers have more in common with non-Han ethnic groups in southern China, as opposed to other Han groups.

Notes

References

References

1. (2016). "The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language". Routledge.
2. (2008). "Pinghua Population as an Exception of Han Chinese's Coherent Genetic Structure". Journal of Human Genetics.
3. de Sousa, Hilário. 2020. ''On Pinghua, and Yue: Some historical and linguistic perspectives''. Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Asian Interactions 19(2). 257–295.
4. Hsing, Fu-I 邢福义. (1991). "Xiàndài Hànyǔ". Gaodeng jiaoyu chubanshe.
5. (September 2023). "[cass report by 王宏宇]".
6. Yu, Jin 余瑾. (2016). "Guǎngxī Pínghuà yánjiū". Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe.
7. (2016). "The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language". Routledge.
8. de Sousa (2016), p. 160.
9. (2006). "Introduction to Chinese Dialectology". LINCOM Europa.
10. "Learn a language the most natural way - Glossika".