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Phytoene desaturase (lycopene-forming)

Field	Value
Name	Phytoene desaturase (lycopene-forming)
EC_number	1.3.99.31
image	Pantoea-ananatis-crti 4dgk.png
caption	Crystallographic structure of a bacterial phytoene desaturase monomer from Pantoea ananatis.

Phytoene desaturase (lycopene-forming) (CrtI, four-step phytoene desaturase) (, 15-cis-phytoene:acceptor oxidoreductase (lycopene-forming)) are enzymes found in archaea, bacteria and fungi that are involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. They catalyze the conversion of colorless 15-cis-phytoene into a bright red lycopene in a biochemical pathway called the poly-trans pathway. The same process in plants and cyanobacteria utilizes four separate enzymes in a poly-cis pathway.

Biochemistry

The conversion of phytoene to lycopene in plants and cyanobacteria (left) compared to bacteria and fungi(right).

Bacterial phytoene desaturases were shown to require FAD as a cofactor for their function. During the chemical reaction in total four additional double bonds are introduced into phytoene:

: 15-cis-phytoene + 4 acceptor \rightleftharpoons all-trans-lycopene + 4 reduced acceptor (overall reaction) : (1a) 15-cis-phytoene + acceptor \rightleftharpoons all-trans-phytofluene + reduced acceptor : (1b) all-trans-phytofluene + acceptor \rightleftharpoons all-trans-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor : (1c) all-trans-zeta-carotene + acceptor \rightleftharpoons all-trans-neurosporene + reduced acceptor: : (1d) all-trans-neurosporene + acceptor \rightleftharpoons all-trans-lycopene + reduced acceptor

Applications

In 2000 it was discovered that the gene insertion of a bacterial phytoene desaturase into transgenic tomatoes increased the lycopene content without the need to alter several of the plants enzymes. This approach was later used in rice to increase its β-carotene content resulting in the Golden Rice project.

References

(2012). "On the Structure and Function of the Phytoene Desaturase CRTI from Pantoea ananatis, a Membrane-Peripheral and FAD-Dependent Oxidase/Isomerase". PLOS ONE.
(1992). "Expression in ''Escherichia coli'', purification, and reactivation of the recombinant ''Erwinia uredovora'' phytoene desaturase". J. Biol. Chem..
(31 October 2013). "Mechanistic aspects of carotenoid biosynthesis.". Chemical Reviews.
(May 1998). "Identification of an FAD superfamily containing protoporphyrinogen oxidases, monoamine oxidases, and phytoene desaturase. Expression and characterization of phytoene desaturase of ''Myxococcus xanthus''.". Journal of Biological Chemistry.
Romer, S.. (2000). "Elevation of provitamin A content of transgenic tomato plants.". Nature Biotechnology.

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ec-1.3.99

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