Phuan people

History

The Phuan settled in the Plain of Jars after they had gained control of it from the original inhabitants (presumably Khmu people). There they formed the tribal principality of Mueang Phuan or Xieng Khouang also Siang Khwang. Legend has it that it was founded by Chet Cheuang, the youngest son of the mythical progenitor of the Tai peoples, Khun Borom. Muang Phuan fought for its independence for a long time, but was at times obliged to pay tribute by various overlords. After the conquest by Fa Ngum around 1350, Muang Phuan belonged to the mandala (sphere of influence) of Lan Xang most of the time. A revolt against the hegemony of Lan Xang has been documented around 1651/52, when the Phuan prince at that time refused to give his daughter to King Sourigna Vongsa of Lan Xang. His army then devastated the land of the Phuan and abducted about 500 families into his direct domain.

After the division of Lan Xang in 1707, Muang Phuan was the subject of battles for supremacy between Siam, Vietnam and the Laotian states in the 19th century. Thousands of Phuan families were deported as workers by the victorious armies, including to the Central Laotian Mekong Valley in today's Bolikhamsai Province and to northeast Thailand.

The British Vice Consul in Chiang Mai, Edward Blencowe Gould, described the forced relocation of Phuan from the Plain of Jars in 1876:

Due to slave raids and forced population transfers, there are small, scattered villages of Phuan in Sakon and Udon Thani provinces and another area around Bueang Kan, Nong Khai and Loei provinces in Thailand. Despite the small numbers and isolation, the Siamese kept the Phuan apart from the Lao and other Tai people in Northern and Central Thailand where small communities of Phuan also exist, forcing them to live apart and dress in black clothing. The Phuan in turn practised endogamous marriage habits and steadfastness to their language and culture. As a result of the Laotian Civil War, in which the province of Xieng Khouang was devastated by fighting and American area bombing, many Phuan moved to Vientiane.

Culture

The Phuan are known for handwoven textiles, especially the striped and patterned pakama, a short sarong worn by men, and a pasin tin jok, a longer women's skirt. Some villages in the Tha Wang Pha District retain a tradition of knife making. Due to their proximity and very similar culture and language, Phuan culture is very similar to other tribal Tai groups and the Isan and Lao people with whom they are neighbours. One interesting custom is the use of elephants to parade initiates into the monastery, usually just before Songkran.

File:เชียงคาน ถนนคนเดิน Chiang Khan Walking Street - panoramio (1).jpg|Chiang Khan in Loei Province, Thailand. The town and surrounding district has a large Phuan minority. File:Xiangkhouang_Province,Laos-panoramio(2).jpg|A rural road in Xiangkhouang Province. This was the original Phuan homeland and Phuan is the primary Tai language of the province.

Language

Main article: Phuan language

The language is closely related to other tribal Tai languages, such as the Thai Dam and the Thai Loei. Unlike other tribal Tai languages in the Isan region, the Phuan language is not losing ground to the standard Thai language or the local Isan/Lao trade language.

References

Bibliography

• Miller, Terry E. and Taywin Promnikon. "Fading Musical Memory: 150 Years of Lao Phuan Singing in Lopburi, Thailand." Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 112, Part 1 (June 2024), pp. 71-84.

References

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6. "Forced Resettlement Campaigns in Northern Thailand During the Early Bangkok Period". In: "Oriens Extremus.".
7. Paul, L. M., Simons, G. F. and Fennig, C. D. (eds.). 2013. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved from http://www.ethnologue.com
8. (30 November 2019). "Honing tourism with blades fired in tradition". Bangkok Post.
9. Cummings, J., et al. ''Lonely Planet: Thailand.'' Lonely Planet Publishers, 2003, p. 393.