Phthia

In literature

It is frequently mentioned in Homer's Iliad as the home of the Myrmidons, the contingent led by Achilles in the Trojan War. It was founded by Aeacus, grandfather of Achilles, and was the home of Achilles' father Peleus, mother Thetis (a sea nymph), and son Neoptolemus (who reigned as king after the Trojan War).

Phthia is referenced in Plato's Crito, where Socrates, in jail and awaiting his execution, relates a dream he has had (43d–44b): "I thought that a beautiful and comely woman dressed in white approached me. She called me and said: 'Socrates, may you arrive at fertile Phthia on the third day. The reference is to Homer's Iliad (ix.363), when Achilles, angered by his honor being insulted by Agamemnon, rejects Agamemnon's conciliatory presents and threatens to set sail in the morning; he says that with good weather he might arrive on the third day "in fertile Phthia"—his home.

Phthia is the setting of Euripides' play Andromache, a play set after the Trojan War, when Achilles' son Neoptolemus (in some translations named Pyrrhus) has taken Andromache, the widow of the Trojan hero Hector as a slave.

Mackie (2002) notes the linguistic association of Phthia with the Greek word phthisis "consumption, decline; wasting away" (in English, phthisis has been used as a synonym for tuberculosis) and the connection of the place name with a withering death. This suggests the possibility of a wordplay in Homer, associating Achilles' home with such a withering death.

Location of Phthia

The Homeric Catalogue of Ships speaks of Achilles' kingdom as follows (Hom. Il. 2.680-5):

These names are generally believed to have referred to places in the Spercheios valley in what is now Phthiotis in central Greece. The river Spercheios was associated with Achilles, and at Iliad 23.144 Achilles states that his father Peleus had vowed that Achilles would dedicate a lock of his hair to the river when he returned home safely.

However, a number of ancient sources, such as Euripides' Andromache, also located Phthia further north in the area of Pharsalus. Strabo also notes that near the cities of Pharsalus and Palaepharsalus there was a shrine dedicated to Achilles' mother Thetis, the Thetideion. Mycenean remains have been found in Pharsalus, and also in other sites nearby, but according to Denys Page, whether the Homeric Phthia is to be identified with Pharsalus "remains as doubtful as ever".

It has been suggested that "Pelasgic Argos" is a general name for the whole of northern Greece, and that line 2.681 of the Iliad is meant to serve as a general introduction to the remaining nine contingents of the Catalogue.

References

References

1. "It looks as though [by Phthia] the Epic meant a district, which was contracted to a single occupied place (Pharsalos) by the opinion of the Greeks in historical times." Page, Denys (1959), ''History and the Homeric Iliad'', p. 161.
2. (1997). "Plato: Complete Works". Hackett.
3. Mackie, C. J., "Homeric Phthia", ''Colby Quarterly'', Volume 38, no. 2, June 2002, pp. 163–173. [http://digitalcommons.colby.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3455&context=cq]
4. Allen, T. W. (1906) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/694919 "Μυρμιδόνων Πόλις"] ''The Classical Review'', Vol. 20, No. 4 (May, 1906), pp. 193-201; cf. p. 196
5. [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/phthia-e924400 Phthia] in Brill's new Pauly; cf. Strabo 9.5.8.
6. These include the [[Little Iliad]] fragment 19; Euripides ''Andromache'' 16ff; Strabo, ''Geography'', 9.5.6.
7. This appears from a passage in Polybius to have been situated between [[Eretria (Thessaly)]] and [[Scotussa]]; cf. Perrin, B. (1885). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/287135 "Pharsalia, Pharsalus, Palaepharsalus"]. ''The American Journal of Philology'', Vol. 6, No. 2 (1885), pp. 170-189; p. 179.
8. Morgan, John D. (1983). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/504663?seq=1 "Palae-pharsalus – the Battle and the Town"], ''The American Journal of Archaeology'', Vol. 87, No. 1, Jan. 1983.
9. Page, Denys (1959), ''History and the Homeric Iliad'', p. 161.
10. [[Loptson, Peter]] (1981). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4431019 "Pelasgikon Argos in the Catalogue of Ships"] ''Mnemosyne'', Fourth Series, Vol. 34, Fasc. 1/2 (1981), pp. 136-138.