Philippine Negrito languages

Classification

The following languages are grouped according to their geographic location, and not genetic classification.

Lobel (2013)

Lobel (2013) lists the following Black Filipino (i.e., Philippine Negrito) ethnolinguistic groups.

;Northern Luzon

• Umiray Dumaget
• Remontado/Hatang-Kayi
• Alta, Northern
• Alta, Southern
• Arta
• Casiguran Agta
• Nagtipunan Agta
• Dinapigue Agta
• Central Cagayan Agta
• Pahanan Agta (distinct from Paranan, which is not spoken by a Negrito Filipino population)
• Dupaningan Agta
• Atta (3–4 languages)

(Lobel (2010) lists the following Negrito languages that are spoken on the eastern coast of Luzon Island, listed from north to south.)

• Dupaningan Agta (Northern Luzon branch)
• Pahanan Agta
• Casiguran Agta
• Umiray Dumaget
• Remontado/Hatang-Kayi
• Inagta Alabat
• Manide
• Inagta Partido
• Inagta Rinconada

Furthermore, Robinson & Lobel (2013) argue that Dupaningan Agta, Pahanan Agta, Casiguran Agta, Nagtipunan Agta, Dinapigue Agta, and Paranan do not belong to the Northern Cordilleran branch, but rather a new branch that they call Northeastern Luzon, which they consider to be a primary branch of the Northern Luzon (Cordilleran) group.

;Zambales Mountains

• Ayta Mag-indi
• Ayta Mag-anchi
• Ayta Abellen
• Ayta Ambala
• Ayta Bataan ( Ayta Magbukun)

;Southern Luzon

• Inagta Rinconada
• Inagta Partido
• Manide
• Inagta Alabat (and Inagta Lopez)

;Southern Philippines

• Inata (possibly 2 dialects)
• Inati (Inete) (2 dialects)
• Mamanwa
• Batak (5–8 dialects)
• Iraya (Mangyan)
• Ata/Tigwa/Matigsalug Manobo

;Extinct varieties

• Mount Iraya Agta (a.k.a. East Lake Buhi Agta)
• Dicamay Agta: spoken on the Dicamay River on the western side of the Sierra Madre near Jones, Isabela; reportedly exterminated by Ilokano homesteaders sometime between 1957 and 1974
• Villa Viciosa Agta

Ethnologue adds the extinct and unclassified Katabaga of Catanauan, Quezon, southern Luzon. The language was originally listed by Garvan. Katabaga is in fact a misspelling of Katabangan, the name that the people use to refer to themselves. Some people in the Bikol Region also use the term Katabangan to refer to mixed-blood Agta in the region. Lobel reports from a 2006 visit that the Katabangan speak only Tagalog. According to Lobel (2013), based on their location, if the Katabangan did in fact once have their own language, it may have been related to Inagta Alabat-Lopez (see Inagta Alabat language) and Manide. Louward Allen Zubiri reports that there are 670 individuals in the Katabangan community, and that there are also families living in Mulanay, Gumaca, Lopez, and Alabat. He also reports on a handful of vocabulary items remembered by the Katabangan which offer evidence for a close relationship of their now-lost language with Manide and Inagta Alabat.

Reid (1994)

Reid (1994) lists the following Negrito languages.

• North Agta
  • Northern Cagayan
  • Central Cagayan
  • Eastern Cagayan
  • Southern Cagayan
  • Southern Isabela
  • Aurora
• Arta 12 remaining speakers in Aglipay, Quirino, in 1990
• Alta
  • North Alta – spoken in Aurora Province
  • South Alta (Kabuluen) – spoken in Nueva Ecija and Bulacan Provinces
• Central Agta – spoken in eastern Luzon; includes Umiray
• South Agta ( Manide)
  • Camarines Norte ( Manide)
  • Camarines Sur ( Inagta Rinconada, Inagta Partido)
• Sinauna ( Remontado/Hatang-Kayi)
• Ayta – 6 different languages spoken in the Zambales Mountains according to Wimbish (1986):
  • Abelen
  • Aberlen
  • Magganchi
  • Maggindi
  • Ambala
  • Magbeken Ayta

;Other Philippine Negrito languages:

• Ata Manobo – spoken in Mansalinao, Davao
• Batak – spoken in Palawan
• Inati
• Mamanwa – spoken in Agusan

Reid (2013)

Reid (2013) considers the Philippine Negrito languages (highlighted in bold) to have split in the following fashion. Reid (2013) considers each Negrito language or group to be a first-order split in its respective branch, with Inati and Manide–Alabat as first-order subgroups of Malayo-Polynesian.

• Malayo-Polynesian (MP)
  • diverse MP branches outside of the Philippines
  • Bashiic, Kalamianic and other MP branches on the Philippines not comprising Negrito languages
  • Manide–Alabat
  • Inati
  • Northern Luzon languages
    • Arta
    • Umiray Dumaget (?)
    • Northeastern Luzon languages
    • Cagayan Valley languages
    • Ilokano
    • Meso-Cordilleran languages
      • North Alta
      • South Alta
      • South Cordilleran languages
      • Central Cordilleran languages
  • Central Luzon languages
    • Remontado Dumagat (Sinauna Tagalog)
    • Kapampangan
    • Sambalic languages
      • Ayta languages
      • Sambal languages
  • Central Philippine languages
    • Mamanwa
    • Tagalog
    • Bikol
    • Bisayan
    • Mansaka

Unique vocabulary

Lobel (2010) lists the following percentage of unique vocabulary items out of 1,000 compared words in these Negrito languages, which Reid (1994) suggests are lexical remnants from the pre-Austronesian substrata that these Negrito languages may have. Manide and Umiray Dumaget have the most unique vocabulary items.

• Manide: 28.5%
• Umiray Dumaget: 23%
• Inate: 9%
• Mamanwa: 7%
• Batak: 1%
• Inagta Rinconada; Inagta Partido: 2%

Other Southeast Asian languages with high proportions of unique vocabulary of possible isolate origin include the Enggano language of Indonesia and the Kenaboi language of Malaysia.

Reid (1994)

Reid (1994) lists the following reconstructed forms as possible non-Austronesian lexical elements in Philippine Negrito languages.

Reid considers the endonym *ʔa(R)ta, meaning 'person', to have been a native Negrito word that was later borrowed into Austronesian with the meaning 'dark-skinned person'.

References

References

1. Lobel, Jason William. (2013). "Philippine and North Bornean Languages: Issues in Description, Subgrouping, and Reconstruction". University of Hawai'i at Manoa.
2. Lobel, Jason William. (2010). "Manide: An Undescribed Philippine Language". Oceanic Linguistics.
3. (2013). "The Northeastern Luzon Subgroup of Philippine Languages". Oceanic Linguistics.
4. Headland, Thomas N.. (2003). "Thirty endangered languages in the Philippines". Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session.
5. Garvan, John M.. (1963). "The Negritos of the Philippines". Ferdinand Berger Horn.
6. "ISO 639-3 Change Request 2019-024".
7. Reid, Lawrence A.. (1994). "Possible Non-Austronesian Lexical Elements in Philippine Negrito Languages". Oceanic Linguistics.
8. Wimbish, John. (1986). "The languages of the Zambales mountains: a Philippine lexicostatistic study". Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session.
9. Reid, Lawrence A.. (2013). "Who Are the Philippine Negritos? Evidence from Language". Human Biology.