Percent sign

Correct style

Form and spacing

English style guides prescribe writing the percent sign following the number without any space between (e.g. 50%). However, the International System of Units and ISO 31-0 standard prescribe a space between the number and percent sign,{{cite web | access-date = 2016-05-05 | archive-date = 21 March 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190321011300/https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure/section5-3-7.html | url-status = live | access-date = 2007-08-06 | archive-date = 13 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200313143915/https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8.pdf | url-status = live | access-date = 2007-01-05 | archive-date = 29 May 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070529115226/http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=3621 | url-status = live

Other languages have other rules for spacing in front of the percent sign:

• In Czech and in Slovak, the percent sign is spaced with a non-breaking space if the number is used as a noun.{{cite web | access-date = 2014-11-24 | archive-date = 14 February 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150214110059/http://prirucka.ujc.cas.cz/?id=880 | url-status = live |access-date = 2009-03-16 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020419163402/http://www.ujc.cas.cz/poradna/odpo.html#12st |archive-date = 2002-04-19 |access-date = 2019-10-26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090221135605/http://www.ujc.cas.cz/poradna/odpo.html#12st |archive-date = 2009-02-21 |url-status = dead
• In Croatian, the percent sign is spaced with a non-breaking space.
• In Finnish, the percent sign is always spaced, and a case suffix can be attached to it using the colon (e.g. 50 %:n kasvu 'an increase of 50%').{{cite web | access-date = 2015-06-30 | archive-date = 1 May 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150501222450/http://www.kielikello.fi/index.php?mid=2&pid=11&aid=1696 | url-status = live
• In French, the percent sign must be spaced with a non-breaking space.
• According to the Real Academia Española, in Spanish, the percent sign should be spaced now, despite the fact that it is not the linguistic norm.{{cite web | access-date = 2021-11-24 | archive-date = 24 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211124144146/https://www.fundeu.es/recomendacion/el-se-escribe-separado-de-la-cifra-a-la-que-acompana-802/ | url-status = live | access-date = 2022-04-05 | archive-date = 10 May 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220510021038/https://estudiosdegenero.colmex.mx/index.php/eg/normas_estilo#:~:text=Porcentajes.,detr%C3%A1s%20de%20la%20%C3%BAltima%20cifra | url-status = live | access-date = 2022-04-05 | archive-date = 6 February 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230206061748/https://www.academia.org.mx/consultas/consultas-frecuentes/item/porcentaje | url-status = live
• In Russian, the percent sign is rarely spaced, contrary to the guidelines of the GOST 8.417-2002 state standard.
• According to the Swedish Language Council, the percent sign should be preceded by a space in Swedish, as all other units.
• In German, the space is prescribed by the regulatory body in the national standard DIN 5008.
• In Turkish and some other Turkic languages, the percent sign precedes rather than follows the number, without an intervening space.
• In Persian texts, the percent sign may either precede or follow the number, in either case without a space.
• In Arabic, the percent sign follows the number; as Arabic is written from right to left, this means that the percent sign is to the left of the number, usually without a space.
• In Hebrew, the percent sign is written to the right of the number, just as in English, without an intervening space. This is because numbers in Hebrew (which otherwise is written from right to left) are written from left to right, as in English.
• In Dutch, the official rule (NBN Z 01-002) is to place a space between the number and the sign (e.g. "een stijging van 50 %"), but most of the time, the space is missing (e.g. "een stijging van 50%").

Usage in text

It is often recommended that the percent sign only be used in tables and other places with space restrictions. In running text, it should be spelled out as percent or per cent (often in newspapers). For example, not "Sales increased by 24% over 2006" but "Sales increased by 24 percent over 2006".

Evolution

Prior to 1425, there is no known evidence of a special symbol being used for percentages. The Italian term per cento, "for a hundred", was used as well as several different abbreviations (e.g. "per 100", "p 100", "p cento"). Examples of this can be seen in the 1339 arithmetic text (author unknown) depicted below. The letter p with its descender crossed by a horizontal or diagonal stroke (to indicate abbreviation) conventionally stood for per, por, par, or pur in Medieval and Renaissance palaeography.

:[[File:Percent sign in 1339.png|left|thumb|upright=1.8|alt=1339 arithmetic text|1339 arithmetic text in Rara Arithmetica, p. 437]]

At some point, a scribe used the abbreviation pc with a tiny loop or circle (depicting the ending -o used in Italian ordinals, as in primo, secondo; it is analogous to the English -th as in 25th). This appears in some additional pages of a 1425 text which were probably added around 1435.

:[[File:Percent sign in 1425.png|left|thumb|upright=1.3|1425 arithmetic text in Rara Arithmetica, p. 440]]

The pc with a loop eventually evolved into a horizontal fraction sign by 1650 (see below for an example in a 1684 text) and thereafter lost the per.

:[[Image:Percent sign in 1648.png|left|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=1684 arithmetic text|1684 arithmetic text in Rara Arithmetica, p. 441]]

In 1925, D. E. Smith wrote, "The solidus form ([[File:Percentsign in Poor Richard font.png|20px|alt=A modern percentage sign, a diagonal line with a zero on either side]]) is modern."

Encodings

Unicode

The Unicode code points are:

• {{unichar | 0025 | Percent sign}} (HTML %, %),
• , which has the circles replaced by square dots set on edge, the shape of the digit 0 in Eastern Arabic numerals.
• , パーセント (ja, from English "percent") in one square character.

ASCII

The ASCII code for the percent character is 37, or 0x25 in hexadecimal.

Other uses

In computers

Names for the percent sign include percent sign (in ITU-T), mod, grapes (in hacker jargon), and the humorous double-oh-seven (in INTERCAL).

In computing, the percent character is also used for the modulo operation in programming languages that derive their syntax from the C programming language, which in turn acquired this usage from the earlier B.

In the textual representation of URIs, a % immediately followed by a 2-digit hexadecimal number denotes an octet specifying (part of) a character that might otherwise not be allowed in URIs (see percent-encoding).

In SQL, the percent sign is a wildcard character in "LIKE" expressions, for example will fetch all records whose names start with "".

In TeX (and therefore also in LaTeX) and PostScript, and in GNU Octave and MATLAB, a % denotes a line comment.

In BASIC, Visual Basic, ASP, and VBA a trailing % after a variable name marks it as an integer.

In ASP, the percent sign can be used to indicate the start and end of the ASP code

In Perl % is the sigil for hashes.

In many programming languages' string formatting operations (performed by functions such as printf and scanf), the percent sign denotes parts of the template string that will be replaced with arguments. (See printf format string.) In Python and Ruby the percent sign is also used as the string formatting operator.

In the command processors COMMAND.COM (DOS) and CMD.EXE (OS/2 and Windows), ,... stand for the first, second,... parameters of a batch file. %0 stands for the specification of the batch file itself as typed on the command line. The % sign is also used similarly in the FOR command. %VAR1% represents the value of an environment variable named VAR1. Thus: sets a new value for PATH, that being the old value preceded by "c:\;". Because these uses give the percent sign special meaning, the sequence %% (two percent signs) is used to represent a literal percent sign, so that: would set PATH to the literal value "c:\;%PATH%".

In the C Shell and Z shell, % is part of the default command prompt.

In linguistics

In linguistics, the percent sign is prepended to an example sentence or other string to show that it is judged well-formed (grammatical) by some speakers and ill-formed by others. This may be due to differences in dialect or even individual idiolects. This use is similar to those of the asterisk to mark ill-formed strings, the question mark to mark strings where well-formedness is unclear, and the number sign to mark strings that are syntactically well-formed but semantically or pragmatically nonsensical.

References

Sources

References

1. (30 April 2021). "Guardian and Observer style guide: P". [[The Guardian]].
2. (2003). "The Chicago Manual of Style". [[University of Chicago Press]].
3. ''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.'' 1994. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, p. 114.
4. ''Merriam-Webster's Manual for Writers and Editors.'' 1998. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, p. 128.
5. Jenkins, Jana et al. 2011. ''The IBM Style Guide: Conventions for Writers and Editors.'' Boston, MA: Pearson Education, p. 162.
6. Covey, Stephen R. ''FranklinCovey Style Guide: For Business and Technical Communication.'' Salt Lake City, UT: FranklinCovey, p. 287.
7. Dodd, Janet S. 1997. ''The ACS Style Guide: A Manual for Authors and Editors.'' Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, p. 264.
8. "Znak za postotak".
9. "Guide des principales règles typographiques". [[Université Joseph-Fourier]].
10. André, Jacques. "Petites leçons de typographie". [[Institut de recherche en informatique et systèmes aléatoires]].
11. "procentteken (spatie)".
12. "American Economic Review: Style Guide".
13. "UNC Pharmacy style guide".
14. "University of Colorado style guide".
15. [http://inkunabeln.ub.uni-koeln.de/vdibProduction/handapparat/nachs_w/cappelli/capp317.html Letter p.] ({{Webarchive. link. (18 April 2009 ) / Cappelli, Adriano: [http://inkunabeln.ub.uni-koeln.de/vdibProduction/handapparat/nachs_w/cappelli/cappelli.html Lexicon Abbreviaturarum] ({{Webarchive). link. (8 May 2015 ). 2. verb. Aufl. Leipzig 1928. Wörterbuch der Abkürzungen: pp. 256–257.)
16. HTML5 is the only version of HTML that has a named entity for the percent sign, see https://www.w3.org/TR/html4/sgml/entities.html ("The following sections present the complete lists of character entity references.") and https://www.w3.org/TR/2014/CR-html5-20140731/syntax.html#named-character-references ("percnt;").
17. (1996). "The New Hacker's Dictionary". MIT Press.
18. Thompson, Ken. (1996). "Users' Reference to B".
19. "2.7.1 Single Line Comments". GNU.
20. "Python 2 – String Formatting Operations".
21. "Python 3 – printf-style String Formatting".
22. "Ruby – String#%".
23. Trask, R. L.. (1993). "A Dictionary of Grammatical Terms in Linguistics". Routledge.
24. Crystal, David. (2008). "A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics". Cambridge University Press.