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Pectinate line

Line dividing the upper two-thirds and the lower third of the anal canal

Field	Value
Name	Pectinate line
Latin	linea pectinata, linea anocutanea
Image	Hemorrhoid.png
Caption	Pectinate line labeled at bottom center
Image2	gray1080.png
Caption2	The interior of the anal cami and lower part of the rectum, showing the columns of Morgagni and the anal valves between their lower ends. (Pectinate line visible but not labeled.)

The pectinate line (also known as the dentate line) is a line which divides the upper two-thirds and lower third of the anal canal. Developmentally, this line represents the hindgut-proctodeum junction.

It is an important anatomical landmark in humans, and forms the boundary between the anal canal and the rectum according to the anatomic definition. Colorectal surgeons instead define the anal canal as the zone from the anal verge to the anorectal ring (palpable structure formed by the external anal sphincter and the puborectalis muscle). Several distinctions can be made based upon the location of a structure relative to the pectinate line:

Distinction	Above pectinate line	Below pectinate line
Lymph drainage	internal iliac	superficial inguinal lymph nodes (below Hilton's white line)
Epithelium	columnar epithelium (as is most of the digestive tract - the line represents the end of the part of the body derived from the hindgut)	stratified squamous epithelium, non-keratinized (until Hilton's white line, where the anal verge becomes continuous with the perianal skin containing keratinized epithelium.)
Embryological origin	endoderm	ectoderm
Artery	superior rectal artery	middle and inferior rectal arteries
Vein	superior rectal vein draining into the inferior mesenteric vein and subsequently the hepatic portal system	middle and inferior rectal veins
Hemorrhoids classification	internal hemorrhoids (not painful)	external hemorrhoids (painful)
Nerves	inferior hypogastric plexus	pudendal nerves

Additional images

File:Rectoanal jxn.JPG|Microscopic cross section of the anorectal junction File:Anorectum-en.svg |Anatomy of the anus and rectum File:Gray1078.png|Coronal section of rectum and anal canal

References

(April 2018). "Essential Anatomy of the Anorectum for Colorectal Surgeons Focused on the Gross Anatomy and Histologic Findings.". Annals of coloproctology.
(2017). "First aid for the USMLE step 1 2017 : a student-to-student guide".
(2014-12-01). "Larsen's Human Embryology". Elsevier Health Sciences.

Info: Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

digestive-system anatomic-landmarks

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