Parc des Buttes Chaumont

History

The park took its name from the bleak hill which formerly occupied the site; because of the chemical composition of its soil, the hill was almost bare of vegetation and was called Chauve-mont, 'bare hill'. The area, just outside the limits of Paris until the mid-19th century, had a sinister reputation; it was the site of the Gibbet of Montfaucon, where from the 13th century until 1760, the bodies of hanged criminals were displayed after their executions. After the 1789 Revolution, it became a refuse dump, and then a place for cutting up horse carcasses and a depository for sewage. The director of public works of Paris and builder of the park, Adolphe Alphand, reported that "the site spread infectious emanations not only to the neighbouring areas, but, following the direction of the wind, over the entire city."

Another part of the site was a quarry that produced limestone and gypsum, used in the production of plaster and lime. In order to make lime, the gypsum was heated in furnaces. The mining and heating continued until the late 1850s, when the quarry was exhausted. The quarry also yielded Eocene mammal fossils, including Palaeotherium, which were studied by Georges Cuvier.

Baron Haussmann, the Prefect of Paris, selected this unprepossessing site for the new public park to serve the rapidly growing population of the new 19th and 20th arrondissements of Paris, which had been annexed to the city in 1860.

Work began in 1864, under the direction of Alphand, who used all the experience and lessons he had learned in making the Bois de Boulogne and the Bois de Vincennes. Two years were required simply to terrace the land. Then a railroad track was laid to bring in cars carrying two hundred thousand cubic meters of topsoil. A thousand workers remade the landscape, digging a lake and shaping the lawns and hillsides. Explosives were used to sculpt the buttes themselves and the former quarry into a picturesque mountain fifty meters high with cliffs, an interior grotto, pinnacles and arches. Hydraulic pumps were installed to lift water from the canal of the Ourcq River to the highest point on the promontory, to create a dramatic waterfall.

File:Buttes chaumont carrieres joanne 1863.jpg|The quarries which occupied part of the site (1864) File:Buttes Chaumont Charles Marville.jpg|The park under construction (1864–1867) File:Parc des Buttes Chaumont Alphand 1867.jpg|Map of the park at the time of its opening in 1867 File:Buttes chaumont paris guide 1867.jpg|The park when it opened in 1867 File:Paris et ses environs 1890-1900 square des buttes chaumont.jpg|The Belvedere island in 1890–1900 File:Paris - Buttes Chaumont Le Belvedere.jpg|The Belvedere island, c. 1900

The chief gardener of Paris, horticulturist Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps, then went to work, planting thousands of trees, shrubs and flowers and creating sloping lawns. At the same time, the city's chief architect, Gabriel Davioud, designed the Temple de la Sibylle, the miniature Roman temple on the top of the promontory, modeled after that at Tivoli near Rome, as well as belvederes, restaurants modeled after Swiss chalets, and gatehouses like rustic cottages, completing the imaginary landscape. The park opened on 1 April 1867, coinciding with the opening of the Paris Universal Exposition.

File:070421 Parc des Buttes Chaumont 002.jpg|The park and the Temple de la Sibylle File:070422 Parc des Buttes Chaumont 001.jpg|The park on a sunny afternoon File:Cerisiers Buttes-Chaumont.jpg|Flowering cherry trees File:070421 Parc des Buttes Chaumont 003.jpg|The main promenade File:Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, allée 03.jpg|A pathway through the park File:Parc des Buttes Chaumont.jpg|The sloping lawns, a popular gathering place on weekends File:TempleSybille.jpg|Temple de la Sibylle from the lake shore File:Buttes-Chaumont 01.jpg|Park scene

Features

Lake and Belvedere island

The heart of the park is an artificial lake of 1.5 ha surrounding the Île de la Belvédère (Belvedere island), a rocky island with steep cliffs created from the old gypsum quarry. At the top of the cliffs is the Temple de la Sibylle, fifty meters above the lake. Two bridges cross the lake to the island. Paths encircle the island, and a steep stairway of 173 steps leads from the top of the cliffs down through the grotto to the edge of the lake.

File:Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, île du Belvédère 02.jpg|The temple on the summit of the Belvedere island. File:070421 Parc des Buttes Chaumont 004.jpg|The artificial lake seen from the top of the island. File:Paris - Buttes Chaumont - Pont n°2 01.jpg|A cement bridge on the path around the island.

Temple de la Sibylle

The most famous feature of the park is the Temple de la Sibylle, a miniature version of the ancient Roman Temple of Vesta in Tivoli, Italy. The original temple was the subject of many romantic landscape paintings from the 17th to the 19th century, and inspired similar architectural follies in the English landscape garden of the 18th century. The miniature was designed by Gabriel Davioud, the city architect for Paris, who also designed picturesque monuments for the Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes, Parc Monceau, and other city parks as well as some of the most famous fountains of Paris, including the Fontaine Saint-Michel. The temple was finished in 1867. File:Christian Wilhelm Ernst Dietrich 007.jpg|The Temple of Vesta in Tivoli, Italy, was the subject of many romantic landscape paintings in the 18th and 19th centuries. This one is by Christian Dietrich, from about 1750. File:Rotonde Parc des Buttes-Chaumont Alphand 1867.jpg|Davioud's design for the Temple de la Sibylle, based on the Temple of Vesta File:Temple of Sibylle Buttes Chaumont Paris 19e.jpg|Davioud's Temple de la Sibylle (1867)

Grotto and waterfalls

The grotto is a vestige of the old gypsum and limestone quarry that occupied part of the site, now adjacent to rue Botzaris on the south side of the park. It is fourteen meters wide and twenty meters high, and has been sculpted and decorated with artificial stalactites as long as eight meters to make it resemble a natural grotto, in the style of the romantic English landscape garden of the 18th and 19th century. An artificial waterfall, fed by pumps, cascades from the top of the grotto down into the lake. File:Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, grotte 02 stereographical fused.jpg|A gallery of the former quarry has been transformed into a grotto with a 20-meter high artificial waterfall. File:Artificial waterfall in Buttes Chaumont Paris 19th 001.jpg|The waterfall within the grotto File:Parc des Buttes-Chaumont. petite cascade 01.jpg|The petite cascade, a small artificial waterfall

Bridges

Two bridges cross the lake to the Belvedere island. A 63 m suspension bridge, 8 m above the lake, was designed by Gustave Eiffel, the creator of the Eiffel Tower. The other bridge, a 12 m masonry bridge, 22 m above the lake, came to be known as the "suicide bridge" and is now fenced with wire mesh. File:Paris - Buttes Chaumont - Passerelle 02.jpg|Suspension bridge to Belvedere island, designed by Gustave Eiffel in 1867 File:Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, pont des suicidés.jpg|So-called suicide bridge to Belvedere island

Architecture

Most of the architecture of the park, from the Temple de la Sibylle, the cafes, and gatehouses to the fences and rain shelters, was designed by Gabriel Davioud, chief architect for the city of Paris. He created a picturesque, rustic style for the parks of Paris, sometimes inspired by ancient Rome, sometimes by the chalets and bridges of the Swiss Alps. File:Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, abri en béton 03.jpg|A rain shelter, made of concrete hand-sculpted to look like wood, a technique known as faux bois File:Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, garde-corps en béton 04.jpg|Davioud's paths on the Belvedere feature handrails made of hand-crafted concrete faux bois. The main entrance to the park is at Place Armand-Carrel, which is also the location of the mairie (town hall) of the 19th arrondissement, also designed by Davioud. The park has five other large entrances — Porte Bolivar, Porte de la Villette, Porte Secrétan, Porte de Crimée, and Porte Fessart — and seven smaller gates.

, the park has three restaurants (Pavillon du Lac, Pavillon Puebla, and Rosa Bonheur), two reception halls, two Guignol theatres, and two waffle stands. The Guignol theatres were established in 1892.

The park has four Wi-Fi zones as part of a citywide wireless Internet access plan.

Flora

The park was envisioned by Napoleon III as a garden showcase, a vision that continues to guide the park's direction. More than 47 species of plants, trees, and shrubs are cultivated in the park, many representing the original plantings.

In particular the park has many varieties of indigenous and exotic trees, including many Asian species, notably several cedars of Lebanon planted in 1880, Himalayan cedars, Ginkgo Biloba, Byzantine hazelnuts, Siberian elms, European hollies, bamboo-leafed prickly ashesers, and Giant Sequoia

Métro stations

The Parc des Buttes Chaumont is served by Lines 5 and 7bis [[File:Paris m 5 jms.svg|18px|class=noviewer]] [[File:Paris Metro 7 bis.svg|18px|class=noviewer]]

Culture

Each September, the park hosts the week-long .

In 2008, a modern version of the traditional Guinguette, Rosa Bonheur, was established inside the park. This unique restaurant and dance venue is government-sponsored by the Mairie of the 19th arrondissement.

Éric Rohmer shot parts of his film The Aviator's Wife in the park. Episode 3 of season two of the TV series The Art of Crime (L'art du crime) was also shot in the park.

Jean Grémillon filmed a scene in the park for his 1937 film Lady Killer (Gueule d'amour). The two main characters, Lucien Bourrache (Jean Gabin) and Madeleine (Mireille Balin), walk and converse in the park and, at one point, cross the suspension bridge over the lake.

References

• Hedi Slimane (2002). Interview for Index Magazine.

Notes and citations

References

1. Patrice de Moncan, ''Paris - Les Jardins du Baron Haussmann'', p. 101.
2. Alphand, ''Les Promenades de Paris''. Cited in Patrice de Moncan.
3. "Parc des Buttes Chaumont facts".
4. Dominique Jarrassé, ''Grammaire des jardins Parisiens'', p. 122
5. Patrice de Moncan, ''Paris - Les Jardins du Baron Haussmann'', pp. 101-106.
6. De Moncan, Patrice, ''Les Jardins du Baron Haussmann'', citing Edouard André, ''Les Jardins de Paris''.
7. [https://archive.today/20130616101300/http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/?ID=s0009541 Structurae list of important works of civil engineering ]
8. "The Eric Rohmer movie guide to Paris".
9. "Index Magazine".