Panjakent

History

Ancient Panjakent was a small but flourishing town of the Sogdians in pre-Islamic Central Asia. It was known as Panchekanth. It means five towns (villages) in Persian. The ethnic and territorial name "Soghd/Soghdian" or Sughd/Sughdian was mentioned in history as early as the Iranian Achaemenid dynasty (6th century BC). The Achaemenids founded several city-states, as well as cities along the ancient Silk Road and in the Zarafshan valley.

The town grew in the 5th century AD and many professionals such as established businessmen and landowners made their livelihoods in Panjakent. In AD 722, Arab Muslims forces besieged and took the town. The last ruler of the town Divashtich fled into upper Zarafshan but he was captured and sentenced to death. For around 50 years, ancient Panjakent was ruled by new administrators but towards the end of the 8th century the town on the upper terraces was depopulated and relocated. Many ancient ruins of the old city, particularly the city architecture and works of art remain today.

It is important to note, that the Sogdians settled in a number of the city states Zeravashan alley and the surrounding oases clustered mostly around the Samarkand. Those city states had a strong rivalry between themselves, with their own traditions rules and ruling families, creating a very decentralised political system. Similarly the city of Panjakent was located around 90 km away from Samarkand and was a vassal state to Samarkand though it still had a vibrant and prosperous economy.

Numerous records of a Penjikent rulership, written in Sogdian, were located not far of Penjikent on Mount Mug. Through their reading of these texts, the public of Central Asia in the 8th century will judge on social, economic and political life.

According to Arab geographers, Panjakent in the 10th century had a formal Friday mosque that distinguished the place as a town from a village. It was the easternmost city of Soghd, and became well known for its walnuts.

Russian archaeologist Boris Marshak spent more than fifty years excavating the ruins at Panjakent.{{cite web | access-date=2006-10-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101081758/http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/bibliography_marshak.html | archive-date=2007-01-01 | url-status=live

Ancient murals and artifacts

Main article: Penjikent murals

Numerous murals were recovered from the site of Panjikent, and many of them are now on display in the Hermitage Museum and in the National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan in Dushanbe. A great variety influences are visible in the paintings, which show details of dress and daily life: Greek decorative styles encounter the Iranian narratives of the Shahnameh and the epic cycle of Rostam, scenes of festivities alternate with depictions of combats, local cults mix with Iranian and Hindu deities. Shaivism was popular in Sogdiana and Eastern Turkestan as found from the wall painting from Penjikent on the river Zervashan. In this depiction, Shiva is portrayed with a sacred halo and a sacred thread ("Yajnopavita"). He is clad in a tigerskin while his attendants are wearing Sogdian dress. There is a depiction of him four-legged seated cross-legged on a cushioned seat supported by two bulls.

The production of paintings started in the 5th century AD and stopped in 722 AD with the invasion of the Abbasid Caliphate, and many works of art were damaged or destroyed at that time.

File:Chinese-style coinage of the rulers of Penjikent, Tajikistan, 7-8th century CE.jpg|Chinese-style coinage of the rulers of Penjikent, Tajikistan, 7-8th century CE File:Bracteate_she-wolf_NMAT_KP208-243_(cropped).jpg|She-wolf suckling two infants ("Romulus and Remus"), Penjikent, 5th century CE, National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan (KP 208–243). File:Uma-Maheshvara, Shiva with spouse Uma riding the bull Nandi, Penjikent Temple II, 690-722 CE, Tajikistan National Museum of Antiquities (60).jpg|Uma-Maheshvara: ithyphallic Shiva with spouse Uma riding the bull Nandi, Penjikent Temple II, 690-722 CE, National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan (60). File:Penjikent, figures with halos.jpg|Penjikent, figures with halos, Hermitage Museum File:Hommes au banquet, pigment sur plâtre, Penjikent, Tadjikistan.jpg|Men banquet, pigment on plaster. Pendjikent, Tajikistan File:Panjikent mural (6th-7th century CE).jpg|Panjikent mural (6th-7th century AD). Hermitage Museum File:Panjakent (Panjīkant) mural , 6th-8th Centuries (2).jpg|Panjakent (Panjīkant) mural, 6th-8th centuries AD. Hermitage Museum File:Panjakent (Panjīkant) mural , 6th-8th Centuries.jpg|Panjakent (Panjīkant) mural, 6th-8th centuries AD. National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan File:Panjakent (Panjīkant) mural, 6th-8th Centuries (3).jpg|Panjakent (Panjīkant) mural, 6th-8th centuries AD File:Shiva with Trisula Panjikent 7th–8th century CE Hermitage Museum.jpg|Shiva with Trisula. Penjikent 7th–8th century AD. Hermitage Museum File:Dushanbe - National Museum of Antiquities - Lion and Goddess Anahita - Penjikent, 6th-8th c AD.jpg|Lion and Goddess Nana, Penjikent, 6th-8th c AD File:Dushanbe - National Museum of Antiquities - Wall Painting.jpg|Multi-armed deity in armour

Geography

Climate

Panjakent has a hot summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dsa). The warmest month is July and the coldest month is January. The average annual precipitation is 364.9 mm and has an average of 108 days with precipitation. The wettest month is April with an average of 73.1 mm of precipitation and the driest month is August with an average of 2.7 mm of precipitation.

Subdivisions

Before ca. 2018, Panjakent was the seat of Panjakent District, which covered the rural part of the present city of Panjakent. The city of Panjakent covers Panjakent proper and fourteen jamoats.

Notable people

• Nigina Amonkulova, folk singer
• Khayrinisso Yusufi, vice-premier of Tajikistan, member of the Assembly of Representatives.
• Otakhon Latifi () (1936–1998), was a noted journalist and politician
• Yaqub Beg, leader of Uighur state of Yettishar during the Dungan Revolt against the Qing dynasty in years 1865–1877{{cite web
• Rustem Umierov (b. 1982), Ukrainian Crimean Tatar politician

Notes

References

References

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2. "Climate of Panjakent".
3. "Конституция Республики Таджикистан". Parliament of Tajikistan.
4. Gorgâni, Tirdâd. "Welcome to Penjakent". Geocities.
5. Powell, Eric A. "A Silk Road Renaissance." ''Archaeology'' 73, no. 4 (2020): 36–41. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27056725.
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7. Marshak, B.I.. "Panjikant". [[Encyclopædia Iranica]].
8. "Panjikant – Encyclopaedia Iranica".
9. (2012). "Classical elements in Sogdian art: Aesop's fables represented in the mural paintings at Penjikent". Iranica Antiqua.
10. (2021). "Tadjikistan: au pays des fleuves d'or". Musée Guimet, Snoek.
11. (2021). "Tadjikistan: au pays des fleuves d'or". Musée Guimet, Snoek.
12. "World Weather Information Service - Penjikent". World Meteorological Organization.
13. "Population of the Republic of Tajikistan as of 1 January 2015". Statistics office of Tajikistan.
14. These are as follows:[http://untj.org/jambi-project/index.php/maps-statistics/demography Jamoat-level basic indicators], United Nations Development Programme in Tajikistan, accessed 3 October 2020
15. "Nigina Amonkulova (Amonqulova)".
16. (27 April 2010). "Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan". Scarecrow Press.
17. "Opposition-Chief-Dies".