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Oxygenate

Chemical compounds containing oxygen often used as fuel additives

Oxygenate

Chemical compounds containing oxygen often used as fuel additives

Automobile exhaust

In the liquid fuel industry, oxygenates are hydrocarbon-derived fuel additives containing at least one oxygen atom to promote complete combustion. Absent oxygenates, fuel combustion is usually incomplete, and the exhaust stream pollutes the air with carbon monoxide, soot particles, aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and nitrated polyaromatic hydrocarbons.

The most common oxygenates are either alcohols or ethers, but ketones and aldehydes are also included in this distinction. Carboxylic acids and esters can be grouped with oxygenates in the simple definition that they contain at least one oxygen atom. However, they are usually unwanted in oils, and therefore likely fuels, due to their environmental toxicity and tendency to cause catalyst poisoning and corrosion during oil production and refining.

  • Alcohols:
    • Methanol (MeOH)
    • Ethanol (EtOH); see also Common ethanol fuel mixtures
    • Isopropyl alcohol (IPA)
    • n-Butanol (BuOH)
    • Gasoline grade tert-butanol (GTBA)
  • Ethers:
    • Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)
    • tert-Amyl methyl ether (TAME)
    • tert-Hexyl methyl ether (THEME)
    • Ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE)
    • tert-Amyl ethyl ether (TAEE)
    • Diisopropyl ether (DIPE)

In the United States

In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had authority to mandate that minimum proportions of oxygenates be added to automotive gasoline on regional and seasonal basis from 1992 until 2006 in an attempt to reduce air pollution, in particular ground-level ozone and smog. As of 2023, the EPA continues to require the use of oxygenated gasoline in certain areas during winter to regulate carbon monoxide emissions; however, the programs to fulfill its conditions are implemented by the states. In addition to this North American automakers from 2006 onwards promoted a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline, marketed as E85, and their flex-fuel vehicles, e.g. GM's Live Green, Go Yellow campaign. US Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards give an artificial 54% fuel efficiency bonus to vehicles capable of running on 85% alcohol blends over vehicles not adapted to run on 85% alcohol blends.{{cite web

References

References

  1. US EPA, OAR. (2015-08-07). "Gasoline Winter Oxygenates".
  2. {{Cite dictionary. (2024-03-02). link
  3. (2002). "Effects of oxygenate additives on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(pahs) and soot formation". Combustion Science and Technology.
  4. Yeboah, Isaac. (2021-10-27). "Versatile One-Pot Tandem Conversion of Biomass-Derived Light Oxygenates into High-Yield Jet Fuel Range Aromatics". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research.
  5. Ni, Wei. (2021-08-19). "Carboxylic Acids in Petroleum: Separation, Analysis, and Geochemical Significance". Energy & Fuels.
  6. Lidderdale, Tancred. (6 March 2000). "MTBE, Oxygenates, and Motor Gasoline".
Info: Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

petroleum-products fuels oxygenates
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