Oxidizing and reducing flames

Oxidizing flame

If the flame has more than enough oxygen, an oxidizing flame is produced. When the amount of oxygen increases, the flame shortens due to quicker combustion, its color becomes a more transparent blue, and it hisses or roars. With some exceptions (e.g., platinum soldering in jewelry), the oxidizing flame is usually undesirable for welding and soldering, since, as its name suggests, it oxidizes the metal's surface. The same principle is important in firing pottery.

Reducing flame

A reducing flame is a flame with insufficient oxygen. It has an opaque yellow or orange color due to incandescent carbon or hydrocarbons which bind with (or reduce) the oxygen contained in the materials the flame processes. The flame is also called carburizing flame, since it tends to introduce carbon soot into the molten metal.

The flame also produces carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas which burns on the outer envelope of flame into carbon dioxide.

Reducing flames with no carbon

Reducing flames using zero-carbon fuel, such as reducing hydrogen flames, are exceptions. They don't have an opaque yellow or orange glow, nor do they produce soot or carbon monoxide.

References

References

1. 0-385-04185-3
2. (February 25, 1920). "Brass Melting in Gas Furnaces". Robbins Publishing Company.
3. "Combustion of hydrocarbon fuels - Fuels - Edexcel - GCSE Chemistry (Single Science) Revision - Edexcel".