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Orders of magnitude (mass)

Comparison of a wide range of masses

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following lists describe various mass levels between 10−67 kilograms (kg) and 1052 kg. The least massive thing listed here is a graviton, and the most massive thing is the observable universe. Typically, an object having greater mass will also have greater weight (see mass versus weight), especially if the objects are subject to the same gravitational field strength.

Units of mass

The table above is based on the kilogram, the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI). The kilogram is the only standard unit to include an SI prefix (kilo-) as part of its name. The gram (10−3 kg) is an SI derived unit of mass. However, the names of all SI mass units are based on gram, rather than on kilogram; thus 103 kg is a megagram (106 g), not a *kilokilogram.

The tonne (t) is an SI-compatible unit of mass equal to a megagram (Mg), or 103 kg. The unit is in common use for masses above about 103 kg and is often used with SI prefixes. For example, a gigagram (Gg) or 109 g is 103 tonnes, commonly called a kilotonne.

Other units

Other units of mass are also in use. Historical units include the stone, the pound, the carat, and the grain.

For subatomic particles, physicists use the mass-equivalent of an electronvolt (eV). At the atomic level, chemists use the mass of one-twelfth of a carbon-12 atom (the dalton). Astronomers use the mass of the sun ().

The least massive things: below 10⁻²⁴ kg

Unlike other physical quantities, mass–energy does not have an a priori expected minimal quantity, or an observed basic quantum as in the case of electric charge. Planck's law allows for the existence of photons with arbitrarily low energies. Consequently, there can only ever be an experimental upper bound on the mass of a supposedly massless particle; in the case of the photon, this confirmed upper bound is of the order of = .

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
	10−67	1.07 kg	Graviton, upper bound (6 eV/c2)
	10−40	4.2 kg	Mass equivalent of the energy of a photon at the peak of the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation (0.235 meV/c2)
10−36	1.8 kg	1 eV/c2, the mass equivalent of one electronvolt
3.6 kg	Electron neutrino, upper limit on mass (2 eV/c2)
10−33
quectogram (qg)
10−31	9.11 kg	Electron (511 keV/c2), the lightest elementary particle with a measured nonzero rest mass
10−30
rontogram (rg)	3.0–5.5 kg	Up quark (as a current quark) (1.7–3.1 MeV/c2)
10−28	1.9 kg	Muon (106 MeV/c2)
10−27
yoctogram (yg)	1.661 kg	Dalton (Da), a.k.a. unified atomic mass unit (u)
1.673 kg	Proton (938.3 MeV/c2)
1.674 kg	Hydrogen atom, the lightest atom
1.675 kg	Neutron (939.6 MeV/c2)
10−26	1.2 kg	Lithium atom (6.941 Da)
3.0 kg	Water molecule (18.015 Da)
8.0 kg	Titanium atom (47.867 Da)
10−25	1.1 kg	Copper atom (63.546 Da)
1.6 kg	Z boson (91.2 GeV/c2)
2.2 kg	Higgs boson (125 GeV/c2)
3.1 kg	Top quark (173 GeV/c2),	author=K. Nakamura
3.2 kg	Caffeine molecule (194 Da)
3.5 kg	Lead-208 atom
4.9 kg	Oganesson-294 atom, the heaviest known nuclide

10⁻²⁴ to 10⁻¹⁸ kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10−24
zeptogram (zg)	1.2 kg	Buckyball molecule (720 Da)
10−23	1.4 kg	Ubiquitin, a small ubiquitous protein (8.6 kDa)
5.5 kg	A typical protein (median size of roughly 300 amino acids ≈ 33 kDa)
10−22	1.1 kg	Haemoglobin A molecule in blood (64.5 kDa)
10−21
attogram (ag)	1.65 kg	Double-stranded DNA molecule consisting of 1,578 base pairs (995 kDa)
4.3 kg	Prokaryotic ribosome (2.6 MDa)
7.1 kg	Eukaryotic ribosome (4.3 MDa)
7.6 kg	Brome mosaic virus, a small virus (4.6 MDa)
10−20	3 kg	Synaptic vesicle in rats (16.1 ± 3.8 MDa)
6.8 kg	Tobacco mosaic virus (41 MDa)
10−19	1.1 kg	Nuclear pore complex in yeast (66 MDa)
2.5 kg	Human adenovirus (150 MDa)

10⁻¹⁸ to 10⁻¹² kg

femtogram

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10−18
femtogram (fg)	1 kg	HIV-1 virus
4.7 kg	E. coli]]'' genome
10−17	~1 kg	Vaccinia virus, a large virus
1.1 kg	Mass equivalent of 1 joule
10−16	3 kg	Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria, the smallest (and possibly most plentiful) photosynthetic organism on Earth
10−15
picogram (pg)	1 kg	E. coli bacterium (wet weight)
6 kg	DNA in a typical diploid human cell (approximate)
10−14	2.2 kg	Surface Area & Volume Measurements for Ram & Human Spermatozoa]]," Biology of Reproduction, 55, 6 (1996‑12‑01): 1325–32.
6 kg	Yeast cell (quite variable)
10−13	1.5 kg	Dunaliella salina, a green alga (dry weight)

10⁻¹² to 10⁻⁶ kg

nanogrammicrogram

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10−12
nanogram (ng)	1 kg	Average human cell (1 nanogram)
2–3 kg	HeLa human cell
8 kg	Grain of birch pollen
10−11
10−10	2.5 kg	Grain of maize pollen
3.5 kg	Very fine grain of sand (0.063 mm diameter, 350 nanograms)
10−9
microgram (μg)	3.6 kg	url= http://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?&id=101664&ver=7	title= Volume of human oocyte - Human Homo sapiens	publisher= BioNumbers	access-date=2011-11-01 }}
2.4 kg	US RDA for vitamin B12 for adults
10−8		Speculated approximate lower limit of the mass of a primordial black hole
	US RDA for vitamin D for adults
~2 kg	Uncertainty in the mass of the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK) (±~20μg)
2.2 kg	Planck mass, can be expressed as the mass of a 2 Planck Length radius black hole
~7 kg	One eyelash hair (approximate)
10−7	1.5 kg	US RDA for iodine for adults
2–3 kg	Fruit fly (dry weight)

10⁻⁶ to 1 kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10−6
milligram (mg)	2.5 kg	Mosquitoes, common smaller species (about 2.5 milligrams), grain of salt or sand, medicines are typically expressed in milligrams
10−5
centigram (cg)	1.1 kg	Small granule of quartz (2 mm diameter, 11 milligrams)
2 kg	Adult housefly (Musca domestica, 21.4 milligrams)
10−4
decigram (dg)	0.27–2.0 kg	Range of amounts of caffeine in one cup of coffee (27–200 milligrams)
1.5 kg	A frame of 35mm motion picture film (157 milligrams)
2 kg	Metric carat (200 milligrams)
10−3
gram (g)	1 kg	One cubic centimeter of water (1 gram)
1 kg	US dollar bill (1 gram)
~1 kg	Two raisins (approximately 1 gram)
~8 kg	Coins of one euro (7.5 grams), one U.S. dollar (8.1 grams) and one Canadian loonie (7 grams [pre-2012], 6.27 grams [2012-])
10−2
decagram (dag)	1.2 kg	Mass of one mole (6.02214 atoms) of carbon-12 (12 grams)
1.37 kg	Amount of ethanol defined as one standard drink in the U.S. (13.7 grams)
2–4 kg	Adult mouse (Mus musculus, 20–40 grams)
2.8 kg	Ounce (avoirdupois) (28.3495 grams)
4.7 kg	Mass equivalent of the energy that is 1 megaton of TNT equivalent
10−1
hectogram (hg)	0.1-0.2 kg	An orange (100–200 grams)
0.142-0.149 kg	A baseball used in the major league.
0.454 kg	Pound (avoirdupois) (453.6 grams)

1 kg to 10⁵ kg

Dictionnaire encyclopédique de l'épicerie et des industries annexes}}''.

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1 kg
kilogram (kg)	1 kg	title=Water - Density and Specific Weight	url=http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-density-specific-weight-d_595.html	publisher=The Engineering Tool Box}}
1–3 kg	Smallest breed of dog (Chihuahua)
1–3 kg	Typical laptop computer, 2010
1–3 kg	Adult domestic tortoise
2.5–4 kg	Newborn human baby
4.0 kg	Women's shot
4–5 kg	Housecat{{Cite journal	doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2000.tb00354.x
7.26 kg	Men's shot
101	9–27 kg	Medium-sized dog
10–30 kg	A CRT computer monitor or television set
50 kg	Large dog breed (Great Dane)
70 kg	title=Mass of an Adult	url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2003/AlexSchlessingerman.shtml	website=The Physics Factbook	access-date=13 December 2011	quote=70 kg}}
102	130–180 kg	Mature lion, female (130 kg) and male (180 kg)
200–250 kg	Giant tortoise
240–450 kg	Grand piano
400–900 kg	Dairy cow
500–500,000 kg	A teaspoon (5 ml) of white dwarf material (0.5–500 tonnes)
635 kg	Heaviest human in recorded history (Jon Brower Minnoch)
907.2 kg	1 short ton (2000 pounds - U.S.)
103
megagram (Mg)	1000 kg	1 tonne (U.S. spelling: metric ton)
1000 kg	1 cubic metre of water
1016.05 kg	Ton (British) / 1 long ton (2240 pounds - U.S.)
1300–1600 kg	Typical passenger cars
2700–6000 kg	Adult elephant
104	1.1 kg	Hubble Space Telescope (11 tonnes)
1.2 kg	Largest elephant on record (12 tonnes)
1.4 kg	Big Ben (bell) (14 tonnes)
2.7 kg	ENIAC computer, 1946 (30 tonnes)
4 kg	Maximum gross mass (truck + load combined) of a semi-trailer truck in the EU (40–44 tonnes)
5–6 kg	Tank; Bulldozer (50–60 tonnes)
6.0 kg	Largest single-piece meteorite, Hoba West Meteorite (60 tonnes)
7.3 kg	Largest dinosaur, Argentinosaurus (73 tonnes)
105	1.74-1.83 kg	Operational empty weight of a Boeing 747-300
1.8 kg	Largest animal ever, a blue whale (180 tonnes)
4.2 kg	International Space Station (417 tonnes)
6 kg	World's heaviest aircraft: Antonov An-225 (maximum take-off mass: 600 tonnes, payload: 250 tonnes)

10⁶ to 10¹¹ kg

gigagram

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
106
gigagram (Gg)	1 kg	Trunk of the giant sequoia tree named General Sherman, largest living tree by trunk volume (1121 tonnes)
2.0 kg	Launch mass of the Space Shuttle (2041 tonnes)
6 kg	Largest clonal colony, the quaking aspen named Pando (largest living organism) (6000 tonnes)
7.8 kg	Virginia-class nuclear submarine (submerged weight)
107	1 kg	Annual production of Darjeeling tea
5.2 kg	RMS Titanic when fully loaded (52,000 tonnes)
9.97 kg	Heaviest train ever: Australia's BHP Iron Ore, 2001 record (99,700 tonnes)
108	6.6 kg	Largest ship and largest mobile man-made object, Seawise Giant, when fully loaded (660,000 tonnes)
7 kg	Heaviest (non-pyramid) building, Palace of the Parliament in Bucharest, Romania
109
teragram (Tg)	4.3 kg	Amount of matter converted into energy by the Sun each second
6 kg	Great Pyramid of Giza
1010	6 kg	Amount of concrete in the Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest concrete structure3. 2.72e7 m3 of concrete × 2.4e3 kg/m3 = 6.3e10 kg --
1011	~1 kg	The mass of a primordial black hole with an evaporation time equal to the age of the universe
2 kg	Amount of water stored in London storage reservoirs (0.2 km3)
6 kg	Total mass of the world's human population
5 kg	Total biomass of Antarctic krill, one of the most plentiful animal species on the planet in terms of biomass

10¹² to 10¹⁷ kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1012
petagram (Pg)	0.8–2.1 kg	Global biomass of fish
4 kg	Global annual human food production
4 kg	World crude oil production in 2009 (3,843 Mt)
5.5 kg	A teaspoon (5 ml) of neutron star material (5000 million tonnes)
1013	1 kg	Mass of comet [67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko](67p-churyumov-gerasimenko)
4 kg	Global annual human carbon dioxide emission
1014	1.05 kg	last1=Field	first1=C.B.	last2=Behrenfeld	first2=M.J.	last3=Randerson	first3=J.T.	last4=Falkowski	first4=P.	date=1998	title=Primary production of the Biosphere: Integrating Terrestrial and Oceanic Components	journal=Science	volume=281	pages=237–240	doi=10.1126/science.281.5374.237	pmid=9657713	issue=5374	bibcode=1998Sci...281..237F	url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/9gm7074q	type=Submitted manuscript }}
7.2 kg	Total carbon stored in Earth's atmosphere
1015
exagram (Eg)	2.0 kg	Total carbon stored in the terrestrial biosphere
3.5 kg	Total carbon stored in coal deposits worldwide
1016	1 kg	[951 Gaspra](951-gaspra), the first asteroid ever to be closely approached by a spacecraft (rough estimate)
1 kg	Rough estimate of the total carbon content of all organisms on Earth.
3 kg	Rough estimate of everything produced by the human species.
3.8 kg	Total carbon stored in the oceans.
1017	1.6 kg	Prometheus, a shepherd satellite for the inner edge of Saturn's F Ring

10¹⁸ to 10²³ kg

yottagram

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1018
zettagram (Zg)	5.1 kg	Earth's atmosphere
5.6 kg	Hyperion, a moon of Saturn
1019	3 kg	[3 Juno](3-juno), one of the larger asteroids in the asteroid belt
3 kg	The rings of Saturn
1020	9.4 kg	Ceres, dwarf planet within the asteroid belt
1021
yottagram (Yg)	1.4 kg	Earth's oceans
1.5 kg	Charon, the largest moon of Pluto
2.9–3.7 kg	The asteroid belt{{cite journal	first1=G. A.	author-link=Georgij A. Krasinsky
4 kg	doi=10.1088/0004-6256/137/6/4766	last1=Ragozzine	first1=Darin	last2=Brown	first2= Michael E.	year=2009	title=Orbits And Masses Of the Satellites of the Dwarf Planet Haumea (2003 EL61)	journal=The Astronomical Journal	volume=137	number=6	arxiv=0903.4213 }}

1022	1.3 kg	Pluto
2.1 kg	Triton, largest moon of Neptune
2.7 kg	Earth's crust
7.3 kg	Earth's Moon
1023	1.3 kg	Titan, largest moon of Saturn
1.5 kg	Ganymede, largest moon of Jupiter
3.3 kg	Mercury
6.4 kg	Mars

10²⁴ to 10²⁹ kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1024
ronnagram (Rg)	4.9 kg	Venus
6.0 kg	Earth
1025	3 kg	Oort cloud
8.7 kg	Uranus
1026	1.0 kg	Neptune
5.7 kg	Saturn
1027
quettagram (Qg)	1.9 kg	Jupiter
1028	2–14 kg	Brown dwarfs (approximate) low end is 13 × 1.9e27 = 2.47e28 kg; high end is ~75 × 1.9e27 = ~14e28 kg = range is 2–14e28 kg. --
1029	3 kg	Barnard's Star, a nearby red dwarf mass = 3.0–3.4e29 kg --

10³⁰ to 10³⁵ kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1030	2 kg	The Sun (one solar mass or = 1.989 kg)
2.8 kg	Chandrasekhar limit ()
1031	4 kg	Betelgeuse, a red supergiant star ()
1032	4–7 kg	R136a1, the most massive of known stars (230 to 345 )
6–8 kg	Hyades star cluster (300 to 400 )
1033	1.6 kg	Pleiades star cluster ()
1034
1035	~1035 kg	Typical globular cluster in the Milky Way (overall range: 3 to 4 )
2 kg	Low end of mass range for giant molecular clouds (1 to 1 )
7.3 kg	Jeans mass of a giant molecular cloud at 100 K and density 30 atoms per cubic centimeter;
possible example: Orion molecular cloud complex

10³⁶ to 10⁴¹ kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1036	1.79 kg	The entire Carina complex.
2.4 kg	The Gould Belt of stars, including the Sun ()
7–8 kg	The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, associated with the radio source Sagittarius A* ()
8 kg	Omega centauri, the largest globular cluster in the Milky Way, containing approximately 10 million stars.
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041	1.98 kg	Phoenix A, the largest supermassive black hole, weighing 100 billion solar masses ()
4 kg	Visible mass of the Milky Way galaxy

The most massive things: 10⁴² kg and greater

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1042	1.2 kg	Milky Way galaxy ()
2–3 kg	Local Group of galaxies, including the Milky Way ()
1043	5.37 kg	ESO 146-5, the heaviest known galaxy in the universe
1044
1045	1–2 kg	Local or Virgo Supercluster of galaxies, including the Local Group ()
1046
1047	2 kg	Laniakea Supercluster of galaxies, which encompasses the Virgo supercluster
1048	2 kg	Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex, a galaxy filament that includes the Laniakea Supercluster.
1049	4 kg	Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall, the largest structure in the known universe
1050
1051
1052	4.4506 kg	Mass of the observable universe as estimated by NASA
1.4 kg	Mass of the observable universe as estimated by the U.S. National Solar Observatory

Notes

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Criterion: A combined total of at least 250,000 Google hits on both the modern spelling ({{nbhyphgram) and the dated British spelling ({{nbhyphgramme)._{{nbsp
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orders-of-magnitude mass

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Orders of magnitude (mass)

Units of mass

Other units

The least massive things: below 10−24 kg

10−24 to 10−18 kg

10−18 to 10−12 kg

10−12 to 10−6 kg

10−6 to 1 kg

1 kg to 105 kg

106 to 1011 kg

1012 to 1017 kg

1018 to 1023 kg

1024 to 1029 kg

1030 to 1035 kg

1036 to 1041 kg

The most massive things: 1042 kg and greater