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Orders of magnitude (acceleration)

Comparison of a wide range of accelerations

This page lists examples of the acceleration occurring in various situations. They are grouped by orders of magnitude.

Factor
[m/s2]	Multiple	Reference frame	Value	[g]	Item
	0 m/s2	inertial	0 m/s2	0 g	The gyro rotors in Gravity Probe B and the free-floating
proof masses in the TRIAD I navigation satellite
inertial	≈ 0 m/s2	≈ 0 g	Weightless parabola in a reduced-gravity aircraft
	10 fm/s2	lab	5 m/s2	5 g	Smallest acceleration in a scientific experiment
	100 pm/s2	inertial	≈ 1 m/s2	≈ 1 g	Typical gravitational acceleration of stars in the Milky Way
inertial	1.2 m/s2	1.22 g	Constant a_0in Modified Newtonian dynamics theory, which states that objects with gravitational acceleration lower than a_0 don't follow Newton's law of gravity
	1 mm/s2	Solar system	5.93 m/s2	6.04 g	Acceleration of Earth toward the sun due to sun's gravitational attraction
	1 dm/s2	lab	0.25 m/s2	0.026 g	Train acceleration for SJ X2
	1 m/s2	inertial	1.62 m/s2	0.1654 g	Standing on the Moon at its equator
lab	4.3 m/s2	0.44 g	Car acceleration 0–100 km/h in 6.4 s with a Saab 9-5 Hirsch
inertial	9.80665 m/s2	1 g	Standard gravity, the gravity acceleration on Earth at sea level standard
101	1 dam/s2	inertial	11.2 m/s2	1.14 g	Saturn V Moon rocket just after launch
inertial	15.2 m/s2	1.55 g	Bugatti Veyron from 0 to 100 km/h in 2.4 s (the net acceleration vector including gravitational acceleration is directed 40 degrees from horizontal)
inertial	29 m/s2	3 g	Space Shuttle, maximum during launch and reentry
inertial	29 m/s2	3 g	Sustainable for 25 seconds, for a human
inertial	34 – 49 m/s2	3.5 – 5 g	0-8018-8631-7}}.
lab?	41 m/s2	4.2 g	Top Fuel drag racing world record of 4.4 s over 1/4 mile
inertial	49 m/s2	5 g	url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819225557/http://csel.eng.ohio-state.edu/voshell/gforce.pdf	date=August 19, 2014 }}
lab?	49+ m/s2	5+ g	Formula One car, maximum under heavy braking
inertial?	51 m/s2	5.2 g	Luge, maximum expected at the Whistler Sliding Centre
lab	49 – 59 m/s2	5 – 6 g	Formula One car, peak lateral in turns
inertial	59 m/s2	6 g	Parachutist peak during normal opening of parachute
inertial	+69 / -49 m/s2	+7 / -5 g	Standard, full aerobatics certified glider
inertial	70.6 m/s2	7.19 g	Apollo 16 on reentry
inertial	79 m/s2	8 g	F-16 aircraft pulling out of dive
inertial	88 m/s2	9 g	Maximum for a fit, trained person with G-suit to keep consciousness, avoiding G-LOC
inertial	88 – 118 m/s2	9 – 12 g	Typical maximum turn acceleration in an aerobatic plane or fighter jet
	1 hm/s2	inertial	147 m/s2	15 g	Explosive seat ejection from aircraft
177 m/s2	18 g	Physical damage in humans like broken capillaries
209 m/s2	21.3 g	Peak acceleration experienced by cosmonauts during the Soyuz 18a abort
333 m/s2	34 g	Peak deceleration of the Stardust Sample Return Capsule on reentry to Earth
454 m/s2	46.2 g	Maximum acceleration a human has survived on a rocket sled
491 m/s2	50 g	Death or serious injury likely
982 m/s2	100 g	Sprint missile
982 m/s2	100 g	Automobile crash (100 km/h into wall)
982 m/s2	100 g	url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405091131/http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/problems/studies/record/chidester.htm	date=2010-04-05 }}''
982 m/s2	100 g	Deadly limit for most humans
	1 km/s2	inertial
≈ lab	1540 m/s2	157 g	Peak acceleration of fastest rocket sled run
1964 m/s2	200 g	3.5" hard disc non-operating shock tolerance for 2 ms, weight 0.6 kg
2098 m/s2	214 g	Highest recorded amount of g-force exposed and survived by a human (Peak deceleration experienced by Kenny Bräck in a crash at the [2003](2003-indycar-series) Chevy 500)
2256 m/s2	230 g	Peak acceleration experience by the Galileo probe during descent into Jupiter's atmosphere
2490 m/s2	254 g	url=https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/news/formula-1-bianchi-crash-impact-254g-103939864--f1.html	title=Formula 1 - Bianchi crash impact was 254g	date=23 July 2015	website=uk.eurosport.yahoo.com	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723230530/https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/news/formula-1-bianchi-crash-impact-254g-103939864--f1.html	archive-date=23 July 2015}}
2946 m/s2	300 g	Soccer ball struck by foot
3200 m/s2	320 g	A jumping human flea
3800 m/s2	380 g	A jumping click beetle
4944 m/s2	504 g	Clothes on washing machine, during dry spinning (46 cm drum / 1400 rpm)
	10 km/s2		11 768 m/s2	1200 g	Deceleration of the head of a woodpecker
17 680 m/s2	1800 g	Space gun with a barrel length of 1 km and a muzzle velocity of 6 km/s,
as proposed by Quicklaunch (assuming constant acceleration)
29460 m/s2	3000 g	Baseball struck by bat
~33 000 m/s2	3400 g	Standard requirement for decelerative crashworthiness in certified flight recorders (such as a Boeing 737 'black box')
49 100 m/s2	5000 g	Shock capability of mechanical wrist watches
84 450 m/s2	8600 g	Current Formula One engines, maximum piston acceleration (up to 10,000 g before rev limits)
	100 km/s2		102 000 m/s2	10 400 g	A mantis shrimp punch
152 210 m/s2	15 500 g	Rating of electronics built into military artillery shells
196 400 m/s2	20 000 g	Spore acceleration of the Pilobolus fungi
304 420 m/s2	31 000 g	[9×19mm Parabellum](9x19mm-parabellum) handgun bullet (average along the length of the barrel)
	1,000 km/s2		1 000 000 m/s2	100 000 g	title=Multifunctionality and mechanical origins: Ballistic jaw propulsion in trap-jaw ants	journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences	date=22 August 2006	vauthors=Patek SN, Baio JE, Fisher BL, Suarez AV	volume=103	issue=34	pages=12787–12792	doi= 10.1073/pnas.0604290103	pmid=16924120	pmc=1568925	bibcode=2006PNAS..10312787P	doi-access=free }}
1 865 800 m/s2	190 000 g	9×19mm Parabellum handgun bullet, peak
3 800 000 m/s2	390 000 g	last=Holberg	first=J. B.	author2=Barstow, M. A.	author3=Bruhweiler, F. C.	author4=Cruise, A. M.	author5=Penny, A. J.	title=Sirius B: A New, More Accurate View	journal=The Astrophysical Journal	date=1998	volume=497	issue=2	pages=935–942	doi=10.1086/305489	bibcode=1998ApJ...497..935H	doi-access=free }}
3 900 000 m/s2	slightly below 400 000 g	Ultracentrifuge
	1 million km/s2		1 m/s2	~100 000 000 g	The record peak acceleration of a projectile in a coilgun, a 2 gram projectile accelerated in 1 cm from rest to 5 km/sec.
	1 billion km/s2		1 to 1 m/s2	1 to 1 g	title=Neutron Stars	first1=Paweł	last1=Haensel	first2=Alexander Y.	last2=Potekhin	first3=Dmitry G.	last3=Yakovlev	isbn=978-0-387-33543-8	publisher=Springer	date=2007 }}
2.1 m/s2	2.1 g	Protons in the Large Hadron Collider
	1 quintillion km/s2		9.149 m/s2	9.33 g	Classical (Bohr model) acceleration of an electron around a 1H nucleus.
1.76 m/s2	1.79 g	Electrons in a 1 TV/m wakefield accelerator
	1 quindecillion km/s2		5.5608 m/s2	5.5719 g	Coherent Planck unit of acceleration

References

Stanford University: ''[http://einstein.stanford.edu/TECH/technology2.html Gravity Probe B, Payload & Spacecraft]'', and NASA: ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20041018112953/http://esto.nasa.gov/files/2002/Drag-Free%20Technology/DFC_ESTO_final_97.pdf Investigation of Drag-Free Control Technology for Earth Science Constellation Missions]''. The TRIAD 1 satellite was a later, more advanced navigation satellite that was part of the U.S. Navy's [[Transit (satellite). Transit]], or NAVSAT system.
(2007). "Laboratory Test of Newton's Second Law for Small Accelerations". Physical Review Letters.
(16 September 2019). "Stellar accelerations and the galactic gravitational field". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia.
(1991-04-01). "Extended rotation curves of spiral galaxies: dark haloes and modified dynamics". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
George Bibel. ''Beyond the Black Box: the Forensics of Airplane Crashes''. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. {{ISBN. 0-8018-8631-7.
[http://csel.eng.ohio-state.edu/voshell/gforce.pdf csel.eng.ohio-state.edu - High Acceleration and the Human Body, Martin Voshell, November 28, 2004] {{webarchive. link. (August 19, 2014)
6 g has been recorded in the 130R turn at Suzuka circuit, Japan. ''[http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2009/9/10005.html]'' Many turns have 5 g peak values, like turn 8 at Istanbul or Eau Rouge at Spa
"Archived copy".
''NASA: [https://history.nasa.gov/SP-368/s2ch5.htm SP-368 Biomedical Results of Apollo, Chapter 5: Environmental Factors, Table 2: Apollo Manned Space Flight Reentry G Levels]''
"Maxed out: How many ''g''s can you pull?". New Scientist.
Hall, Rex. (2003). "Soyuz, A Universal Spacecraft". Springer Praxis.
(2007). "Stardust—An artificial, low-velocity "meteor" fall and recovery: 15 January 2006". Meteoritics and Planetary Science.
[http://www.nuclearabms.info/Sprint.html Sprint]
[http://www.tomshardware.co.uk/forum/216253-14-hard-drive-shock-tolerance tomshardware.co.uk - Hard Drive Shock Tolerance - Hard-Disks - Storage] {{Webarchive. link. (2012-06-17 , Physics, by O'hanian, 1989, 2007-01-03)
"Several Indy car drivers have withstood impacts in excess of 100 G without serious injuries." Dennis F. Shanahan, M.D., M.P.H.: "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120912211036/http://ftp.rta.nato.int/PubFullText/RTO/EN/RTO-EN-HFM-113/EN-HFM-113-06.pdf ''Human Tolerance and Crash Survivability''] , citing Society of Automotive Engineers. Indy racecar crash analysis. Automotive Engineering International, June 1999, 87–90. And National Highway Traffic Safety Administration: ''[http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/problems/studies/record/chidester.htm Recording Automotive Crash Event Data] {{Webarchive. link. (2010-04-05 '')
"Holloman Air Force Base - Fact Sheet (Printable): 846 TS HYPERSONIC UPGRADE PROGRAM".
link. (2011-02-27 , read 2012-01-11)
"Archived copy".
Feel the G's: The Science of Gravity and G-Forces - by Suzanne Slade (page 37)
"What Did Galileo Find at Jupipter?". NASA.
(23 July 2015). "Formula 1 - Bianchi crash impact was 254g".
(2009). "The jump of the click beetle (Coleoptera, Elateridae)—a preliminary study". Journal of Zoology.
"Archived copy".
(17 January 2011). "A mechanical analysis of woodpecker drumming and its application to shock-absorbing systems". [[Bioinspiration & Biomimetics]].
Omega ''[http://www.omegawatches.com/customer-service/faq#faq-6]'', Ball Watch ''[http://www.ballwatchusa.com/technology.htm Technology]''
''[http://www.auto123.com/en/racing-news/formula-1/f1-stunning-data-about-the-cosworth-v-8-formula-1-engine?artid=117234 Cosworth V8 engine]''
S. N. Patek, W. L. Korff & R. L. Caldwell. (April 2019). ["Deadly strike mechanism of a mantis shrimp"](http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/pateklab/sites/www.bio.umass.edu.biology.pateklab/files/Pateketal2004Nature.pdf }}{{Dead link). [[Nature (journal).
"L-3 Communication's IEC Awarded Contract with Raytheon for Common Air Launched Navigation System".
[http://blogs.bu.edu/biolocomotion/2011/12/10/rockets-in-horse-poop/ bu.edu - Rockets in Horse Poop] {{Webarchive. link. (2014-01-16 , 2010-12-10)
Assuming an 8.04 gram bullet, a muzzle velocity of {{convert. 350. m/s, and a 102 mm barrel.
(22 August 2006). "Multifunctionality and mechanical origins: Ballistic jaw propulsion in trap-jaw ants". [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]].
Assuming an 8.04 gram bullet, a peak pressure of {{convert. 240. MPa
Holberg, J. B.. (1998). "Sirius B: A New, More Accurate View". The Astrophysical Journal.
Berkeley Physics Course, vol. 1, Mechanics, fig. 4.1 (authors Kittel-Knight-Ruderman, 1973 edition)
K. McKinney and P. Mongeau, "Multiple stage pulsed induction acceleration," in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 239-242, March 1984, doi: 10.1109/TMAG.1984.1063089.
(2007). "Neutron Stars". Springer.
Calculated from their speed and radius, approximating the LHC as a circle.
(2011). "Teravolt-per-meter beam and plasma fields from low-charge femtosecond electron beams". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A.

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