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Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet

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The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) possesses a variety of obsolete and nonstandard symbols. Throughout the history of the IPA, characters representing phonetic values have been modified or completely replaced. An example is for standard . Several symbols indicating secondary articulation have been dropped altogether, with the idea that they should be indicated with diacritics. In addition, the rare voiceless implosive series has been dropped.

Other characters have been added in for specific phonemes which do not possess a specific symbol in the IPA. Those studying modern Chinese phonology have used to represent the sound of -i in Pinyin hanzi which has been variously described as , , or (see the sections Vowels and Syllabic consonants of the article Standard Chinese phonology, as well as syllabic fricatives). The term para-IPA is used to describe "symbols that are commonly used within IPA notation but that are not themselves part of the IPA alphabet."

There are also unsupported symbols from local traditions that find their way into publications that otherwise use the standard IPA. This is especially common with Americanist symbols, including affricates such as for . Extensions from the Americanist affricate convention of c = ts and č = tš include 𝼝 = tʂ and ɕ = t𝼞.

While the IPA does not itself have a set of capital letters (the ones that look like capitals are actually small capitals), many languages have adopted symbols from the IPA as part of their orthographies, and in such cases they have invented capital variants of these. This is especially common in Africa. An example is Kabiyé of northern Togo, which has . Other pseudo-IPA capitals supported by Unicode are (see case variants of IPA letters).

Capital letters are also used as cover symbols in phonotactic descriptions: = consonant, = vowel, = nasal, = sonorant or sibilant, etc. When these symbols are used for indeterminate sounds, extIPA recommends the use of a surrounding circle . The asterisk is the convention the IPA uses when it has no symbol for a phone or feature, but which is typically determinate (for example the creaky-voiced glottal approximant reported by Ladefoged & Maddieson); extIPA explicitly defines the symbol for this purpose. Both cases (indeterminate sounds and determinate but lacking a formal symbol) may be referred to as wildcard symbols. The table below includes a handful of other nonstandard wildcards.

This list does not include commonplace extensions of the IPA, such as doubling a symbol for a greater degree of a feature ( extra-long , extra stress, strongly aspirated , and extra-rhotic ), nor superscripting for a lesser degree of a feature ( slightly prenasalized , slightly affricated , and epenthetic schwa).

For historical charts including obsolete symbols and values, see History of the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Table

Symbol or
exemplar	Description	Meaning in IPA	Standard IPA
equivalent	Notes
	comma	secondary stress		typewriter substitution

apostrophe
primary stress
glottal stop
	[digit seven](7-number)
	question mark
	turned b with hook	bilabial click		the tenuis bilabial click, and basis of digraphs for other bilabial clicks; equivalent to IPA [].
	small capital [f](f)	voiceless bilabial fricative		replaced by in 1928.
	Greek phi	a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape
	double exclamation mark	retroflex click		typewriter substitution
	Greek psi	Used by Doke (1925). See Click letter
bunched-r		Proposed by Laver (1994).
voiced bilabial fricative trill		Proposed by Sinologists.
voiceless labio-alveolar affricate		Used by Blench (2008).
voiced bilabial trill		used by Uralicists
	small capital Greek psi	voiceless bilabial trill
	small capital [p](p)	para-IPA, by analogy of for the voiced equivalent
voiceless labiodental plosive		Proposed in 1911, rejected
	Greek pi	Proposed in 1911 and 1989, rejected
	qp ligature	Used by Bantuists; also used by Ball for AddPhon in 2025
	small capital [m](m)	voiced labiodental nasal		Proposed in 1911, rejected
	Greek mu
	small capital [b](b)	voiced labiodental plosive
	Greek beta
	lb ligature	Proposed in 1989, rejected
	db ligature	Used by Bantuists; also used by Ball for AddPhon in 2025
	sharp s	voiced bilabial fricative		a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape
or \int	integral symbol	voiceless postalveolar fricative
	[digit three](3)	open-mid central unrounded vowel
voiced postalveolar fricative
	d with stroke	voiced dental fricative
	thorn	voiceless dental fricative		Proposed by early 20th century American phoneticians for English dictionaries; also proposed in 1989, rejected.
	turned delta	labialized voiced alveolar or dental fricative		intended for the voiced whistled sibilant (Doke's ) of Shona and related languages, withdrawn 1976
	sigma	labialized voiceless alveolar or dental fricative		intended for the voiceless whistled sibilant (Doke's ) of Shona and related languages, withdrawn 1976
	ezh with tail	labialized voiced alveolo-palatal fricative		/ʒ/}}, withdrawn 1976.
	reversed esh with top loop	labialized voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative		/ʃ/}}, withdrawn 1976.
	barred [digit two](2)	voiced alveolar affricate		withdrawn 1976
	inverted glottal stop with stroke	voiceless alveolar affricate
	[c with stroke](c)	Used by Americanists
	inverted Latin alpha	open back unrounded vowel		used by Kurath (1939), where is instead used for the open central unrounded vowel
	Greek alpha	a mistake; homoglyphic in many sans-serif and italic fonts
	turned Greek alpha	open back rounded vowel
	reversed [a](a)	near-open front unrounded vowel		Proposed in 1989, rejected
[[File:Latin small letter nv.svg	16px	class=skin-invert	alt=nʋ]]	nv ligature	close front rounded vowel
	barred horseshoe u with hook	back sulcal vowel
[[File:W with left hook.svg	16px	class=skin-invert]]	[w](w) with left hook	voiced labial-velar fricative (labialized voiced velar fricative)	or or
[[File:Latin small letter script G with ascender.svg	16x16px	class=skin-invert]]	long-leg [g](g)	voiced velar lateral approximant
	letters with left-swinging top hook	dental consonants		proposed in 1989, rejected
	letters with left-swinging mid hook	retroflex consonants		Malayalam transcriptions
	hv ligature	voiceless labial-velar approximant	or	appears only in the 1921 chart
voiceless alveolar lateral fricative		proposed in 1989, rejected
[[File:H turned H ligature.svg	16x16px	class=skin-invert	alt=hɥ]]	[h](h)-turned h ligature	voiceless labial-palatal approximant		appears only in the 1921 chart
or	small capital b with top bar or [Cyrillic be](b)	voiced_bilabial_approximant voiced bilabial frictionless continuant approximant	or	proposed in 2011
	small capital Cyrillic hard sign
	reversed Greek beta	used by Ball et al. in 2020 and AddPhon in 2025
	turned Greek beta	para-IPA
	small capital Greek delta	voiced_dental_approximant voiced dental frictionless continuant approximant		proposed in 2011
or	small capital d with top bar or reversed [Cyrillic be](b)
	reversed eth	used by Ball et al. in 2020 and AddPhon in 2025
	turned eth
proposed in 2010
	small capital eth
partially-devoiced dental fricative		used by Uralicists; in the case of the fricative, the form used was actually struck all the way through as in , but was encoded into Unicode as a single letter with the tap
voiceless alveolar tap and flap
	small capital reversed Greek sigma	voiced_laminal_alveolar_approximantvoiced alveolar frictionless continuant approximant		proposed in 2011; in response, Recasens (2011) rejected the need for special symbols in favor of simply using the diacritic for lowering, while maintaining a distinction between the rhotic and frictionless continuant
	reversed s
	reversed [z](z)	used by Ball et al. in 2020 and AddPhon in 2025
	reversed [z](z) with curl	voiced alveolo-palatal frictionless continuant approximant		last=Ball	first=Martin J.	title=Additional Phonetic Symbols for the Transcription of Typical and Atypical Speech	journal=Journal of Connected Speech	volume=1	issue=1	year=2025	pp=106-119	doi=10.3138/jcspeech.29303}}
	reversed ezh	voiced pharyngeal fricative		it is based on the Arabic letter ar (ع) instead of letter ezh, used in Arabic and Ethiopic transcriptions
voiced postalveolar frictionless continuant approximant		proposed in 2011; used by Ball et al. in 2020
	reversed [z](z) with retroflex hook	voiced retroflex frictionless continuant approximant		used by Ball et al. in 2020 and AddPhon in 2025
	capital inverted [J](j)	voiced palatal frictionless continuant approximant		lowering]], while maintaining a distinction between the semivowel and frictionless continuant
	reversed curly-tail [j](j)	used by Ball et al. in 2020 and AddPhon in 2025
	small capital Greek gamma	voiced velar frictionless continuant approximant		lowering]], while maintaining a distinction between the semivowel and frictionless continuant
	inverted Latin gamma	used by Ball et al. in 2020 and AddPhon in 2025
	small capital inverted [r](r) with hook	voiced uvular approximant		proposed in 1989, rejected
	Greek rho	voiced bilabial trill		proposed by Heffner (1950) before was officially adopted
	small capital Greek rho	voiceless uvular trill		used by Uralicists
	small capital reversed [r](r)	appears sporadically in historical charts
voiced uvular approximant		last1=Ball	first1=Martin	last2=Rahilly	first2=Joan	title=The symbolization of central approximants in the IPA	journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association	year=2011	volume=41	number=2	pp=231-237	doi=10.1017/S0025100311000107}}
voiced epiglottal trill		used by Ball for AddPhon in 2025
	small capital turned [r](r)	voiceless uvular fricative	/	replaced in 1928
voiced uvular approximant		last1=Ball	first1=Martin	last2=Rahilly	first2=Joan	last3=Lowry	first3=Orla	last4=Bessell	first4=Nicola	last5=Lee	first5=Alice	title=Phonetics for Speech Pathology	edition=3rd	series=Communication Disorders and Clinical Linguistics	publisher=University of Toronto Press	year=2020	isbn=978-1781791790}} and AddPhon in 2025
	inverted glottal stop	alveolar lateral click		removed 1989; see click letters, but in some African languages still use this symbol to avoid confusion with ⟨‖⟩ (major break)
voiced pharyngeal approximant		proposed in 2011
	turned glottal stop	used by Ball et al. in 2020 and AddPhon in 2025
or	turned glottal stop with stroke	voiced epiglottal approximant		used by Ball for AddPhon in 2025
	reversed [h](h) with hook	voiced glottal approximant
[[File:Opentail g with stroke through tail.svg	8px	class=skin-invert]]	single-loop g with stroke	voiced velar fricative		replaced double-loop g in 1900, then replaced by gamma around 1928-1930. the character ǥ may not have the single-loop shape in some fonts.
[[File:Latin small letter Ezh with tophook.svg	16x16px	class=skin-invert]]	hooktop ezh	proposed in 1989, rejected
[[File:Looptail g.svg	8px	class=skin-invert]]	double-loop [g](g)	used in the early alphabet from 1895 to 1900; replaced with in the 1900 chart
voiced velar plosive		standard Unicode Basic Latin/ASCII lower-case g (U+0067) may have a double-loop g glyph. The preferred IPA single-loop g (U+0261) is in the IPA Extensions Unicode block. For a time it was proposed that the double-loop g might be used for and the single-loop g for , but the distinction never caught on.
voiced postalveolar affricate		used in Arabic transcriptions
	curly-tail esh	voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative		variant, also for Russian щ (now ). removed 1989
voiceless laminal closed postalveolar sibilant		last=Kümmel	first=Martin Joachim	year=2025	title=The primary palatals in Proto-Iranic: Still palatal?	url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/395593829	pp=23-32}} transcribed by Catford with
	turned g	withdrawn 1904
	curly-tail ezh	voiced alveolo-palatal fricative		variant, removed 1989
voiced laminal closed postalveolar sibilant		Catford]] with
	turned ezh	withdrawn 1904
	curly-tail n, d, t, l	alveolo-palatal consonants	or	used by some Sinologists; also used by Ball for AddPhon in 2025
	[r](r) with háček	voiced alveolar fricative trill		title=THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET	journal=Le Maître Phonétique	volume=27	number=64	year=1949	page=11	jstor=44749216}}
	long-leg [r](r)	withdrawn 1989]]; used by Ball for AddPhon in 2025
syllabic alveolar trill		a mistake
or	inverted [r](r)	voiced alveolar or postalveolar rhotic fricative	or	used by Ball et al. in 2020 and AddPhon in 2025
or	inverted [r](r) with retroflex hook	voiced retroflex rhotic fricative
[[File:Latin small letter Turned Y-Ezh ligature.svg	16x16px	class=skin-invert	alt=ʎʒ]]	turned [y](y)-ezh ligature	voiced palatal lateral fricative	or	used by Ball for AddPhon in 2025
[[File:Latin small capital letter L-Ezh ligature.svg	16x16px	class=skin-invert	alt=ʟʒ]]	small capital [l](l)-ezh ligature	voiced velar lateral fricative	or
Ꙫ	Cyrillic o with two dots inside	nasal-ingressive velic trill		a paralinguistic impression of a snort, due to the graphic resemblance to a pig snout.
	small capital [d](d)	voiced alveolar tap and flap		used by Americanists
lenis alveolar plosive		used by Uralicists
	small capital barred [b](b)	partially-devoiced bilabial fricative
	small capital [j](j)	voiceless palatal approximant
	small capital [ł](l)	voiceless velarized alveolar lateral approximant
	small capital Cyrillic el	voiceless velar lateral approximant
	small capital reversed [n](n) or engma	voiceless velar nasal
	Greek lambda	voiced palatal lateral approximant		a mistake
voiced alveolar lateral affricate		used by Americanists
	barred lambda	voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
	[l with stroke](l)	voiceless alveolar lateral fricative		used by Americanists, also a typographic substitute
velarized voiced alveolar lateral approximant		used by Baltic transcriptions
or	p with middle stroke	voiceless bilabial fricative		used by Americanists
or	b with middle stroke	voiced bilabial fricative
or	d with middle stroke	voiced dental fricative
	s c z with háček	postalveolar or retroflex consonants	;	used by Americanists, Uralicists,
	j, g, ezh with háček	voiced postalveolar or retroflex affricate	;	used by Americanists, Arabists, Uralicists respectively
	curly-tail s	voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative		used by Roos (1998, 2000)
	[c](c) with retroflex hook	voiceless retroflex affricate
	c l n s z dz with acute accent	alveolo-palatal or palatal/postalveolar consonants	;	used by Slavicists
	[x](x) with dot	voiceless uvular fricative		used by Americanists
[[File:IPA Unicode 0x0264 baby gamma.svg	class=skin-invert]]	baby gamma	close-mid back unrounded vowel		used from 1921 to 1989, replaced by ramshorn to avoid confusion with gamma; LATIN SMALL LETTER RAMS HORN (U+0264) now represents both glyphs
, , or	[digit zero](0), slashed digit zero or uppercase [slashed o](o)	null initial		usually used in phonology to mean a spelling with no sound value. however, in Chinese and some Korean linguistics, some scholars use it for a weak glottal stop; the sound value of the first consonant of syllables started by a vowel.
	hooktop p, t, ʈ, c, k, q	voiceless implosives	or	brief additions to the IPA, removed 1993; used by Ball for AddPhon in 2025
	[turned t](t)	dental click		removed 1989; see click letters, but in some African languages still use this symbol to avoid confusion with ⟨⟩ (voiced alveolar lateral approximant) and/or ⟨	⟩ (minor break)
	stretched (or descended) [c](c)	alveolar click		removed 1989; see click letters
voiced retroflex flap		some assumed this symbol was made by combining ⟨ɾ⟩ with ⟨◌̢⟩ and thus was used as the symbol for voiced retroflex flap ([]); ⟨ɽ⟩ assumed as the symbol of voiced retroflex trill ([]).
	[turned k](k)	originally a palatal click, reinterpreted as a back-released velar click		Used in the Anthropos phonetic alphabet for a 'velar' click. Adopted by Jones for a palatal click for the 1921 chart; later comments show he interpreted this sound as velar. A click with a forward velar release was later judged impossible, and the symbol was therefor retired from the IPA. For several years it was used in extIPA for a velodorsal stop, but this was changed to () when it was resurrected for the para-lexical back-released click.
(⨎)	esh with two bars	voiced palatal implosive		old form of ⟨ʄ⟩.
fricated palatal click	or	uncommon letter in Ekoka !Kung transcription
	ou	close-mid back unrounded vowel or voiced velar fricative	or	a mistake
	reversed [r](r) with fishhook	syllabic denti-alveolar approximant	, , , or	used by Sinologists, and by Japanologists specifically for the Miyako and Tarama languages.
	turned iota	old form of , used by Sinologists, and by Japanologists specifically for the Miyako and Tarama languages.
	squat reversed esh	syllabic retroflex approximant	, , or	used by Sinologists. See Chinese vowels
or	reversed (baseline) esh	old form of , used by Sinologists. See Chinese vowels
	turned h with fishhook	labialized syllabic denti-alveolar approximant		used by Sinologists
	turned h with fishhook and tail	labialized syllabic retroflex approximant
	barred Latin alpha	open central unrounded vowel		Proposed by Charles-James N. Bailey in 1976
	ao ligature	Used by Leoni & Maturi (2002).
	small capital [a](a)	used by Sinologists; recommended to and rejected by the IPA multiple times
open back unrounded vowel		Early historical usage from the description of French in the pre-1900 founding alphabet charts
devoiced open back unrounded vowel		used by Uralicists
	small capital æ	devoiced near-open front unrounded vowel
	small capital [turned a](a)	close-mid back unrounded vowel		replaced in 1928
	uppercase [e](e)	mid front unrounded vowel		used by some Koreanists, where in many dialects there is no phonemic differentiation between (RR e; Hangul ㅔ) and (RR ae; Hangul ㅐ). In the Gyeongsang dialects, a parallel case historically existed with a lack of differentiation between (RR eo; Hangul ㅓ) and (RR eu; Hangul ㅡ), sometimes written with an uppercase reversed ; however, the exact phonetic value of this vowel varies in different reports (unlike , which is rather consistent), and the merger is disappearing in younger speakers, though still present in older speakers.
	small capital [e](e)	Proposed by Bloch & Trager (1942); used by Sinologists
close-mid front unrounded vowel		Early historical usage from the description of French in the pre-1900 founding alphabet charts
devoiced close-mid front unrounded vowel		used by Uralicists
	small capital [turned e](3)	devoiced mid central vowel
	barred [e](e)	close-mid central unrounded vowel		used by Teuthonista
	closed Latin epsilon	open-mid central rounded vowel		appears sporadically in historical charts
typographical error from 1993, fixed in 1996
	Latin iota	near-close near-front unrounded vowel		longstanding alternate symbol until 1989
	dotless small i	a mistake or typographic substitute; or used by Americanists.
close front unrounded vowel		placeholder for modified sound, by placing diacritic above (e.g. ).
	dotless small j	voiced palatal approximant	or
	barred small capital i	near-close central unrounded vowel		used by some English phoneticians, including the Oxford English Dictionary; Americanist notation
	barred Latin iota	used by Slavicists
[[File:Gentium schwi.svg	18x18px	class=skin-invert]] ()	small capital i over schwa	i}} or and
	barred [o](o)	close-mid central rounded vowel		variant shape of in some early 20th century works.
( or )	small capital omega	mid back rounded vowel		Proposed by Bloch & Trager (1942).
	[o](o) with cedilla	Used by Sinologists.
	o with low ring inside	used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet
	small capital [o](o)	devoiced close-mid or open-mid back rounded vowel	or	used by Uralicists
	small capital open o	devoiced open-mid back rounded vowel	or
or	Greek or Latin omega	near-open back rounded vowel		Proposed by Bloch & Trager (1942); used by Sinologists.
near-close near-back unrounded vowel	or	Used by Wells (1982), by analogy of the obsolete symbol.
	Cyrillic straight U with stroke	used in Mande studies
	closed omega	near-close near-back rounded vowel		longstanding alternate symbol until 1989
	small capital [u](u)	Americanist notation; also the shape of in the original 1900 chart
devoiced close back rounded vowel		used by Uralicists
	barred Latin upsilon	near-close central rounded vowel		used by some English phoneticians, including the Oxford English Dictionary
	barred small capital [u](u)	Americanist notation
[[File:Gentium schwu.svg	18x18px	class=skin-invert]] ()	small capital Latin upsilon over schwa	u}} or and
	barred y	close central compressed vowel		para-IPA, by analogy of central being transcribed as ; used by Ball for AddPhon in 2025
or	small capital barred y	near-close central compressed vowel		para-IPA, by analogy of central being transcribed as
	barred j	voiced post-palatal approximant	or	used by Ball et al. (2011, 2020, 2025)
	barred turned h	compressed post-palatal approximant		used by Ball et al. (2011, 2025); in the Unicode pipeline
	barred [w](w)	protruded post-palatal approximant		used by Ball et al. (2020, 2025); in the Unicode pipeline
	uppercase letters	small caps		often mistaken by typing
	uppercase [h](h)	long vowel (chōonpu)		used by Japanologists to represent a phonemic long vowel, such as
	uppercase [r](r)
	uppercase [q](q)	long consonant (sokuon)	used by Japanologists; typically marks gemination, but may also be realized as a glottal stop in certain contexts
	uppercase [x](x)	voiceless uvular fricative		a mistake
	uppercase [y](y)	voiced labial–palatal approximant
	n with long right leg	moraic nasal (hatsuon)	, , , etc.	Intended for the moraic nasal of Japanese; withdrawn 1976. Now often written by Japanologists as an uppercase (common wildcard for nasal consonants).
	v with curl	labiodental flap		historically used before was officially adopted by the IPA in 2005
	w with hook	bilabial flap	or	para-IPA, by analogy of for the labiodental equivalent. In literature, this sound has often been transcribed as , also by analogy of the labiodental formerly being transcribed as ; see bilabial flap for further examples and explanation
glottalic (preglottalized) labial-velar approximant	, , , or	para-IPA, by analogy of the right-swinging top hook for implosives. Used in several African alphabets; see w with hook and y with hook for examples
	y with hook	glottalic (preglottalized) palatal approximant	, , , or
	[l](l) with fishhook	alveolar lateral flap		historical alternate used in transcriptions before the official adoption of by the IPA; also in the Anthropos phonetic alphabet
	turned [r](r) with long leg and retroflex hook	retroflex lateral flap		para-IPA, by analogy of retroflex being transcribed as ; used by Ball for AddPhon in 2025
	esh and ezh with retroflex hook	laminal retroflex fricatives	or	used by Laver (1994) for Polish and Russian ; described as retroflex palato-alveolar by Diehl (1995), which may be impossible to pronounce according to Ladefoged
, , etc.	apostrophe	no audible release	, , etc.	removed
palatalization	, , etc.	common in X-SAMPA
, , etc.	right single quotation mark	fortis consonants	, , etc.	used by some Koreanists for fortis sounds, where the distinction with lenis is not one of voicing.
, , etc.	uppercase letters
, , etc.	asterisk
	syntactic gemination trigger		used in some Italian dictionaries at the end of words which trigger syntactic gemination. Not typically transcribed as simple gemination ; see syntactic gemination for further details
, , etc.	turned comma above	weak (sometimes normal) aspiration	(sometimes )	First symbol may be left single quotation mark (U+2018) or modifier letter apostrophe (U+02BC); second symbol may be single high-reversed-9 quotation mark (U+201B) or modifier letter reversed comma (U+02BD)
	ligatures	affricatesAffricate ligatures		formerly acceptable variants
	ligatures with palatal hook	palatalized affricates		historical, para-IPA
	ligatures with retroflex hook	retroflex affricates
or

etc.	prime	palatalization	etc.	traditional Irish phonology transcription
etc.	combining apostrophe	traditional Russian phonology transcription
, , etc.	superscript digits	pitch accents	or	used in Swedish and Norwegian
tonal accents	or or similar, or Chao tone letters	used by Sinologists in China and Taiwan
, , , etc.	macron	long vowel	, , , etc.	a mistake
, , , etc.	colon
	palatal_hook palatal hook	palatalization		Typically used in the transcription of Slavic languages such as Russian. Superseded 1989
	retroflex_hook retroflex hook	retroflexion		used on consonants when no precomposed character exists
r-colored vowels		Superseded 1989; MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK (U+02DE) is now preferred
[[File:LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA WITH FISHHOOK.svg	10px	class=skin-invert]]	schwa with fishhook schwa with right hook	Used by Kenyon until 1935; in the Unicode pipeline
	modifier letters plus and minus	advanced, retracted		used to avoid a descender or another diacritic; the minus may have serifs to distinguish it from a hyphen. Withdrawn 1989
	modifier letters left- and right-tack		used to avoid a descender or another diacritic. retired in 1912. sometimes seen today with their modern values of advanced and retracted tongue root.
	modifier letters up- and down-tack	raised, lowered		used to avoid a descender or another diacritic; withdrawn 1989
	superscript v with hook	labialization (compressed)		indicates labiodentalization in VoQS; used in some language studies e.g. Swedish and Japanese
	combining Latin beta above	used to avoid implication of a diphthong
	combining left–right arrow below and above	extIPA, but intended for spread lips rather than compression
	combining turned w below	may also be used to indicate voiceless labialization , instead of compression
	combining double arch below and above	added to Unicode in 2025 with this as its intended usage, but not IPA
	combining inverted double arch below and above	labialization (protruded)		withdrawn 1989
	combining [w](w) below and above	used in some sources, but the rounded version (double arch) is the standard
	ogonek	nasalization		used by Americanists; sometimes seen to avoid clash with tone ascender diacritics
lowered		withdrawn 1989
	underdot	raised
retroflex consonants		early historical charts
whispered		never IPA, but picked up by VoQS
	overdot	palatalization		withdrawn 1976
()	open corner	release/burst		listed in the 1999 Handbook as IPA number 490 and AFII code E218, but never adopted into Unicode
	box	unreleased		used where IPA would get confused with the corners used to indicate change of pitch in the Japanese pitch accent system
	Modifier h with hook	breathy voice or voiced aspiration		Equivalent in the IPA
	Modifier glottal stop	creaky voice or glottalization
	Combining homothetic	nareal fricative		former extIPA, replaced in 2024
	Combining double tilde	velopharyngeal release	()
	Modifier high, mid and low macron behind	high, mid and low-level tone or intonation
or
replaced 1989
	Modifier high and low equals sign behind	extra-high and extra-low level tone or intonation
or

	Modifier high, mid and low grave behind	falling or high falling, mid falling and low-falling tone or intonation
or

	Modifier high and low acute behind	high rising and low rising tone or intonation
or

	Modifier high and low caron behind	high dipping and low dipping (falling-rising) tone or intonation
or

	Modifier high and low circumflex behind	peaking (rising-falling) tone or intonation
or

	Modifier high and low tilde behind	"wavy" tone or intonation		removed
	Modifier high, mid and low dot behind	atonic syllable with high, mid, and low pitch; respectively
	Acute accent, circumflex, grave accent, breve	stress symbols:	ˈˈ◌, ˈ◌, ˌ◌, ◌	some English phoneticians and phonologists use acute and grave accents as primary and secondary stress symbols. Some linguists use the circumflex as weakened primary stress in compound words and the breve as no stress. these symbols are also written on the English spellings not just other IPA symbols.
	Vertical line below or above	moraic		used by Japanologists. In the standard IPA, these symbols represents syllabic sounds, but Japanologists use them for phonetic variants (except for nasal vowels) of the moraic N ([]).
	Macron, acute accent, caron, grave accent	Chinese tones	or or similar, depending on dialect and analysis, or Chao tone letters	used by Sinologists with the values the symbols have in Hanyu Pinyin. the standard IPA values of these diacritics are: mid, high, rising, and low tone.
	combining acute and grave below	lower-pitched rising / falling tone contour		for languages that distinguish multiple rising or falling tones

References

[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24171-para-ipa-mod-letters.pdf L2/24-171: Miscellaneous historical and para-IPA modifier letters]
{{SOWL. 76-77
{{SOWL. 313-314
Larry Mattes & Donald Omark (1984) ''Speech and language assessment for the bilingual handicapped''. College-Hill Press, San Diego.
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(2023). "A multifaceted approach to understanding unexpected sound change: The bilabial trills of Vanuatu's Malekula Island". Diachronica.
Passy, Paul. (1911). "desizjɔ̃ ɔfisjɛl". Le Maître Phonétique.
Weeks, Raymond. (1906). "ə fonɛtik ælfəbɛt fɔr iŋgliʃ". Le Maître Phonétique.
(1904). "Report of a Joint Committee representing the National Educational Association, the American Philological Association, and the Modern Language Association of America: on the subject of a phonetic English alphabet". Joint Committee on a Phonetic English Alphabet.
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[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12266r-two-phonetic.pdf L2/12-266R: Proposal for Two Phonetic Characters]
Henton, Caroline. (1988). "5. Individual Symbols and Diacritics". Journal of the International Phonetic Association.
[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21156-legacy-malayalam.pdf L2/21-155: Unicode request for legacy Malayalam]
[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2025/25077-w-palatal-hook.pdf L2/25-077: Unicode request for w with palatal hook]
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Ball, Martin J.. (2025). "Additional Phonetic Symbols for the Transcription of Typical and Atypical Speech". Journal of Connected Speech.
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Recasens, Daniel. (2011). "Response to Martin Ball & Joan Rahilly, ‘The Symbolization of Central Approximants in the IPA’, JIPA 41 (2011), 231-237". Journal of the International Phonetic Association.
(2013). "[[Phonetic Symbol Guide]]". [[University of Chicago Press]].
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(2011). "The symbolization of central approximants in the IPA". Journal of the International Phonetic Association.
Association Phonétique Internationale. (1928). "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl". Le Maître Phonétique.
(2020). "Phonetics for Speech Pathology". University of Toronto Press.
(1912). "The Principles of the International Phonetic Association".
Kümmel, Martin Joachim. (2025). "The primary palatals in Proto-Iranic: Still palatal?".
Catford, J. C.. (1977). "Mountain of Tongues: The Languages of the Caucasus". Annual Review of Anthropology.
(1949). "THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET". Le Maître Phonétique.
"SpecGram—"Double-Dot Wide O / Nasal-Ingressive Voiceless Velar Trill"—by J–––– J––––––—Reviewed by Jonathan van der Meer".
[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS]
[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03190r-add-phon-syms.pdf L2/03-190: Proposal to Encode Additional Phonetic Symbols in the UCS]
[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21041-add-para-ipa-ltr.pdf L2/21-041: Unicode request for additional para-IPA letters]
"Romanization game #2 - Page 26 - The CBB".
"Romanization game #2 - Page 31 - The CBB".
(2013). "[[Phonetic Symbol Guide]]". [[University of Chicago Press]].
Wells, John C.. (2008-02-27). "An impossible sound".
(2018). "Revisions to the extIPA chart". Journal of the International Phonetic Association.
(December 2014). "Revisiting Mandarin 'apical vowels': An articulatory and acoustic study". Journal of the International Phonetic Association.
(June 2003). "Standard Chinese (Beijing)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association.
(April 2017). "Nuosu Yi (Illustrations of the IPA)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association.
Wells, John. (2007-03-15). "Chinese apical vowels".
Bailey, Charles-James N.. (1976). "Some additions to the phonetic alphabet". Journal of the International Phonetic Association.
(2002). "Manuale di fonetica". Carocci editore.
Park, Jongdeok (박종덕). (2004). "/ㅡ/와 /ㅓ/의 합류 시기 및 원인 -경상도 방언을 대상으로-". Korean Language Research Circle (한말연구학회).
Kim, Bo Mi (김보미). (2016). "부산 지역어 단모음 /ㅡ/와 /ㅓ/의 세대 간 차이". [[Pukyong National University]].
[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf L2/04-132: Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS]
For example in [[:File:Table of phonetic symbols in Wilhelm Viëtor, Wie ist die Aussprache des Deutschen zu lehren?, 1906, page 14.png. Wilhelm Viëtor, ''Wie ist die Aussprache des Deutschen zu lehren?'', 1906]].
(2004). "描写中国语言使用的国际音标及附加符号". Minzu Yuwen (民族语文).
{{Accents of English
(2020). "Quantifying written ambiguities in tone languages: A comparative study of Elip, Mbelime, and Eastern Dan". Language Documentation & Conservation.
[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24049-ipa-support-letter.pdf L2/24-049: Unicode support for historical and para-IPA letters]
Vance, Timothy J.. (2008). "The Sounds of Japanese". [[Cambridge University Press]].
(1999). "The phonetic status of the labial flap". Journal of the International Phonetic Association.
[https://help.keyman.com/keyboard/sil_ipa/1.8.7/sil_ipa "IPA (SIL) Keyboard Help"], help.keyman.com
[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20125-lig-and-old-ipa-tails.pdf L2/20-125: Unicode request for a ligature, expected IPA retroflex letters and similar hooks & tails.]
Constable, Peter. (2004). "Revised Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Retroflex Hook in the UCS".
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[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2025/25155-schwa-with-right-hook.pdf L2/25-155: Unicode request for schwa with right hook]
[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19075r-n5036-scots-phonetics.pdf L2/19-075R: Proposal to add six phonetic characters for Scots to the UCS]
[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24080-ipa-diacritics-above.pdf L2/24-080: Unicode request for IPA diacritics above and one below]
Trager, George L., and Henry Lee Smith Jr. 1951. ''An Outline of English Structure''. ''Studies in Linguistics: Occasional Papers 3''. Norman, Okla.: Battenburg Press.

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