Naxos

History

Mythic Naxos

According to Greek mythology, the young Zeus was raised in a cave on Mt. Zas ("Zas" meaning "Zeus"). Homer mentions "Dia"; literally the sacred island "of the Goddess". Károly Kerényi explains:

One legend has it that in the Heroic Age before the Trojan War, Theseus abandoned Ariadne on this island after she helped him kill the Minotaur and escape from the Labyrinth. Dionysus (god of wine, festivities, and the primal energy of life) who was the protector of the island, met Ariadne and fell in love with her. But eventually Ariadne, unable to bear her separation from Theseus, either killed herself (according to the Athenians), or ascended to heaven (as the older versions had it). The Naxos portion of the Ariadne myth is also told in the Richard Strauss opera Ariadne auf Naxos.

The giant brothers Otus and Ephialtes figure in at least two Naxos myths: in one, Artemis bought the abandonment of a siege they laid against the gods, by offering to live on Naxos as Otus's lover; in another, the brothers had actually settled Naxos.

It is also said that the sea god Poseidon was passing by Naxos whilst driving his chariot on the sea surface and is where he first laid eyes on his future wife, the nereid Amphitrite as she was dancing there.

Middle Paleolithic era

Stelida quarry, south-west of Chora, contains Mousterian tools dating back to the Middle Paleolithic era, which indicates that Neanderthal activity on the island spanned almost 200,000 years ago. The extinct dwarf elephant species Palaeoloxodon lomolinoi lived on Naxos at some point during the Late Pleistocene.

Cycladic civilisation

Zas Cave, inhabited during the Neolithic era, contained objects of stone from Melos and copper objects including a dagger and gold sheet. The presence of gold and other objects within the cave indicated to researchers the status of the inhabitant.

Emery was exported to other islands during that time.

Classical era and Greco-Persian Wars

During the 8th and 7th centuries BC, Naxos dominated commerce in the Cyclades.

Herodotus describes Naxos circa 500 BC as the most prosperous Greek island.

In 499 BC, an unsuccessful attack on Naxos by Persian forces led several prominent men in the Greek cities of Ionia to rebel against the Persian Empire in the Ionian Revolt, and then to the Persian War between Greece and Persia.

Naxos was the first Greek city-state to attempt to leave the Delian League circa 469 BC; Athens quickly quashed the notion and forcibly removed all military naval vessels from the island's control. Athens then demanded all future payments from Naxos in the form of gold rather than military aid.

Byzantine era

Main article: Aegean Sea (theme)

In Late Antiquity, the island was part of the province of the Islands.

Pope Martin I was detained on the island of Naxos for almost a year after he was arrested by Byzantine authorities in Rome due to his holding of a synod that condemned monotheletism. He was held on the island prior to being taken to Constantinople for trial. While detained on the island, he wrote to a certain Theodore living in Constantinople.

Under the Byzantine Empire, Naxos was part of the thema of the Aegean Sea, which was established in the mid-9th century.

In Byzantine times, the island's capital was on the southern fortress of Apalyres. During this time, it suffered from Saracen raids, particular during the existence of the Emirate of Crete (824–961), to which the island occasionally paid tribute. Traces of Muslim artistic influence are visible in frescoes from the 10th century. Nevertheless, as in Antiquity, Naxos was celebrated for its agriculture and animal husbandry; the 12th-century geographer al-Idrisi records extensive cattle raising on the island.

In the late 12th century, it may have been the capital of a short-lived thema of the "Dodekanesos".

Duchy of Naxos

In the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, with a Latin Empire under the influence of the Venetians established at Constantinople, the Venetian Marco Sanudo conquered Naxos and most of the other Cyclades in 1205–1207. Of all the islands, only on Naxos was there any opposition to Sanudo: a group of Genoese pirates had occupied the castle between the end of Byzantine rule and Sanudo's arrival. To steel his band's resolve, Sanudo burnt his galleys "and bade his companions to conquer or die". The pirates surrendered the castle after a five weeks' siege.

Naxos became the seat of Sanudo's realm, known as the "Duchy of Naxos" or "Duchy of the Archipelago". Twenty-one dukes in two dynasties ruled the Archipelago, until 1566; Venetian rule continued in scattered islands of the Aegean until 1714. Under Venetian rule, the island was called by its Italian name, Nasso.

The Sanudi introduced Western feudal law to the island, based on the Assizes of Romania. However, the native Greek population continued to use Byzantine law for civil matters at least until the late 16th century.

In the 13th century, following the capture of Antalya and Alanya on the southern Anatolian coast by the Seljuk Turks, refugees from these areas settled in Naxos. In the 14th century, the island was once more exposed to raids, this time from the Anatolian Turkish beyliks, chiefly the Aydınids. In turn, the Sanudi assisted the Genoese in capturing Chios in 1304 and the Knights Hospitaller in their conquest of Rhodes in 1309, in order to stop these islands being used as Turkish pirate base. Nevertheless, raids against Naxos are recorded in 1324 and 1326, and in 1341, Umur of Aydın carried off 6,000 people from the island and imposed a payment of tribute. Two years later, however, the Smyrniote crusade captured his main port, Smyrna.

The relief was temporary, however, as Turkish raids recommenced later in the century. The island was so depopulated that Cristoforo Buondelmonti in claimed that there were not enough men to wed the Naxiot women. The rising Ottoman Empire first attacked the island in 1416, but the Sultans recognized Venetian overlordship over the Duchy in successive treaties, in exchange for an annual tribute.

Ottoman era (1566–1821)

The last Latin Christian duke, Giacomo IV Crispo, was deposed in 1566 by Ottoman Sultan Selim II, son of Suleiman the Magnificent, appointing Portuguese Sephardi diplomat and administrator Joseph Nasi, as Duke of Naxos. Represented locally by one Francesco Coronello, Nasi governed principally from his palace of Belvedere near Constantinople, where he maintained the printing press founded by his aunt, Gracia Mendes Nasi. Dying in 1579, he was the penultimate holder of the title.

Upon his death, the Ottomans formally annexed the territory. The last Duke of Naxos and Parnos was Gaspar Graziani, a Dalmatian nobleman, awarded the title by Ahmed I in 1616. But in a bid for the Moldavian throne, Graziani sought alliance with Poland's King Sigismund III Vasa, and the Sultan ordered him removed in 1617. He evaded capture until 1620, when supporters murdered him in fear of Ottoman reprisal.

The Ottoman administration remained essentially in the hands of the Venetians; the Porte's concern was satisfied by the returns of taxes. Very few Turks ever settled on Naxos, and Turkish influence on the island was insignificant. Under Ottoman rule the island was known in Turkish as ota. Ottoman sovereignty lasted until 1821, when the islands revolted; Naxos finally became part of the Greek state in 1832.

Early commentators

Early commentators in English on the island include:

Bernard Randolph, in The Present State of the Islands in the Archipelago (1687, Oxford, pp. 20–21).

Jean de Thévenot, in Travels into the Levant (1687, London, pp. 103–105).

Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, in A Voyage Into the Levant (1718, London, pp. 161–176).

Thomas Bankes et al., in A new royal authentic and complete system of universal geography antient and modern... (1787, London, p. 943).

Edward Daniel Clarke, in Travels in Various Countries (1814, vol. 3, section 2, London, pp. 377–400).

William Martin Leake, in Travels in Northern Greece (1835, vol. 3, London, pp. 93–95).

Theodore Bent, in The Cyclades, or Life Among the Insular Greeks (1885, London, pp. 329–371).

Geography

Climate

Naxos experiences both a Mediterranean climate (Csa) and a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh) depending on the location. According to the stations of the National Observatory of Athens, various locations in Naxos have a hot semi-arid climate. Inland areas of the island are much wetter and cooler in winter, owing to their higher elevation.

|Jan record high C = 22.8 |Feb record high C = 26.2 |Mar record high C = 28.6 |Apr record high C = 30.5 |May record high C = 33.6 |Jun record high C = 37.2 |Jul record high C = 37.9 |Aug record high C = 36.0 |Sep record high C = 34.0 |Oct record high C = 30.8 |Nov record high C = 28.8 |Dec record high C = 26.0 |year record high C = 37.9 |Jan record low C = 0.4 |Feb record low C = -1.0 |Mar record low C = 2.0 |Apr record low C = 5.1 |May record low C = 7.1 |Jun record low C = 12.0 |Jul record low C = 14.8 |Aug record low C = 13.6 |Sep record low C = 11.2 |Oct record low C = 7.2 |Nov record low C = 4.5 |Dec record low C = 2.0 |year record low C = -1.0 | access-date = 25 September 2025}} | access-date = 2 March 2015

Economy

Historical population

Tourism

Naxos is a popular tourist destination, with several places of touristic interest, including beaches, villages and old ruins. Beaches on the island include Agia Anna, Agios Prokopios, Aliko, Kastraki, Mikri Vigla, Plaka, and Agios Georgios, most of them on the western side of the island, near Chora. Like other cycladic islands, Naxos is considered a windy place perfect for windsurfing, as well as kitesurfing. There are seven sports clubs on the island that offer both of these sports and other water activities.

Agriculture

Naxos is the most fertile island of the Cyclades. It has a good supply of water in a region where water is usually inadequate. Mount Zeus (1,004 m) is the highest peak in the Cyclades, and tends to trap the clouds, permitting greater rainfall. This has made agriculture an important economic sector with various vegetable and fruit crops as well as cattle breeding, making Naxos the most self-sufficient island in the Cyclades. Naxos is well known within Greece for its "Arseniko Naxou" cheese, potatoes, Kitron (a local lemon-citrus spirit), and Naxian honey (which is largely derived from the nectar of thyme).

Marble

The quarrying of marble on Naxos began before 550 BCE. Naxian marble was used for the creation of the roof tiles at ancient Olympia and on the Athenian Acropolis, As of 2016, about 5,000 m³ of high value Naxian marble was being exported annually.

Sports

• Pannaxiakos A.O. (sports club)

Notable people ==

• Ecumenical Patriarch Anthimus III of Constantinople (1762–1842)
• Ecumenical Patriarch Callinicus III of Constantinople (died 1726)
• Keti Chomata (1946–2010), singer
• Manolis Glezos (1922–2020), rebel, politician, writer
• Giannoulis Fakinos (born 1989), soccer player
• Iakovos Kambanelis (1922–2011), poet, playwright, lyricist and novelist
• Kostas Manolas (born 1991), soccer player
• Stelios Manolas (born 1961), soccer player
• Nikolaos Mykonios, fighter of the Greek War of Independence and officer of the Greek Army
• Iakovos Nafpliotis (1864–1942), cantor
• Nicodemus the Hagiorite (1749–1809), saint
• Giorgos Ninios (born 1959), actor
• Michalis Polytarchou, basketball player, Former Captain of AEK Athens BC
• Petros Protopapadakis (1854–1922), Prime Minister of Greece

Gallery

File:Naxos Νάξος Chora 2020-08-20 28 Portara Πορτάρα.jpg|View through Portara on the peninsula Palátia towards Chora of Naxos File:Agios Nikolaos at Grotta, Naxos, 4th to 7th c, 213443.jpg|Agios Nikolaos on the Grotta of Naxos Town (Chora) File:Valley between Potamia and Moni, Naxos, 19M7555.jpg|Valley between Potamia and Moni, Naxos. View from road from Apeiranthos to Filoti File:Heiligtum des Dionysos (Yria) 03.jpg|Sanctuary of Dionysus (Yria) File:028MAD Sphinx.jpg|Sphinx of Naxos, now at Delphi Archaeological Museum File:Building from terrace, Byzantine Museum Naxos, 143770.jpg|Crispi tower, housing the Byzantine museum File:Naos Drosianis Naxos 03.jpg|Panagia Drosiani church, Moni village File:Naxos Moni Faneromenis.JPG|The monastery of Faneromeni File:Akadimoi Naxos Greece 2018081316330N09239.jpg|Chalki, Naxos File:Atsipapi, Naxos, Greece 2018081216580N08690.jpg|Agios Isidoros at Atsipapi File:Kaloxilos Naxos Greece 2018081018100N08139.jpg|Kaloxilos, Naxos File:Vourvouria Naxos Greece 2018081119110NH8230.jpg|Vourvouria File:Catholic cathedral, Kastro, Noxos Town, 1207-1963 AD, 144131.jpg|Presentation of the Lord Catholic church of Naxos File:Koronos, Naxos, 119500.jpg|Koronos village File:Panagia Damiotissa Naxos Greece 2018080816280N05907.jpg|Panagia Damiotissa, Chalki File:TO FILOTI APO TOYS PROPODES TOY ZA.jpeg|Filoti village File:Tower in Filoti, Naxos, commemorated 1620, 119754.jpg|Tower in Filoti File:Απόλλωνας Νάξου.jpeg|Apollonas village File:Naxos Keramoti.JPG|Keramoti village File:Castle (Kastro) in Apeiranthos, Naxos, 101911.jpg|Tower in Apeiranthos File:Aerial view of Hawaii Beach on Naxos Island, Greece.jpg|Hawaii beach, Alykos, Naxos

Citations

General and cited references

• Agelarakis, A., "The Naxos Island Archaic Period Necropolis: Archaeological-Anthropology Research Report", Hellenic Antiquities Authority, Archival Report, 2005, Naxos.
• Ernst Curtius, Naxos. Ein Vortrag im wissenschaftlichen Verein zu Berlin 1846 gehalten, neu herausgegeben von Martin Biastoch, Göttingen, 2012.

References

1. https://www.naxos.gr/emery-mines/?lang=en (viewed 01/07/2023).
2. Kerenyi, Karl. (1951). "The Gods of the Greeks".
3. "Introducing Stelida".
4. (16 October 2019). "Earliest occupation of the Central Aegean (Naxos), Greece: Implications for hominin and Homo sapiens' behavior and dispersals". Science Advances.
5. (2014). "A dwarf elephant and a rock mouse on Naxos (Cyclades, Greece) with a revision of the palaeozoogeography of the Cycladic Islands (Greece) during the Pleistocene". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.
6. (August 2019). "Pleistocene insular Proboscidea of the Eastern Mediterranean: A review and update". Quaternary Science Reviews.
7. 1850758247
8. 0415126592
9. [[Herodotus]], 5.28,5.31
10. Gregory, Timothy E.. "Naxos".
11. Andrew Ekonomou. Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes. Lexington books, 2007
12. Savvides, A.. "Naḳs̲h̲e".
13. William R. Shepherd, ''Historical Atlas'', 1911
14. {{Latins in the Levant
15. http://www.ucke.de/christian/naxos/Naxos_Old_Travel_Descriptions.pdf (viewed 01/07/2023).
16. "Monthly Bulletins".
17. "Latest Conditions in Naxos, Cyclades".
18. "Latest Conditions in Mikri Vigla of Naxos".
19. "Normales et records climatologiques 1991-2020 à Naxos Airport - Infoclimat".
20. "Visit Naxos – Official Tourism Website".
21. (2022). "Profits vs. preservation: How can shepherds balance the social and ecological costs of livestock grazing on Naxos?". World Development Perspectives.
22. "Archaic Period". Government of Greece.
23. [[Aenne Ohnesorg]]: ''Inselionische Marmordächer.'' de Gruyter, Berlin 1993.
24. [http://nibis.ni.schule.de/~trianet/naxos/region/region08.htm Trianet: Gestein und Bergbau] {{Webarchive. link. (2016-03-04 .)