Natterjack toad

Life history

Natterjacks live for up to 15 years, and feed mainly on insects, especially beetles. At night, they move around open terrain with sparse vegetation, and their tracks can often be seen in loose sand. They move considerable distances each night, enabling the species to colonize new habitats very quickly.

Reproduction

The natterjack toad spawns between the end of April and July, laying strings of eggs in shallow, warm pools. Because the natterjack toad is often present in low numbers, its loud mating calls are important so that the sexes can find each other.

Natterjacks can only spawn in pools that have a very slightly sloping bottom, and tolerate only sparse vegetation on the banks and in the water. Since pools of this description are often temporary, sometimes the tadpoles die when the pools dry out. The natterjack compensates for that risk by mating over an extended period each summer. Thus, in September, the age of the juveniles can vary from one to three months. Early breeders seldom breed again later in the season, though some females do spawn twice in a year.

Distribution

Populations of the natterjack extend through 17 European countries. In the UK, the toad is now almost completely confined to coastal sites. The natterjack is the only species of toad native to Ireland. It is found in County Kerry (Dingle Peninsula and Derrynane) and also in County Wexford, where it was introduced to a dune site.

In mainland Europe, particularly in the southern part of its range, it lives inland in a variety of habitats.

Conservation

UK

In the UK, the threatened status of the species resulted in a national Biodiversity Action Plan designating it as one of three protected amphibians. Reasons for its threatened status include:

• Loss of habitat from human overpopulation
• Deterioration and loss of lowland heaths
• Reduction in habitable coast from construction of dykes and seawalls
• Acidification of aquatic habitat from acid rain and other pollution

In England, the toad's sand dune habitat is protected by a number of national nature reserves. For example, in the north-west, reserves are at Hoylake, Ainsdale Sand Dunes, North Walney and Sandscale Haws. In Scotland, where the species is confined to the Solway Firth, a reserve is at Caerlaverock. In Wales, the species became extinct in the 20th century, but has been reintroduced as part of the Biodiversity Action Plan.

Ireland

To reverse habitat loss, the National Parks and Wildlife Service has created ponds for the species with some funding from the Heritage Council. The natterjack is considered endangered in Ireland. , a project involving Fota Wildlife Park and the National Parks and Wildlife Service has released 6,000 toadlets into their natural range in County Kerry.

The natterjack toad is used as a symbol for Dooks Golf club in Kerry.

References

References

1. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2022). "''Epidalea calamita''".
2. (4 April 2011). "Here's what biodiversity has done for us". [[The Irish Times]].
3. Korky, J.K.. (2008). "Notes on the 2007 breeding season of the Natterjack Toad ''Epidalea calamita'' Laurenti (Anura: Bufonidae) in Ireland". Bull. Ir. Biogeog. Soc..
4. "North Merseyside Biodiversity Action Plan – Natterjack Toad".
5. (11 June 2001). "Natterjack toads return to North Wales".
6. (30 July 2021). "Croak park as 500 natterjack toadlets go wild in Kerry". [[RTÉ News and Current Affairs]].
7. "Flora & Fauna".