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National poet

Poet traditionally held to represent a certain national culture


Poet traditionally held to represent a certain national culture

A national poet or national bard is a poet held by tradition and popular acclaim to represent the identity, beliefs and principles of a particular national culture. The national poet as culture hero is a long-standing symbol, to be distinguished from successive holders of a bureaucratically-appointed poet-laureate office. The idea and honoring of national poets emerged primarily during Romanticism, as a figure that helped consolidation of the nation states, as it provided validation of their ethno-linguistic groups.

Most national poets are historic figures, though a few contemporary writers working in relatively new or revived national literatures are also considered "national poets". Though not formally elected, national poets play a role in shaping a country's understanding of itself. Some nations may have more than one national poet; the idea of a single one is always a simplification. It has been argued that a national poet "must write poetry that closely identifies with the nation's cause – or is thought to do so", with an additional assumption being that "a national poet must write in a national language".

The following is a list of nations, with their associated national poets. It is not a list of sovereign states or countries, though many of the nations listed may also be such. The terms "nation" (as cultural concept), "country" (as geographical concept) and "state" (as political concept) are not synonyms.

Africa

Hadrawi of Somalia
Country or TerritoryPoet
AlgeriaSi Mohand, Moufdi Zakaria
AngolaAgostinho Neto
Burkina FasoTitinga Frédéric Pacéré
Cape VerdeJorge Barbosa
Democratic Republic of CongoAntoine-Roger Bolamba (J'ongungu) when the country was known as Congo–[Zaire]
DjiboutiVictor Hugo M'Gonagall
EgyptAhmed Shawqi
EthiopiaGibreab Teferi, Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin
GhanaAtukwei Okai, Kofi Awoonor
KenyaAbdilatif Abdalla
LesothoThomas Mofolo
LiberiaMelvin B. Tolson
LibyaAhmed Rafiq Almhadoui
MadagascarJean-Joseph Rabearivelo
MaliFily Dabo Sissoko
MauritiusLéoville L'Homme
MoroccoMohammed Awzal
MozambiqueJosé Craveirinha
NamibiaMvula ya Nangolo
NigeriaChristopher Okigbo
São Tomé and PríncipeFrancisco José Tenreiro, Alda Neves do Espírito Santo
SenegalLéopold Sédar Senghor
Sierra LeoneDavidson Nicol
SomaliaHadrawi
South AfricaS. E. K. Mqhayi
TanzaniaShaaban bin Robert
TunisiaAboul-Qacem Echebbi
*Western Sahara*Zaim Allal

Asia

Country (or region)Poet
AfghanistanRumi, Khushal Khattak
BangladeshKazi Nazrul Islam
ChinaDu Fu, Li Bai
CambodiaPreah Botumthera Som
IndiaRabindranath Tagore, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, Kuvempu, Govinda Pai, G. S. Shivarudrappa, Maithili Sharan Gupt, Subramania Bharati, Kalidasa
IndonesiaChairil Anwar, Sapardi Djoko Damono
IranFerdowsi, Rumi, Hafez, Attar of Nishapur, Omar Khayyám, Saadi Shirazi, Nizami Ganjavi, Rudaki, Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar, Mohammad-Taqi Bahar, Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, Aref Qazvini, Ahmad Shamlou, Parvin E'tesami
IraqMuthaffar al-Nawab, Al-Mutanabbi, Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri
IsraelYehuda Amichai, Hayim Nahman Bialik, Natan Alterman
JapanMatsuo Bashō, Lafcadio Hearn, Murasaki Shikibu, Tanikawa Shuntaro, Ishikawa Takuboku
JordanMustafa Wahbi al-Tal
KazakhstanAbai Qunanbaiuli
[[File:Unification_flag_of_Korea.svglink=Korean Unification Flag24x24px]] KoreaCho Ki-chon, Yun Dongju, Han Yong-un, Park Mok-wol, Chŏng Ch'ŏl
KurdistanHemin Mukriyani, Sherko Bekas, Abdurrahman Sharafkandi, Ehmedê Xanî
KyrgyzstanToktogul Satylganov
LebanonKahlil Gibran, Said Akl
MalaysiaUsman Awang
MongoliaOchirbatyn Dashbalbar, Dulduityn Danzanravjaa, Dashdorjiin Natsagdorj, Byambyn Rinchen, Hadaa Sendoo
MyanmarMin Thu Wun
NepalMadhav Prasad Ghimire
PakistanAllama Muhammad Iqbal
PalestineMahmoud Darwish
PhilippinesFrancisco Balagtas
Sri LankaParakrama Kodituwakku
SyriaNizar Qabbani
TaiwanYang Mu, Yu Youren
TajikistanSadriddin Ayni, Bozor Sobir, Mirzo Tursunzoda Rudaki, Rumi, Gulnazar Keldi
ThailandSunthorn Phu
TibetTsering Woeser
TurkeyRumi, Nâzım Hikmet, Ziya Gökalp, Mehmet Âkif Ersoy
TurkmenistanMagtymguly Pyragy
UzbekistanAli-Shir Nava'i, Abdulla Oripov, Erkin Vohidov, Gʻafur Gʻulom, Mirtemir
VietnamNguyễn Du, Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, Hồ Xuân Hương
YemenAbdullah Al-Baradouni, Waddah al-Yaman

Europe

Country (or region)Poet
AlbaniaGjergj Fishta, Naim Frashëri
AbkhaziaDmitry Gulia
ArmeniaHovhannes Tumanyan, Sayat-Nova, Yeghishe Charents
AustriaFranz Grillparzer, Johann Nepomuk Nestroy, Georg Trakl, Rainer Maria Rilke
AzerbaijanNizami Ganjavi, Fuzûlî, Imadaddin Nasimi, Samad Vurgun
BashkortostanRami Garipov, Mustai Karim
Basque CountryBernard Etxepare
BelarusYanka Kupala, Yakub Kolas
BelgiumEmile Verhaeren, Maurice Maeterlinck
Catalonia (Catalan Countries)Ausiàs March, Jacint Verdaguer
ChechnyaIsmail Kerimov
Bosnia and HerzegovinaAbdulah Sidran, Mak Dizdar, Izet Sarajlić
BrittanyThéodore Claude Henri, vicomte Hersart de la Villemarqué
BulgariaHristo Botev, Ivan Vazov
Carpathian RutheniaAlexander Dukhnovych
CroatiaMarko Marulić, Ivan Gundulić
CyprusVasilis Michaelides
Czech Republic (Czech lands)Karel Hynek Mácha, Jan Neruda
DagestanRasul Gamzatov
DenmarkAdam Oehlenschläger, Hans Christian Andersen, Søren Kierkegaard, N. F. S. Grundtvig
Faroe IslandsWilliam Heinesen, Nólsoyar Páll, Mikkjal á Ryggi
EnglandGeoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare, William Blake, William Wordsworth, Thomas Hardy, W. H. Auden, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Philip Larkin
EstoniaKristjan Jaak Peterson, Lydia Koidula
FinlandEino Leino, Johan Ludvig Runeberg
FlandersÉmile Verhaeren, Hendrik Conscience, Guido Gezelle, Hugo Claus
FrieslandGysbert Japicx (or Japiks)
FranceCharles Baudelaire, Molière, Victor Hugo
GaliciaRosalía de Castro, Ramón Cabanillas
GeorgiaShota Rustaveli
GermanyJohann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich von Schiller, Heinrich Heine, Bertolt Brecht, Friedrich Hölderlin, Novalis, Friedrich Nietzsche, Hermann Hesse, Stefan George
GreeceHomer, Sappho, Pindar, Solon, Dionysios Solomos
GuernseyGeorge Métivier
HungarySándor Petőfi, János Arany
IcelandJónas Hallgrímsson, Hallgrímur Pétursson
IrelandThomas Moore, William Butler Yeats, Seamus Heaney, Patrick Pearse
Isle of ManT. E. Brown
ItalyOvid, Virgil, Horace, Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, Giosuè Carducci, Giacomo Leopardi, Ugo Foscolo, Gabriele D'Annunzio
JerseyWace
KosovoAli Podrimja
LatviaRainis, Andrejs Pumpurs
LithuaniaKristijonas Donelaitis, Maironis, Justinas Marcinkevičius, Adomas Mickevičius
LuxembourgEdmond de la Fontaine, Michel Lentz
MaltaDun Karm Psaila
MoldovaGrigore Vieru, Mihai Eminescu
MonacoLouis Notari
MontenegroPetar II Petrović-Njegoš
NetherlandsJoost van den Vondel, Jacob Cats
North MacedoniaKočo Racin
North Ossetia-AlaniaKosta Khetagurov
Northern CyprusÖzker Yaşın
NorwayHenrik Wergeland
OccitaniaFrédéric Mistral, Arnaut Daniel, Bernart de Ventadorn, Comtessa de Dia
PolandAdam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Zygmunt Krasiński
PortugalLuís de Camões, Fernando Pessoa
ProvenceFrédéric Mistral, Comtessa de Dia
RomaniaMihai Eminescu
RussiaAlexander Pushkin, Anna Akhmatova, Boris Pasternak, Sergei Yesenin, Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Bunin
SápmiAnders Fjellner
ScotlandRobert Burns, Hugh MacDiarmid
SerbiaDesanka Maksimović, Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, Jovan Sterija Popović, Jovan Jovanović Zmaj
SlovakiaPavol Országh Hviezdoslav
SloveniaFrance Prešeren
SpainMiguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Federico García Lorca
StyriaPeter Rosegger
SwedenCarl Michael Bellman, Gustaf Fröding, Verner von Heidenstam, Esaias Tegnér
SwitzerlandGottfried Keller, Carl Spitteler
TatarstanĞabdulla Tuqay, Musa Cälil, Ravil Fayzullin,
TurkeyYunus Emre, Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Nâzım Hikmet
UkraineLesya Ukrainka, Taras Shevchenko, Ivan Franko
WalesDylan Thomas, Dafydd ap Gwilym

North America

Country or TerritoryPoets
BarbadosKamau Brathwaite
CanadaMargaret Atwood, E. Pauline Johnson, E. J. Pratt, Al Purdy, Milton Acorn
Costa RicaAquileo J. Echeverría, Jorge Debravo
CubaJosé Martí, Lezama Lima, Agustín Acosta (1955), Nicolás Guillén (1961), Nancy Morejón (2018)
*Curaçao*Pierre Lauffer
Dominican RepublicPedro Mir
El SalvadorRoque Dalton
*Greenland*Henning Jakob Henrik Lund
*Guadeloupe*Guy Tirolien
GuatemalaRafael Landívar
HaitiOswald Durand
HondurasRoberto Sosa
JamaicaClaude McKay
MartiniqueAimé Césaire
MexicoOctavio Paz, Ramón López Velarde, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
NicaraguaRubén Darío
PanamaRicardo Miró
Puerto RicoJulia de Burgos, Giannina Braschi, Juan Antonio Corretjer, Lola Rodríguez de Tió, Nimia Vicéns
QuebecÉmile Nelligan, Gaston Miron, Gilles Vigneault, Octave Crémazie
Saint LuciaDerek Walcott
*Sint Maarten*Lasana M. Sekou
Trinidad and TobagoE. M. Roach
United StatesWalt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost, William Carlos Williams, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Carl Sandburg, Maya Angelou, Gwendolyn Brooks, Langston Hughes, Jack Kerouac, James Wright, Allen Ginsberg

Oceania

CountryPoets
AustraliaDorothea Mackellar, Mary Gilmore, Judith Wright, Henry Lawson, Adam Lindsay Gordon, A. B. "Banjo" Paterson, C.J. Dennis
New ZealandJames K. Baxter, Thomas Bracken, Allen Curnow
TongaKonai Helu Thaman

South America

CountryPoets
ArgentinaJosé Hernández, Jorge Luis Borges, Leopoldo Lugones
BoliviaRosendo Villalobos
BrazilGonçalves Dias, Olavo Bilac, Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Machado de Assis
ChilePablo Neruda, Gabriela Mistral
ColombiaRafael Pombo, José Asunción Silva, Álvaro Mutis
EcuadorJosé Joaquín de Olmedo, Remigio Crespo Toral
GuyanaMartin Carter
PeruCésar Vallejo
SurinameTrefossa
UruguayJuan Zorrilla de San Martín
VenezuelaAndrés Eloy Blanco

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