National Health Service

History

Calls for a "unified medical service" can be dated back to the Minority Report of the Royal Commission on the Poor Law in 1909. However, following the Dewar Report of 1912, the Highlands and Islands Medical Service was brought into being that provided centrally planned healthcare services, over half of Scotland's landmass, at minimal cost to patients – in many ways a prototype for NHS Scotland.

Somerville Hastings, President of the Socialist Medical Association, successfully proposed a resolution at the 1934 Labour Party Conference that the party should be committed to the establishment of a State Health Service.

Following the 1942 Beveridge Report's recommendation to create "comprehensive health and rehabilitation services for prevention and cure of disease", cross-party consensus emerged on introducing a National Health Service of some description. Conservative MP and Health Minister, Henry Willink later advanced this notion of a National Health Service in 1944 with his consultative White Paper "A National Health Service" which was circulated in full and short versions to colleagues, as well as in newsreel.

When Clement Attlee's Labour Party won the 1945 election he appointed Aneurin Bevan as Health Minister. Bevan then embarked upon what the official historian of the NHS, Charles Webster, called an "audacious campaign" to take charge of the form the NHS finally took. Bevan's National Health Service was proposed in Westminster legislation for England and Wales from 1946 and Scotland from 1947, and the Northern Ireland Parliament's Public Health Services Act 1947. NHS Wales was split from NHS (England) in 1969 when control was passed to the Secretary of State for Wales. According to one history of the NHS, "In some respects the war had made things easier. In anticipation of massive air raid casualties, the Emergency Medical Service had brought the country's municipal and voluntary hospitals into one umbrella organisation, showing that a national hospital service was possible". Webster wrote in 2002 that "the Luftwaffe achieved in months what had defeated politicians and planners for at least two decades".

The NHS was born out of the ideal that healthcare should be available to all, regardless of wealth. Although being freely accessible regardless of wealth maintained Henry Willink's principle of free healthcare for all, Conservative MPs were in favour of maintaining local administration of the NHS through existing arrangements with local authorities fearing that an NHS which owned hospitals on a national scale would lose the personal relationship between doctor and patient.

Conservative MPs voted in favour of their amendment to Bevan's Bill to maintain local control and ownership of hospitals and against Bevan's plan for national ownership of all hospitals. The Labour government defeated Conservative amendments resulting in the implementation of a centralised health service model.

The National Health Service has never been a single organisation. The initial structure in 1948 introduced a number of management bodies for England and Wales. These were as follows:

• 14 regional hospital boards (RHBs)
• 36 boards of governors for teaching hospitals (BGs)
• 388 hospital management committees (HMCs)
• 138 executive councils (ECs)
• 147 local health authorities (LHAs)

Local voluntary hospitals were brought into national public ownership. On the 5 July 1948, 1,143 voluntary hospitals comprising approximately 90,000 beds and 1,545 municipal hospitals with around 390,000 beds were taken over by the NHS in England and Wales.

Community and domiciliary health services such as home nurses, public and environmental health and health prevention/promotion continued to be run by separate, elected local municipal Authorities or Councils.

The first general medical services contract was brought in as part of the NHS's inception. This built on arrangements with general practitioners (GP's) as part of the National Insurance Act 1911. This resulted initially in 18,000 self-employed general practitioners.

At its launch by Bevan on 5 July 1948 it had at its heart three core principles: That it meet the needs of everyone, that it be free at the point of delivery, and that it be based on clinical need, not ability to pay.

Three years after the founding of the NHS, Bevan resigned from the Labour government in opposition to the introduction of charges for the provision of dentures, dentists, and glasses; resigning in support was fellow minister and future Prime Minister Harold Wilson. The following year, Winston Churchill's Conservative government introduced prescription fees. However, Wilson's government abolished them in 1965; they were later re-introduced but with exemptions for those on low income. These charges were the first of many controversies over changes to the NHS throughout its history. The Tony Blair Labour governments would later implement large scale financing arrangements with private builders in private finance initiatives and joint ventures.

From its earliest days, the cultural history of the NHS has shown its place in British society reflected and debated in film, TV, cartoons and literature. The NHS had a prominent slot during the 2012 London Summer Olympics opening ceremony directed by Danny Boyle, being described as "the institution which more than any other unites our nation".

Eligibility for treatment

Some health services are free to everyone, including accident and emergency room treatment, registering with a GP and attending GP appointments, treatment for some infectious diseases, compulsory psychiatric treatment, and some family planning services.

Everyone living in the UK can use the NHS without being asked to pay the full cost of the service, though NHS dentistry and optometry have standard charges in each of the four national health services in the UK. Most patients in England have to pay charges for prescriptions though some patients are exempted.

People who are not ordinarily resident (including British citizens who may have paid National Insurance contributions in the past) may have to pay for services, with some exceptions such as refugees. Patients who do not qualify for free treatment are asked to pay in advance or to sign a written promise to pay for treatment.

There are some other categories of people who are exempt from the residence requirements such as specific government workers, those in the armed forces stationed overseas, and those working outside the UK as a missionary for an organisation with its principal place of business in the UK.

Citizens of the EU or European Economic Area (EEA) nations holding a valid European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) and people from certain other countries with which the UK has reciprocal arrangements concerning health care can get NHS emergency treatment without charge. People from the EU without an EHIC, Provisional Replacement Certificate (PRC) or S1 or S2 visa may have to pay.

People applying for a visa or immigration application for more than six months have to pay an immigration health surcharge when applying for their visa and can then get treatment on the same basis as a resident. There are some people who do not have to pay, including health and care workers and their dependents, dependents of some members of the armed forces, and victims of slavery or domestic violence. In 2024, the charges were £776 per year for students, their dependents, those on Youth Mobility Schemes, and those under aged 18, and £1,035 for all other applicants who are not covered by exemptions.

Funding

The NHS is funded from the general budget, partially accounted for by National Insurance contributions, plus around 1% of patient charges for some services.

In 2022/3, £181.7billion was spent by the Department of Health and Social Care on services in England. More than 94% of spend was on salaries and medicines.

In 2024/5, the NHS in Wales budgeted £11.74billion for health and social care, which was 49% of its budget.

£19.5billion was budgeted for health and social care in Scotland for 2024/5.

£7.3billion was budgeted for health in Northern Ireland in 2024/5.

Staffing

England's NHS is the largest employer in Europe, with one in every 25 adults in England working for the NHS. Nursing staff accounted for the largest cohort at more than 330,000 employees, followed by clinical support staff at 290,000, scientific and technical staff at 163,000 and physicians at 133,000.

Issues

Funding and costs

The funding of the NHS is usually an election issue, and fell under scrutiny during the Covid-19 pandemic.

In July 2022, The Telegraph reported that think tank Civitas found that health spending was costing about £10,000 per household in the UK. They said that this was the third highest share of GDP of any nation in Europe and claimed that the UK "has one of the most costly health systems – and some of the worst outcomes". The findings were made before the government increased health spending significantly, with a 1.25% increase in National Insurance, in April 2022. Civitas said that "runaway" health spending in the UK had increased by more than any country despite the drop in national income due to the COVID pandemic.

The Labour Government elected in 2024 stated that their policy was that the "NHS is broken". They announced an immediate stocktake of current pressures led by Labour peer Lord Ara Darzi. This was to be followed by development of a new "10 year plan" for the NHS to replace the NHS Long Term Plan published in 2019.

The potential rise of the cost of social care has been signalled by research. Professor Helen Stokes-Lampard of the Royal College of GPs said in 2017, "It's a great testament to medical research, and the NHS, that we are living longer – but we need to ensure that our patients are living longer with a good quality of life. For this to happen we need a properly funded, properly staffed health and social care sector with general practice, hospitals and social care all working together – and all communicating well with each other, in the best interests of delivering safe care to all our patients".

Employment and waiting lists

]] In June 2018, the Royal College of Physicians calculated that medical training places need to be increased from 7,500 to 15,000 by 2030 to take account of part-time working among other factors. At that time there were 47,800 consultants working in the UK of which 15,700 were physicians. About 20% of consultants work less than full-time.

On 6 June 2022, The Guardian said that a survey of more than 20,000 frontline staff by the nursing trade union and professional body, the Royal College of Nursing, found that only a quarter of shifts had the planned number of registered nurses on duty.

The NHS will potentially have a shortage of general practitioners. From 2015 to 2022, the number of GPs fell by 1,622 and some of those continuing to work have changed to work part-time.

In June 2023, the delayed NHS Long Term Workforce Plan was announced, to train doctors and nurses and create new roles within the health service.

The Welsh and UK governments announced a partnership on 23 September 2024 to reduce NHS waiting lists in England and Wales during the Labour Party Conference in Liverpool. This collaboration aimed to share best practices and tackle common challenges. Previously, Eluned Morgan rejected a Conservative proposal for treating Welsh patients in England. The Welsh Conservatives welcomed the new partnership as overdue, while Plaid Cymru criticised it as insufficient for addressing deeper issues within the Welsh NHS.

Mental health

One in four patients throughout the UK wait more than three months to see an NHS mental health professional, with 6% waiting at least a year.

The National Audit Office found mental health provisions for children and young people will not meet growing demand, despite promises of increased funding. Currently one-quarter of young people needing mental health services can get NHS help. The Department of Health and Social Care hopes to raise the ratio to 35%. Efforts to improve mental health provisions could reveal previously unmet demand.

In March 2025 The labour government announced it would be making some changes to the Personal Independence Payment (PIP) eligibility for some mental health conditions, taking well needed funds from patients to support it's NHS resident doctors 29% wage increase after industrial action provoked by the British Medical Association

Inclusion

In 2024, some NHS hospitals required radiographers to ask all male patients aged 12 to 55 if they were pregnant for inclusivity purposes. This received significant coverage in the media.

Workplace inclusivity and anti-racism measures

UK Health Secretary Wes Streeting warned in 2025 of a “rising tide of racism” reminiscent of the 1970s and 1980s, noting that such attitudes were becoming “permissible again” and were affecting NHS staff and patients. According to the Royal College of Nursing (RCN), reports from nurses of racist incidents at work rose by 55% between 2022 and 2025. The RCN expects to receive more than 1,000 calls in 2025 from nurses seeking advice and support after experiencing racism, compared with almost 700 in 2022.

Alongside concerns about racism, the government commissioned an independent review into antisemitism within the NHS after reports that “clear cases were not dealt with adequately”. A report by the General Medical Council (GMC) indicated that Jewish doctors have experienced increased antisemitic abuse from colleagues since 7 October 2023, prompting calls for stronger protections and disciplinary processes.

NHS England subsequently issued a letter to all NHS trusts, signed by chief executive Sir Jim Mackey and chief workforce officer Jo Lenaghan, calling for renewed efforts to ensure workplaces where “staff and patients alike feel safe and welcome” and reaffirming a zero-tolerance stance on hatred, antisemitism, racism, and all discriminatory behaviour.

Performance

Performance of the NHS is generally assessed separately at the level of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Since 2004 the Commonwealth Fund has produced surveys, "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall", comparing the performance of health systems in 11 wealthy countries in which the UK generally ranks highly. In the 2021 survey the NHS dropped from first overall to fourth as it had fallen in key areas, including 'access to care and equity'. The Euro Health Consumer Index attempted to rank the NHS against other European health systems from 2014 to 2018. The right-leaning think tank Civitas produced an International Health Care Outcomes Index in 2022 ranking the performance of the UK health care system against 18 similar, wealthy countries since 2000. It excluded the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic as data stopped in 2019. The UK was near the bottom of most tables except households who faced catastrophic health spending.

A comparative analysis of health care systems in 2010, by The Commonwealth Fund, a left-leaning US health charity, put the NHS second in a study of seven rich countries. The report put the United Kingdom health systems above those of Germany, Canada and the United States; the NHS was deemed the most efficient among those health systems studied.

A 2018 study by the King's Fund, Health Foundation, Nuffield Trust, and the Institute for Fiscal Studies to mark the NHS 70th anniversary concluded that the main weakness of the NHS was healthcare outcomes. Mortality for cancer, heart attacks and stroke, was higher than average among comparable countries. The NHS was doing well at protecting people from heavy financial costs when ill. Waiting times were about the same, and the management of longterm illness was better than in other comparable countries. Efficiency was good, with low administrative costs and high use of cheaper generic medicines. Twenty-nine hospital trusts and boards out of 157 had not met any waiting-time target in the year 2017–2018. The Office for National Statistics reported in January 2019 that productivity in the English NHS had been growing at 3%, considerably faster than across the rest of the UK economy.

In 2019, The Times, commenting on a study in the British Medical Journal, reported that "Britain spent the least on health, £3,000 per person, compared with an average of £4,400, and had the highest number of deaths that might have been prevented with prompt treatment". The BMJ study compared "the healthcare systems of other developed countries in spending, staff numbers and avoidable deaths".

More than 130,000 deaths since 2012 in the UK could have been prevented if progress in public health policy had not stopped due to austerity, analysis by the Institute for Public Policy Research found. Dean Hochlaf of the IPPR said: "We have seen progress in reducing preventable disease flatline since 2012".

Overall satisfaction with the NHS in 2021 fell, more sharply in Scotland than in England, 17 points to 36% – the lowest level since 1997 according to the British Social Attitudes Survey. Dissatisfaction with hospital and GP waiting times were the biggest cause of the fall.

The NHS Confederation polled 182 health leaders and 9 in 10 warned that inadequate capital funding harmed their "ability to meet safety requirements for patients" in health settings including hospitals, ambulance, community and mental health services and GP practices.

Public perception of the NHS

In 2016 it was reported that there appeared to be support for higher taxation to pay for extra spending on the NHS as an opinion poll in 2016 showed that 70% of people were willing to pay an extra penny in the pound in income tax if the money were ringfenced and guaranteed for the NHS. Two thirds of respondents to a King's Fund poll, reported in September 2017, favoured increased taxation to help finance the NHS.

A YouGov poll reported in May 2018 showed that 74% of the UK public believed there were too few nurses.

The trade union, Unite, said in March 2019 that the NHS had been under pressure as a result of economic austerity.

A 2018 public survey reported that public satisfaction with the NHS had fallen from 70% in 2010 to 53% in 2018. The NHS is consistently ranked as the institution that makes people proudest to be British, beating the royal family, Armed Forces and the BBC. One 2019 survey ranked nurses and doctors – not necessarily NHS staff – amongst the most trustworthy professions in the UK.

In November 2022 a survey by Ipsos and the Health Foundation found just a third of respondents agreed the NHS gave a good service nationally, and 82% thought the NHS needed more funding. 62% expected care standards to fall during the following 12 months. Sorting out pressure and workload on staff and increasing staff numbers were the chief priorities the poll found. Improving A&E waiting times and routine services were also concerns. Just 10% of UK respondents felt their government had the correct plans for the NHS. The Health Foundation stated in spite of these concerns, the public is committed to the founding principles of the NHS and 90% of respondents believe the NHS should be free, 89% believe NHS should provide a comprehensive service for everyone, and 84% believe the NHS should be funded mainly through taxation.

Role in combating coronavirus pandemic

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom

In 2020, the NHS issued medical advice in combating COVID-19 and partnered with tech companies to create computer dashboards to help combat the nation's coronavirus pandemic. During the pandemic, the NHS also established integrated COVID into its 1-1-1 service line as well. Following his discharge from the St. Thomas' Hospital in London on 13 April 2020 after being diagnosed with COVID-19, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson described NHS medical care as "astonishing" and said that the "NHS saved my life. No question". In this time, the NHS underwent major re-organisation to prepare for the COVID-19 pandemic.

On 5 July 2021, Queen Elizabeth II awarded the NHS the George Cross. The George Cross, the highest award for gallantry available to civilians and is slightly lower in stature to the Victoria Cross, is bestowed for acts of the greatest heroism or most conspicuous courage. In a handwritten note the Queen said the award was being made to all NHS staff past and present for their "courage, compassion and dedication" throughout the pandemic.

In October 2022, as part of their efforts to tackle mental health challenges made worse by the pandemic, the NHS partnered with Israeli tech company Taliaz, stating that their AI-powered software translates complex genetic, demographic and clinical patient data into timesaving and cost-saving assessment, management and prescribing support tools for healthcare providers.

Hospital beds

In 2020, the UK had 2.43 hospital beds per 1,000 people. In September 2017, the King's Fund documented the number of NHS hospital beds in England as 142,000, describing this as less than 50% of the number 30 years previously. In 2019, one tenth of the beds in the UK were occupied by a patient who was alcohol-dependent.

Use of alternative medicine

Since 2000, the NHS has been under significant criticism for continuing to provide and trial the pseudoscientific methods of alternative medicine. A 2010 Commons report noted that homeopathy "has been funded and provided on the NHS since its inception in 1948".

The NHS also evaluated the Lightning Process for paediatric CFS/ME in the SMILE trial - "The trial population was drawn from the Bath and Bristol NHS specialist paediatric CFS or ME service", with the journal later acknowledging "the study was not fully ICMJE compliant".

In clinical guidance, NICE's 2009 low-back-pain guideline has continued to tell clinicians to "Consider offering a course of acupuncture needling comprising up to a maximum of 10 sessions over a period of up to 12 weeks".

Care mistakes

A 2024 report by the public research university Imperial College London said that the NHS spends £14.7billion a year treating patients in England hurt by care mistakes.

NHS music releases

The NHS have released various charity singles including:

• 2015: National Health Singers – "Yours"
• 2015: NHS Choir – "A Bridge Over You"
• 2018: NHS Voices – "With a Little Help from My Friends"
• 2018: National Health Singers – "NHS 70: Won't Let Go"
• 2020: NHS and keyworkers – "You'll Never Walk Alone"

Notes

References

References

1. "NHS Identity Guidelines {{!}} NHS logo".
2. "Health funding in Northern Ireland – Northern Ireland Affairs Committee – House of Commons".
3. Choices, NHS. "The principles and values of the NHS in England".
4. "NHS entitlements: migrant health guide – Detailed guidance".
5. (9 November 2020). "Who can get free prescriptions". [[NHS]].
6. (18 January 2016). "10 truths about Britain's health service". Guardian.
7. "NHS Workforce Statistics - January 2024".
8. (23 May 2016). "Visible and valued: the way forward for the NHS's hidden army". Health Service Journal.
9. Triggle, Nick. (24 May 2018). "10 charts that show why the NHS is in trouble".
10. Tombs, Robert. (2014). "The English and Their History". Vintage Books.
11. (3 June 2019). "The UK has much to fear from a US trade agreement".
12. "An overview of NHS Procurement of Medicines and Pharmaceutical Products and Services for acute care in the United Kingdom".
13. (4 June 2019). "US takes aim at the UK's National Health Service".
14. Thomas-Symonds, Nick. (3 July 2018). "70 years of the NHS: How Aneurin Bevan created our beloved health service". [[The Independent]].
15. Brian Abel-Smith, ''The Hospitals 1800–1948'' (London, 1964), p. 229.
16. (October 1934). "Health Service debate". Labour Party.
17. Beveridge, William. (November 1942). "Social Insurance and Allied Services". HM Stationery Office.
18. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qyjbUK88CB4 White Paper – A National Health Service], YouTube.
19. Charles Webster, The Health Services since the War, Volume 1: Problems of Health Care, The National Health Service Before 1957 (London: HMSO, 1988), p. 399.
20. Ruth Barrington, ''Health, Medicine & Politics in Ireland 1900–1970'' (Institute of Public Administration: Dublin, 1987) pp. 188–89.
21. Wales, NHS. (23 October 2006). "NHS Wales {{!}} 1960's".
22. (2008). "Founding Principles (31 May 2008)". British Medical Journal.
23. Webster C. The National Health Service: a political history. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
24. (30 April 1946). "NHS Bill Second Reading". Hansard.
25. "1948-1957 Establishing the national health service". Nuffield Trust.
26. "1946 National Health Service Act". UK Parliament.
27. "The history and development of the UK NHS". DFID Health Systems Resources Centre.
28. "General practice and primary health care 1940s 1980s". Nuffield Trust.
29. "The Foundation of the NHS". National Archives.
30. (23 March 2009). "The NHS in England – About the NHS – NHS core principles". Nhs.uk.
31. (16 January 2017). "Paying for dental treatment in the UK".
32. Kenneth O. Morgan, 'Aneurin Bevan' in Kevin Jeffreys (ed.), ''Labour Forces: From Ernie Bevin to Gordon Brown'' (I.B. Taurus: London & New York, 2002), pp. 91–92.
33. "NHS prescription charges".
34. Martin Powell and Robin Miller, 'Seventy Years of Privatising the British National Health Service?', ''Social Policy & Administration'', vol. 50, no. 1 (January 2016), pp. 99–118.
35. "Kingsfund, July 2013".
36. Adams, Ryan. (27 July 2012). "Danny Boyle's intro on Olympics programme". Awards Daily.
37. "Check if your immigration status lets you get free healthcare". [[Citizens Advice]].
38. Ross, Graeme. (2016-02-24). "Eligibility for NHS Treatment".
39. "What is the NHS?".
40. (18 August 2015). "Categories of exemption – Healthcare in England for visitors – NHS Choices".
41. National Health Service (Charges to Overseas Visitors) Regulations 1989.
42. (1 January 2016). "Non-EEA country-by-country guide – Healthcare abroad".
43. "Get temporary cover for emergency treatment abroad (Provisional Replacement Certificate) {{!}} NHSBSA".
44. (2020-11-09). "How to access NHS services in England if you are visiting from abroad".
45. "Pay for UK healthcare as part of your immigration application".
46. "Pay for UK healthcare as part of your immigration application".
47. "The NHS Budget And How It Has Changed".
48. "How is the NHS in Wales funded? {{!}} NHS Confederation".
49. "Annex A.1 – NHS Recovery, Health & Social Care".
50. "Northern Ireland Secretary announces 2023-24 Budget and contingency plans for governance".
51. (21 August 2019). "Chapter 4: NHS staff will get the backing they need".
52. (25 May 2023). "NHS Workforce Interactive Report".
53. Donnelly, Laura. (23 July 2022). "UK's 'runaway' health spending costs £10k per household – but produces some of the worst results". The Telegraph.
54. (2024-07-06). "Wes Streeting says NHS is broken as he announces pay talks with junior doctors". The Guardian.
55. Iacobucci, Gareth. (2024-07-12). "Ara Darzi is charged with uncovering "hard truths" of NHS performance". BMJ.
56. (2024-07-11). "Streeting appoints former New Labour minister to review NHS".
57. [https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/may/24/nhs-faces-staggering-increase-in-cost-of-elderly-care-academics-warn-dementia "NHS faces staggering increase in cost of elderly care, academics warn"], ''The Guardian''.
58. (29 May 2018). "Brexit causes flight of European health workers from the NHS". VoxEurop/EDJNet.
59. (25 June 2018). "Medical school places must double by 2030 to meet demand for doctors, college warns". GP Online.
60. [https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/jun/06/demoralised-nurses-being-driven-out-of-profession-rcn-survey-finds 'Demoralised' nurses being 'driven out' of profession, RCN survey finds] ''[[The Guardian]]''. 6 June 2022
61. (1 June 2022). "GP shortage leaves doctors in some areas with 2,500 patients". [[The Times]].
62. (30 June 2023). "Plan to train and retain more NHS doctors and nurses". BBC.
63. Evans, Tomos. (23 September 2024). "Welsh and UK governments to 'work together' to cut NHS waiting lists".
64. Campbell, Dennis. (October 8, 2018). "Delays in NHS mental health treatment 'ruining lives'". The Guardian.
65. Syal, Rajeev. (9 October 2018). "Child mental health services will not meet demand, NAO warns". The Guardian.
66. (5 June 2025). "Benefit cuts will have 'catastrophic impact' on mentally ill people: 'Some will struggle to survive'". The Big Issue.
67. (15 December 2025). "Doctors vote to go ahead with this week's five-day strike in England". BBC News.
68. Quadri, Sami. (2024-08-11). "NHS tells staff to ask men if they're pregnant during X-rays".
69. Searles, Michael. (2024-08-11). "NHS staff told to ask men if they are pregnant before X-rays".
70. Wace, Charlotte. (2024-08-11). "NHS radiographers told to check if men are pregnant".
71. Kingsley, Thomas. (2022-03-29). "Hospital is asking men if they're pregnant before taking scans".
72. (4 November 2025). "NHS staff bearing brunt as ‘ugly’ racism of 70s and 80s returns, says Streeting". The Guardian.
73. (27 October 2025). "Racist incidents against UK nurses surge by 55%". The Guardian.
74. (2025). "NHS workers face rise in racist abuse, says Streeting". Healthcare Management.
75. (16 October 2025). "Starmer orders NHS antisemitism review after ‘clear cases not dealt with adequately’". The Guardian.
76. (2025). "Streeting planning law change to stamp out NHS antisemitism". Healthcare Management.
77. (4 October 2025). "Anti-Semitism in NHS to be tackled with tougher racism laws". The Telegraph.
78. (5 August 2021). "The NHS has never been the 'envy of the world'". Spectator.
79. Johnston, Philip. (7 April 2014). "A close encounter with the property boom".
80. "International Health Care Outcomes Index 2022". Civitas.
81. (23 June 2010). "UK health system is top on "efficiency", says report". BBC News.
82. Davis, Karen. (23 June 2010). "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: How the Performance of the U.S. Health Care System Compares Internationally, 2010 Update". The Commonwealth Fund.
83. (July 2018). "How good is the NHS?". Kings Fund.
84. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-46212058 "The hospitals that fail to treat patients on time"], ''[[BBC]]''.
85. (9 January 2019). "Public service productivity: healthcare, England: financial year ending 2017".
86. Blakely, Rhys. (28 November 2019). "NHS spends least on patient health". [[The Times]].
87. [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jun/01/perfect-storm-austerity-behind-130000-deaths-uk-ippr-report "Austerity to blame for 130,000 'preventable' UK deaths – report"], ''The Guardian''.
88. (30 March 2022). "View grows that NHS 'must live within its means' as satisfaction plummets". Health Service Journal.
89. [https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/jun/14/rundown-nhs-hospitals-have-become-a-danger-to-patients-warn-health-chiefs Rundown NHS hospitals have become a danger to patients, warn health chiefs] ''[[The Guardian]]''
90. Mason, Rowena. (30 December 2016). "People may be ready to pay extra penny on tax for NHS, Tim Farron says". The Guardian.
91. Campbell, Denis. (16 September 2017). "Two-thirds support higher taxes to maintain NHS funding". The Guardian.
92. Triggle, Nick. (13 May 2018). "Three-quarters of public worried about nurse staffing". [[BBC]].
93. [https://unitetheunion.org/news-events/news/2019/march/nhs-public-satisfaction-dip-due-to-government-austerity-policies-says-unite/ NHS public satisfaction dip due to government austerity policies, says Unite]. 7 March 2019
94. (7 March 2019). "Public satisfaction with the NHS and social care in 2018".
95. Team, Mintel Press. "The NHS tops list of UK's most cherished institutions".
96. "Advertising execs rank below politicians as Britain's least-trusted profession".
97. [https://news.sky.com/story/public-support-for-uk-governments-handling-of-nhs-in-england-drops-to-new-low-12817621 Public support for UK government's handling of NHS in England drops to new low] ''[[Sky News]]''
98. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/nhs-uk-government-health-b2287890.html 9 in 10 disagree with government's handling of NHS in new low, poll reveals] ''[[The Independent]]''
99. [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/ Advice for everyone-Coronavirus (COVID-19)] www.nhs.uk, accessed 12 April 2020.
100. Kellon, Leo. (28 March 2020). "Coronavirus: NHS turns to big tech to tackle Covid-19 hot spots". BBC News.
101. [https://111.nhs.uk/covid-19/ Check if you have coronavirus symptoms] 111.nhs.uk, accessed 12 April 2020.
102. (12 April 2020). "Coronavirus: Boris Johnson says NHS saved his life after leaving hospital – video". The Guardian.
103. (13 April 2020). "Boris Johnson thanks NHS staff for coronavirus treatment". BBC News.
104. Rimmer MP, Al Wattar BH, on behalf of the UKARCOG Members. Provision of obstetrics and gynaecology services during the COVID-19 pandemic: a survey of junior doctors in the UK National Health Service. BJOG 2020; https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16313.
105. (5 July 2021). "Queen gives George Cross to NHS for staff's 'courage and dedication'". BBC News.
106. Emma.Goodey. (4 July 2021). "The Queen awards the George Cross to the UK's National Health Services".
107. (8 October 2022). "NHS-Israel collaboration to deliver cutting-edge tech to improve mental health".
108. (20 March 2019). "Psychiatry UK and Digital Health Startup, Taliaz, Launch New Online Service to Deliver Groundbreaking Artificial Intelligence-Genetic Testing to Depression Sufferers".
109. [https://www.nhsconfed.org/resources/key-statistics-on-the-nhs NHS statistics, facts and figures] {{Webarchive. link. (7 June 2021 14 July 2017 ''www.nhsconfed.org'', accessed 14 March 2020.)
110. [https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/nhs-hospital-bed-numbers NHS hospital bed numbers: past, present, future] 29 September 2017 ''www.kingsfund.org.uk'', accessed 14 March 2020.
111. Boseley, Sarah. (4 July 2019). "New report reveals staggering cost to NHS of alcohol abuse". The Guardian.
112. "House of Commons - Evidence Check 2: Homeopathy - Science and Technology Committee".
113. (2013-12-05). "The feasibility and acceptability of conducting a trial of specialist medical care and the Lightning Process in children with chronic fatigue syndrome: feasibility randomized controlled trial (SMILE study)". Trials.
114. Brown, Nick. (October 2019). "Editor's note on correction to Crawley et al. (2018)". Archives of Disease in Childhood.
115. (27 January 2016). "Percutaneous electrothermal treatment of the intervertebral disc annulus for low back pain and sciatica".
116. (12 December 2024). "NHS spends £14.7bn a year treating patients in England hurt by care mistakes, says report". The Guardian.