Mare Crisium

Characteristics

Mare Crisium is 556 km in diameter, and 176000 km2 in area. It has a very flat floor, with a ring of wrinkle ridges (dorsa) toward its outer boundaries. These are Dorsa Tetyaev, Dorsum Oppel, Dorsum Termier, and Dorsa Harker. The cape-like feature protruding into the southeast of the mare is Promontorium Agarum. On the western rim of the mare is the palimpsest Yerkes, and Lick to the southeast is similar. The crater Picard is located just to the east of Yerkes, and northwest of Picard are the craters Peirce and Swift. The ray system of the crater Proclus overlie the northwestern mare. Mare Anguis can be seen northeast of Mare Crisium.{{cite web | title=Mare Crisium | work=lunar.arc.nasa.gov | url=http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/science/atlas/mare/mcrisium.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020315181909/http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/science/atlas/mare/mcrisium.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 15, 2002 | access-date=October 18, 2007 }}

A mass concentration (mascon), or gravitational high, was identified in the center of Mare Crisium from Doppler tracking of the five Lunar Orbiter spacecraft in 1968. The mascon was confirmed and mapped at higher resolution with later orbiters such as Lunar Prospector and GRAIL. File:Crisium basin topo.jpg|Topographic map File:Crisium basin GRAIL gravity.jpg|Gravity map based on GRAIL

Names

Like most of the other maria on the Moon, Mare Crisium was named by Giovanni Riccioli, whose 1651 nomenclature system has become standardized.

By the 17th century, Mare Crisium had acquired the name 'Caspian Sea', being labelled as such by Thomas Harriot, Pierre Gassendi and Michael van Langren. Ewen A. Whitaker speculates that it received this name because it occupies roughly the same position on the Moon's face as does the Caspian Sea on Earth, with respect to maps of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. The English astronomer William Gilbert's map of c.1600 calls it 'Brittania' after Britain.

Observation and exploration

Mare Crisium is just visible from Earth with the naked eye as a small dark spot on the edge of the Moon's face.

It is the site of the 21 July 1969 crash-landing of the Soviet Luna 15 probe, occurring the same day that two Apollo 11 astronauts walked on the Moon. A soil sample from Mare Crisium was successfully brought to Earth on 22 August 1976 by the Soviet lunar mission Luna 24.

Firefly Aerospace's lunar lander carried NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial payloads as a part of Commercial Lunar Payload Services program to Mare Crisium. Landing was completed successfully on 2 March 2025 northwest of Mons Latreille at . The mission ended on 16 March 2025 after completing all of its objectives, including a test of an electrodynamic dust shield to prevent lunar regolith building up on spacecraft surfaces.

In popular culture and literature

Mare Crisium is used as the location for Arthur C. Clarke's 1948 seminal short-story "The Sentinel". In the story, a mysterious structure is found in one of the mountains surrounding the Mare. Clarke describes Mare Crisium as follows:

In Warhammer 40k, it is the location of the Somnus Citadel, a base for the Sisters of Silence.

Mare Crisium is seen and mentioned throughout the 2022 film Moonfall. It is where the alien A.I. swarm and the astronauts go into the Moon to reach the megastructure beneath the surface.

Mare Crisium is the location of Griffin Station in Call of Duty: Black Ops and Call of Duty: Black Ops III and serves as the primary setting for the map Moon.

Views

File:Location of Mare Crisium.jpg|Location of Mare Crisium, as seen from Earth File:Mare Crisium AS17-M-0913-0919-0924.jpg|These are three views of northern Mare Crisium on the Moon, taken by the mapping camera of the Apollo 17 mission in 1972, facing north-northeast from an average altitude of 118 km on Revolution 27 of the mission. At the right is the east margin of Mare Crisium, with the north tip of Promontorium Agarum visible in the foreground, and Mare Anguis near the central horizon. The crater Eimmart is visible in both the right and central photos as a bright patch (near the top in each). The center photo shows an obvious lack of large craters in the mare indicating a relatively young age of the basalt, and the crater Eimmart C is visible as a ring at the edge of the mare near the top center. The left photo shows the western margin of the mare, with the crater Peirce (larger) and Swift (smaller) in the mare, and the large crater Cleomedes near the central horizon. The rays of the crater Proclus (further to the west, not shown) are prominent in the mare. These photos were taken within minutes of each other. The sun elevation drops from 60 degrees at right to 46 degrees at left as the Command Module America orbited the Moon. Image:Mare Crisium AS11-43-6484.jpg|Low-altitude view of southern Mare Crisium from Apollo 11, facing northwest and showing the crater Shapley near center at the edge of the mare, and the distal wall of the crater Greaves near the horizon

References

References

1. [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1348 The geologic history of the Moon]. [[USGS]] Professional Paper 1348. By [[Don Wilhelms. Don E. Wilhelms]], John F. McCauley, and Newell J. Trask. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington: 1987. Table 9-3.
2. "Wrinkle Ridge in Mare Crisium - NASA Science".
3. {{gpn. 3671
4. P. M. Muller, W. L. Sjogren. (1968). "Mascons: Lunar Mass Concentrations". Science.
5. Ewen A. Whitaker, ''Mapping and Naming the Moon'' (Cambridge University Press, 1999), p.61.
6. Ewen A. Whitaker, ''Mapping and Naming the Moon'' (Cambridge University Press, 1999), p.7.
7. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150430002507/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Print=0&Sort=Nation&MCode=Luna_24&Nation=USSR&Display=ReadMore&FIELDNAMES= NASA reference]
8. (4 February 2021). "NASA Selects Firefly Aerospace for Artemis Commercial Moon Delivery in 2023". [[NASA]].
9. "Blue Ghost Mission 1 (Firefly)". [[NASA]].
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11. Foust, Jeff. (2025-03-17). "Firefly Aerospace wraps up successful Blue Ghost 1 mission".
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13. Swallow, James. (2017). "The Flight of the Eisenstien". Black Library.