Ma Ying-jeou

Early life and education

Ma's mother, (秦厚修; 1922–2014), was a well-known civil servant who was born to a highly educated Chinese family, attended a prestigious school in Changsha, and graduated from National Chengchi University. His father, Ma Ho-ling (馬鶴凌; 1920–2005), was born in Xiangtan and joined the Kuomintang and its youth army in 1941. The couple met as classmates during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Ho-ling moved to Taiwan in 1949 during the Great Retreat but briefly returned to mainland China, where he moved the family from Chongqing to Hong Kong. In October 1951, Ho-ling finally immigrated with the family to Taiwan, where he worked as a mid-rank Kuomintang official.

Ma is of Hakka ancestry and speaks Hakka Chinese. He was a one year old infant when the family moved to Taiwan. Since the family was Catholic, he was raised in the Catholic faith. While growing up in Taiwan in the 1950s, Ma attended Catholic services and went with his grandmother every Sunday to Catholic mass and confession. At age eight, he was reportedly baptised a Catholic at a Catholic church in Hong Kong. He also received a baptism at Resurrection church on Dali Street in Taipei near the Huaxi Street Night Market, and remains the only Taiwanese president to have been a member of the Catholic Church.

Because he was the family's only son, Ma was pressured to succeed academically by his father, who insisted that he study the Chinese classics, master Chinese calligraphy, and practice track and field. In 1966, while a high school student, Ma decided to study law in college after being advised by his father to pursue a career similar to that of diplomat Wellington Koo. After graduating from Taipei Municipal Chien Kuo High School, he joined the KMT in June 1968 and became a young activist for the party. He passed with high marks on the General Scholastic Ability Test and was admitted to National Taiwan University (NTU) to study law, enrolling in September 1968.

College and law school

As an undergraduate student at NTU, Ma was the leader of a small KMT student group, became secretary-general of the university's student council, and encountered the baodiao movement. In his third year at the university, he was selected by the United States Department of State to travel to the U.S. as a student leader for its International Visitors Program and stayed in the country for 70 days from January 1971 to March 1971. Ma traveled to Honolulu, Hawaii, and resided with an American family in San Francisco for three weeks. He visited 20 universities, including the University of Chicago, Harvard University, Georgetown University, and the University of Texas at Austin. Upon returning to Taiwan, he led student groups at NTU to march to the American Institute in Taiwan and the Japan–Taiwan Exchange Association in Taipei in protest of Japanese involvement in the Senkaku Islands dispute.

In 1972, Ma graduated from National Taiwan University with a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree. After graduation, he was conscripted into the Republic of China Marine Corps and was stationed in Zuoying District. After serving two years in the navy, Ma was awarded the KMT's Sun Yat-sen Scholarship in 1974 to complete graduate studies in the United States, which he used after gaining admittance to New York University (NYU) and then Harvard University. In 1976, he earned his Master of Laws (LL.M.) degree specializing in international law from the New York University School of Law, where he studied public international law under professor Thomas M. Franck and aviation law under professor Andreas Lowenfeld. George Zeitlin, the associate dean at NYU, recognized Ma at graduation for an "outstanding academic record and performance".

Upon completing his master's degree at NYU, Ma enrolled in Harvard Law School as a doctoral student studying under professors Louis B. Sohn, Jerome A. Cohen, and Harold J. Berman. As he completed his doctorate, he attended congressional hearings at the U.S. Congress and served as the editor-in-chief of Free Chinese Monthly, an anti-communist Chinese-language magazine published in Boston. He was also involved as an editor of the Harvard Environmental Law Review, and did research under Judge Richard Reeve Baxter at the International Court of Justice. He was Harvard classmates with Taiwanese vice-president Annette Lu in 1978, diplomat Stephen Orlins, and legal scholar William Alford. Professor Cohen at Harvard, Ma's teacher and mentor, recalled: "he was a brilliant student".[[File:Langdell Hall, Harvard Law School.jpg|thumb|Ma studied at [[Harvard Law School]] (pictured in 2024), earning his doctorate in law in 1981 under professors [[Louis Sohn]] and [[Detlev F. Vagts|Detlev Vagts]].|251x251px|left]]In 1981, Ma received Harvard's most advanced law degree, a Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.), with a specialization in ocean law and international economic law. His dissertation, completed in December 1980 under the supervision of Sohn and Detlev F. Vagts, was titled, "Trouble over Oily Waters: Legal Problems of Seabed Boundaries and Foreign Investment in the East China Sea".{{Refn|Ma's dissertation was later published in 1984 by the University of Maryland Law School with a foreword by Louis B. Sohn and a Chinese version was published in 1986 titled "The Diaoyutai Islands and the Seabed Delimitation in the East China Sea under the new law of the sea" (Chinese: 從新海 洋法論釣魚台列嶼與東海劃界問題).|group=lower-alpha}} The doctoral thesis analyzed Sino-Japanese sovereignty conflicts over the Senkaku Islands, focusing on the issue of oil extraction in the East China Sea.

Early career and rise in politics (1981–1996)

After earning his doctorate, Ma worked as an associate attorney for the Wall Street law firm of Cole and Deitz, a legal consultant for the First National Bank of Boston, and as a researcher at the University of Maryland Law School, all from 1980 to 1981. As a researcher at the University of Maryland, College Park under Taiwanese law professor Hungdah Chiu, Ma published some academic papers. Articles he wrote in Taiwanese newspapers on communism and Taiwan–United States relations attracted the attention of President Chiang Ching-kuo. In September 1981, Ma returned to Taiwan and was introduced by Fredrick Chien to President Chiang Ching-kuo, who appointed Ma as his personal English secretary and interpreter. That same year, he became an adjunct associate professor of law at National Chengchi University, a role he remained in until 1998. Ma concurrently served as deputy director of the First Bureau of the Presidential Office. In 1982, he was named the senior secretary of the Office of the President at the Presidential Office Building.

At age 38, Ma was named the chairman of the Research, Development and Evaluation Commission under the Executive Yuan—the cabinet's youngest-ever appointee. He would go on to serve as deputy head of the Mainland Affairs Council (MAC), a cabinet office responsible for managing Taiwan's relationship with mainland China. For his administrative experience and close ties with Chiang, Ma was appointed to multiple KMT party positions after 1984: director of the Mainland Tasks Committee (1988), deputy secretary general of the KMT Central Committee (1990), deputy director of the KMT National Unification Committee (1991), and KMT representative to the National Assembly. In 1987, Chiang tasked Ma to produce a memorandum regarding allowing Taiwanese citizens family visits to China; after it was completed, the report was received favorably by high-ranking KMT officials and implemented. At the time of Chiang's death in 1988, Ma was leading reform efforts regarding censorship in Taiwan.

In 1993, Ma received national attention when President Lee Teng-hui and Premier Lien Chan appointed him as Minister of Justice. At age 43, he was considered a "handsome new official" whose dynamism made him a "darling of public opinion". He initiated hardline policies of prosecuting corruption, power abuse, and political scandals, drawing criticism from KMT party officials, some of whom were involved in, and reliant on, local corruption. Among the anti-corruption programs instituted was the "Taking the Knife to Corruption" plan centered on a doctrine of "incorruptibility and ability" in government. KMT officials complained that he "shook the foundations of the party" as 341 of 883 elected councilmen in 1994 were indicted for buying votes. His campaigns against vote buying while in office earned him the nickname "Mr. Clean". In addition, he began an anti-drug campaign and organized the ministry to restrict narcotics.

Ma built a reputation for honesty as head of the Ministry of Justice due to "frequently jailing politicians, including candidates for elective office, for vote-buying and other corrupt practices". As a result of his tough on crime approach, Ma lost party support and was relieved of the position in 1996, becoming a minister without portfolio. He decided to return to academia afterwards and accepted another teaching position at National Chengchi University. When he left office, Ma was one of the most popular politicians in Taiwan (alongside his ministerial successor, Liao Cheng-hao) and, according to one poll, 76.5% of respondents saw him "playing a major political role within the next two years".

Mayor of Taipei (1998–2006)

Election (1998)

The 1997 Taiwanese local elections saw the Kuomintang lose a majority of their counties and cities to the Democratic Progressive Party, largely due to the efforts of Chen Shui-bian, Taipei's incumbent mayor, to travel extensively from each county and city for campaigns. Faced with a political crisis, the KMT nominated the popular Ma as its 1998 candidate for the Taipei mayoralty against Chen. Ma ran on a platform of making Taipei a corruption-free "world class city" and used an image of a jogger—a representation of his penchant for jogging and charity work—as the symbol of his campaign. He received the support of incumbent president Lee Teng-hui, who campaigned for Ma and promoted him as a "new Taiwanese" who "loves Taiwan and promotes its interests regardless of his or her place of birth". Ma's campaign slogan was "Taiwan First, Taipei First".

Despite Chen's high public approval rating, Ma won the 1998 Taipei mayoral election with 51.13 percent of the vote, compared to Chen's 45.91 percent share, aided with an undivided KMT conservative voting bloc (as it had been divided with the New Party in the 1994 Taiwanese local elections). Voter turnout was high, averaging 80 percent. The victory was a setback for both the DPP and for Chen's potential candidacy in the 2000 presidential election. The election saw the Hong Kong-born Ma overcome a popular bias against "mainlanders" (waishengren), a group sometimes resented by native Taiwanese. Ma's victory over Chen was also received positively by U.S. and Chinese officials, and the KMT won a legislative majority that year with 123 out of 225 seats.

Mayoralty

2007–2008 presidential campaign

On May 2, 2007, Ma was nominated as the Kuomintang's 2008 presidential nominee. He initially considered Wang Jin-pyng, his former opponent in the KMT chairmanship race, as his running mate but, in late May, Wang declined. Instead, Ma announced on June 23, 2007, that he had chosen former premier and economic minister Vincent Siew as his vice-presidential running mate.[[File:ROC 2008 Presidential Election Township level (2).svg|left|thumb|Results of the [[2008 Taiwanese presidential election]]]]Ma and Siew primarily campaigned on economic and foreign policy issues, including fostering closer relations with mainland China and improving Taiwan's economic situation by increasing cross-strait trade and investment. Ma advocated a "6-3-3 plan" of increasing GDP growth to 6 percent annually, reducing unemployment to 3 percent by implementing 12 infrastructure projects totaling US$130 billion, and increasing the GDP per capita to US$30,000. He and Siew advocated lowering taxes and addressing wage stagnation, inflation, and economic inequality. In foreign policy, Ma advocated "Three Noes": no formal independence, no unification, and no use of force. Their DPP opponents were former premiers Frank Hsieh—a pragmatist in dealing with cross-strait relations—and Su Tseng-chang. Both Hsieh and Ma were adherents to keeping the status quo between China and Taiwan, with Ma more willing to communicate with Beijing officials. On March 22, 2008 (election day), Ma defeated Hsieh in a landslide victory. Out of 13,221,609 votes cast (a voter turnout of 76.33 percent), Ma received a clear majority of 7,658,724 votes (58.45 percent) compared to Hsieh's 5,445,239 (41.55 percent), the most votes received by any presidential candidate in Taiwanese history. The Ma-Siew ticket flipped multiple traditionally DPP electoral districts, including Kaohsiung City (where Hsieh had been mayor) and Tainan City (near the birthplace of Chen Shui-bian). Districts with large Hakka and aboriginal Taiwanese populations showed the highest levels of support for Ma. The result of the presidential election marked an end to eight years of DPP control in the presidency, returning it to the KMT.

Presidency (2008–2016)

Main article: Presidency of Ma Ying-jeou

Ma was inaugurated as president on May 20, 2008, and sworn into office by Lai In-jaw, the acting head of the Judicial Yuan, with former president Chen Shui-bian in attendance. Ma's inauguration speech repeated his promises to establish closer economic and diplomatic ties with mainland China without unification. That same month, Time magazine listed Ma as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. He won another landslide in the KMT chairmanship election in July for a second term as chair, winning with over 90 percent of the vote in July 2009 as the sole candidate. He was inaugurated as chairman on October 17, 2009.

2012 presidential election

Eligible for a second term, Ma ran for reelection as president in 2012. After incumbent Vice President Vincent Siew announced his retirement and decision not to seek a second term, Premier Wu Den-yih was chosen to replace Siew on the KMT's 2012 ticket. Ma was re-elected president with 51.6% of the vote, defeating Democratic Progressive Party chairwoman Tsai Ing-wen. The ruling party also retained its majority in the legislative elections held on the same day.[[File:Vice President Vincent Siew, President Ma Ying-jeou, and Premier Wu Den-yih at the press conference to mark second anniversary of inauguration 20100524.jpg|thumb|President Ma with Vice President [[Vincent Siew]] (left) and Premier [[Wu Den-yih]] (right)]]

Cross-strait relations

After his success in the presidential election, Ma Ying-jeou said he had no immediate plans to visit mainland China and would work to fulfill his campaign pledge to improve relations with mainland China. He proposed a policy of "Flexible Diplomacy" in foreign affairs. Instead of confronting the PRC in every international encounter, Ma aimed to build a certain degree of mutual trust across the Taiwan Strait, which could later be extended to the international stage. In August 2008, Ma undertook his first foreign trip as president, focusing on strengthening relations with Taiwan's Latin American allies. In 2009, Taiwan received an invitation from the World Health Organization (WHO) to attend the annual World Health Assembly (WHA) meeting as an observer under the name "Chinese Taipei."

Based on the 1992 Consensus, semi-official cross-strait talks between the Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF) and its Chinese counterpart, the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS), resumed in June 2008. Ma launched direct weekend cross-strait charter flights, opened Taiwan to mainland Chinese tourists, eased restrictions on Taiwanese investment in mainland China and approved measures allowing mainland Chinese investors to buy Taiwan stocks. The Time magazine noted that in less than three months, "relations between Taiwan and China have arguably seen the most rapid advancement in the six-decade standoff between the two governments."

After the second Chen–Chiang summit, Taiwan and the Chinese mainland resumed direct sea, air, and mail links on 15 December 2008, ending an almost six-decade-long ban between the two sides on such trips. As many as 108 flights per week as well as 60 cargo flights per month were scheduled, evenly divided between Taiwanese and mainland Chinese airlines. Shipping companies, due to shorter voyages and time savings, are able to save up to US$120 million (TWD $4 billion) each year. The two sides also agreed that neither the ROC nor the PRC flag will be displayed when a ship enters port. In July 2009, Ma rejected the proposal to open the airspace of the Taiwan Strait to accommodate higher passenger traffic, citing that the Taiwan Strait airspace is important to Taiwanese security.

A free trade agreement with China was signed in 2010 called the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA), which was accompanied by a debate and protests. Ma attempted to pass the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement in his second term, building on the ECFA. This sparked the Sunflower Student Movement, initiated by a coalition of students and civic groups in the Legislative Yuan and later also the Executive Yuan.

On 7 November 2015, Ma met and shook hands with the Chinese Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping in Singapore within their capacity as Leader of Taiwan and Leader of mainland China respectively. The meeting marked the first ever meeting between leaders of both sides since the end of Chinese Civil War in 1949. Both leaders addressed each other using the honorific xiānshēng (Chinese: , "Mister").

Domestic policy

Economy

One of Ma's promises as presidential candidate was called the "633 Plan", which promised economic growth rate of 6%, unemployment rate of less than 3%, and per capita income of more than US$30,000. However, the Great Recession around the world caused about 2,000 companies in Taiwan to go bankrupt in the six months following Ma's inauguration, according to a governmental commercial office in Taipei. At the time, the high unemployment rate (~4.06% in July) and consumer price index three months after Ma's inauguration were unprecedented, having not been seen in 28 years. The Taiwan Stock Exchange also fell to two-year lows in September 2008. The Financial Times describes Taiwan's economic downturn as results from "downward pressure driven by global factors". Analysts also point out that, "during its first 100 days in office, the government has made a series of bold steps to deregulate economic cross-strait ties. But as these policies coincided with the global downturn and foreign investors had already bought Taiwan stocks heavily before the election, betting on the reforms, the island's market has seen a sell-off worse than the regional average."

On 11 September 2008, Ma's cabinet unveiled a $5.6-billion USD ($180-billion TWD) economic stimulus package. Among the items of the package were infrastructure projects, economic incentives to small businesses, and other tax cuts. Stock transaction taxes were also halved for the next six months. Taiwan's government reported that the economy shrank by 1% in the third quarter and further contracted 8.36% in the last quarter of 2008. Although growth resumed in the fourth quarter of 2009, the economy still shrank by 1.87% for the year. In 2010, Taiwan's economy rebounded strongly, expanding by 10%.

Disaster response

Typhoon Morakot, the worst typhoon to strike Taiwan in fifty years, hit Taiwan on 8 August 2009. In the storm's aftermath, President Ma was criticized for his handling of the disaster by both sides of Taiwan's political spectrum. Many news outlets likened Typhoon Morakot to being Ma's "Hurricane Katrina." Multiple opinion polls in Taiwan showed a sharp double-digit drop in Ma's approval rating, with figures falling to between 16% and 29%.

Following pressure from the opposition, Ma took steps to publicly apologize for his government's failure to respond swiftly with rescue and recovery efforts. Ma canceled the 2009 National Day celebrations and his state visit to the Solomon Islands for the Third Taiwan-South Pacific summit. Premier Liu Chao-shiuan, Defense Minister Chen Chao-min, and Vice Foreign Minister Andrew Hsia all tendered their resignations. Wu Den-yih was appointed as the new premier, and the cabinet underwent a reshuffle.

Party politics

In September 2013, President Ma accused Speaker Wang Jin-pyng of influence peddling, resulting in a power struggle. Following the KMT's unprecedented loss in the 2014 local elections, Ma resigned as KMT chairman. The KMT lost its majority in the Legislative Yuan during the final period of Ma's presidency, and Ma eventually handed over power to opposition leader Tsai Ing-wen in 2016.

Post-presidency

On 1 June 2016, it was announced that Ma planned to visit Hong Kong on 15 June to attend the 2016 Award for Editorial Excellence dinner at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre and would deliver a speech on cross-strait relations and East Asia. The Tsai Ing-wen administration blocked Ma from traveling to Hong Kong, and he gave prepared remarks via teleconference instead.

In August 2016, Soochow University confirmed that Ma had rejoined the faculty as a lecturer. On 26 September 2016, Ma gave his first lecture which was about the history of Taiwan. Yet, as a chair professor of law, Ma was protested by students at Soochow University to ask for his resignation since he has repeatedly issued controversial legal opinions. In November 2016, Ma attended the World Chinese Economic Summit in Malacca, Malaysia, where he also served as one of the speakers. It was his first overseas visit since leaving office. Since 2016, Ma has made multiple visits to the United States, during which he delivered speeches at academic institutions and policy forums.

In Taiwanese politics, Ma established the Ma Ying-jeou Foundation, named after himself, and personally served as its chairman in 2018. The foundation aims to identify the right path for the nation and to help young people find direction for their future. He served as a witness during the negotiations between the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Taiwan People's Party (TPP) to form a joint presidential ticket for the 2024 election; however, the talks ultimately collapsed without an agreement.

In 2023, Ma became the first former ROC leader to visit mainland China since the civil war of 1949, with a trip slated for 27 March to 7 April, pledging peace between the two countries. The trip came amidst rising tension between mainland China and Taiwan. Ma visited China twice in 2024, during which he met with Chinese leader Xi Jinping. In June 2025, he visited mainland China again to attend the annual Straits Forum in Xiamen, Fujian. He met with Wang Huning, the deputy leader of the Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs and the Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

Political positions

View on Chinese unification

In a December 2005 Newsweek International interview, when asked about unification, Ma stated that "for our party, the eventual goal is reunification, but we don't have a timetable."

In February 2006, Ma published an op-ed in The Wall Street Journal titled *Taiwan's 'Pragmatic Path'''. In the article, Ma stated that neither unification nor independence was likely for Taiwan in the foreseeable future and that the status quo should be maintained. He emphasized that the island's future should be determined by its people, rather than the government. During the same month, while visiting Europe, the KMT ran an advertisement in the *Liberty Times'' with the same title, asserting that Taiwan's future could take many possible directions—be it unification, independence, or maintaining the status quo—and that such decisions must be made by the people. The advertisement, which stated that independence is an option for the people of Taiwan, sparked criticism within the party and raised concerns in the PRC. Wang Jin-pyng felt gratified for the policy shift, since Wang himself made a similar statement during the 2004 election, but James Soong said he was "shocked" and Lien Chan said he was never consulted. Ma clarified later that the KMT policy of retaining the status quo has not changed and has reiterated this position several times; further, he has also reiterated his party's support of the one-China policy.

Ma supported autonomy for Tibet. On 17 March 2008, Ma threatened to boycott the Beijing Olympics if elected, should the Tibetan unrest spiral out of control. After he was elected president, he refused to let the Dalai Lama visit Taiwan, citing the timing as inappropriate. He later approved a visit by the Dalai Lama to lead prayers for Typhoon Morakot victims in August 2009.

In April 2009, President Ma became the first ROC president to pay homage in person to the legendary Yellow Emperor who is believed to have founded China as a nation approximately 5,000 years ago. Accompanied by all his government leaders, the president sang the ROC's national anthem as the starter. Ma's spokesman said the president wanted to pay his respects to the Yellow Emperor on National Tomb-Sweeping Day in person to stress the importance of the Chinese ancestor-worshipping tradition. However, others saw the precedent-making ceremonies at the Martyrs' Shrine as meant to be a show by President Ma of his unprofessed commitment to maintain a close relationship between Taiwan and mainland China. During his time at the tomb of the Yellow Emperor, Ma said that most Taiwanese people have a strong belief in Chinese culture and national identity.

In June 2025, Ma told United Daily News that his position is that "the two sides of the strait should pursue peaceful and democratic unification". He also said unification should not be achieved with "the use or threat of force and must "respect the will of the people of Taiwan".

Cross-strait relations

Ma Ying-jeou has emphasized the "1992 Consensus" as the existing basis for constructive dialogue and exchange between mainland China and Taiwan. On 2 September 2008, Ma declared that the relations between Taiwan and mainland China were a "special relationship not between two nations", but one that can be handled invoking the 1992 Consensus between the two sides. While the governing authorities on mainland China and Taiwan cannot recognise each other as a legitimate government due to legal and constitutional reasons, Ma seeks that they would refrain from denying the other side being the de facto governing authority of one area of the state.

In 2006, Ma Ying-jeou proposed the "Five Noes" to maintain the status quo, which largely reiterated the content of Chen Shui-bian's "Four Noes and One Without." During a visit to the United States in March 2006, Ma further articulated a proactive strategy for cross-strait relations, termed the "Five Do's." These initiatives included: resuming cross-strait dialogue based on the 1992 Consensus; signing a peace agreement and establishing a mechanism for mutual military trust; creating a joint cross-strait market; enhancing Taiwan's participation in the international community; and strengthening cultural and educational exchanges.

Ma consistently expressed concern over the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre and supported democratization in China. However, prior to the 20th anniversary, he postponed and eventually canceled a scheduled meeting with Wang Dan, a former student leader of the 1989 protests. Ma also received criticism from the opposition Democratic Progressive Party for allegedly praising the PRC on human rights during the anniversary commemorations.

Ma voiced support for the acceptance of simplified Chinese for written text and the continued use of traditional Chinese for printed text. Ma had to clarify his remarks regarding simplified characters at a 15-minute speech before the sixth International Conference on Internet Chinese Education on 19 June 2009. Ma reiterated his policy of urging the Chinese to learn the traditional system; his previous call was for the ability of Taiwan's population to recognize simplified characters and not for simplified characters to supplant the traditional system in Taiwan. In a 2004 speech hosted by Microsoft Taiwan, he had proposed for traditional characters (; literally: complicated characters) to be instead called 'orthodox characters' () (then the translation 'traditional Chinese characters' would be more appropriate as well). Ma advocated the use of Hanyu Pinyin, developed in the PRC, and made it the official romanization system in Taiwan in 2009.

East China Sea and South China Sea

Ma Ying-jeou supports the Republic of China's sovereignty over the Senkaku Islands and opposes their inclusion under the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty. In 2012, he proposed the "East China Sea Peace Initiative," urging all parties to exercise restraint, resolve disputes peacefully, and jointly develop resources in the region. In 2014, Ma received the Eisenhower Medallion from People to People International for his efforts in the initiative.

In 2015, Ma introduced the "South China Sea Peace Initiative," advocating for the peaceful resolution of disputes and the joint development of resources in the South China Sea. The following year, he visited Taiping Island to reaffirm the ROC's sovereignty over the territory and its status as an island.

Personal life

Ma married Christine Mei-ching Chow, a classmate of his sister at New York University, in 1977. The couple has two daughters: Lesley and Yuan-chung. Lesley (Ma Wei-chung, Chinese: ) was born in 1981 in New York City while Ma was attending Harvard. She completed her undergraduate studies in life sciences at Harvard University and then her graduate studies at New York University. Ma's youngest daughter, Ma Yuan-chung, was born in Taiwan and completed her master's degree at the London School of Economics and earned a doctorate from Nanyang Technological University.

Ma and his wife sponsor children of low-income families in El Salvador through World Vision International. On an official trip to Central America in June 2009, Mrs. Ma was able to meet with one of her sponsored children, an 11-year-old boy in San Salvador.

Ma is the uncle of Gene Yu, an American, former United States Army Special Forces captain and the author of the Yellow Green Beret: Stories of an Asian-American Stumbling Around U.S. Army Special Forces series of books.

Ma speaks Taiwanese Hokkien, Hunanese (his ancestral native dialect), Mandarin (the national language) as well as English fluently.

Honours

• Belize:
  • [[File:Order of Belize - ribbon bar.png|70px]] Order of Belize
• Burkina Faso:
  • [[File:Burkina Faso Ordre national GC ribbon.svg|70px]] Grand Cross of the , formerly National Order of Burkina Faso (2012)
• Dominican Republic:
  • [[File:DOM Order of Merit of Duarte, Sanchez and Mella ribbon.svg|70px]] Grand Cross with Gold Breast Star of the Order of Merit of Duarte, Sánchez and Mella (2015)
• El Salvador:
  • [[File:National Order of José Matias Delgado (El Salvador) - ribbon bar.gif|70px]] Grand Cross with Gold Star of the National Order of Doctor José Matías Delgado (2014)
• Eswatini:
  • [[File:Royal Order of the Crown (Swaziland).gif|70px]] Collar of the Royal Order of the Crown (2012)
• Gambia:
  • [[File:GAM Order of the Republic of the Gambia ribbon.svg|70px]] Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Republic of The Gambia (2012)
• Guatemala:
  • [[File:Order of the Quetzal - Grand Cross (Guatemala) - ribbon bar.png|70px]] Grand Collar of the Order of the Quetzal
• Haiti:
  • [[File:Orden Nacional de Honor y Mérito, Gran Cruz.svg|alt=Grand Cross of the National Order of Honour and Merit|70px]] Grand Cross of the National Order of Honour and Merit (2014)
• Marshall Islands:
  • Traditional Paramount Leader Medal (2013)
• Saint Kitts and Nevis:
  • [[File:Order of St Christopher and Nevis (Saint Kitts and Nevis).png|70px]] Collar of the Order of St Christopher and Nevis (2011)
• SMOM:
  • [[File:OPMM-co.svg|70px]] Collar pro Merito Melitensi (2015)

Notes

References

Books

Journals

• .

References

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2. (2010-01-01). "Subaltern straits: 'exit', 'voice', and 'loyalty' in the United States–China–Taiwan relations". [[Oxford University Press]].
3. Chan, Minnie. (2008-12-12). "Taiwan's Ma scotches Shenzhen birthplace claim".
4. {{Harvnb. Brown. 2015. Copper. 2024
5. Schubert, Gunter. (2022). "Ma Ying-Jeou". [[Brill Publishers]].
6. {{Harvnb. Ogasawara. 2015. Copper. 2024
7. (2014-05-11). "Ma eulogizes mother in Facebook post".
8. Mo, Yan-chih. (2012-01-25). "Ma visits Ma Village, stresses Hakka roots".
9. (2013-03-18). "Ma to attend Pope Francis' first Mass".
10. (2012). "Taiwan's Catholic president leaves the way open for better Church relations".
11. Tian, Wei. (March 19, 2013). "Ma Ying-Jeou was Baptized at 8 Years Old, Claims Taiwan President's Friend".
12. (March 28, 2003). "Ma Ying-jeou was baptized as a Catholic in Taipei when he was young".
13. Lazzarotti, Marco. (August 2023). "God Jesus and the Ancestors. An Ethnography of the Ancestors' Rites in the Taiwanese Catholic Church". [[Heidelberg University]].
14. {{Harvnb. Ogasawara. 2015. Ma. 2023
15. "Biography of President Ma Ying-jeou". Office of the President, Republic of China (Taiwan).
16. Mo, Yan-chih. (2012-12-05). "Ma defends KMT's scholarship program as serving Taiwan".
17. Orlins, Stephen A.. (October 18, 2023). "Ma Ying-jeou Reflects on Cross-Strait and U.S.-China Relations". [[National Committee on United States–China Relations]].
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21. (1984). "Legal Problems of Seabed Boundary Delimitation in the South China Sea". [[University of Maryland School of Law]].
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29. {{Harvnb. Li. 2019. Copper. 2024
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33. Hsieh, Ming-ling. (September 11, 2008). "Taiwan Reaps a Whirlwind". [[CommonWealth Magazine (Taiwan).
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