Luxury tax

Theory

Luxury tax is based on the concept of positional goods, which are scarce goods whose value arises as status symbols largely from their ranking against other positional goods. This creates a zero-sum game in which the absolute amount of goods purchased is less relevant than the absolute amount of money spent on them and their relative positions. Agents competing in such a game for pure positional goods do not lose utility if some of this money is taken as tax, because their utility comes as status from the amount of money (displayed to be) spent rather than the use-value of the goods themselves. For a pure positional good, a luxury tax is the perfect form of taxation because it raises revenue without reducing the utility of those paying the tax.

History

In Britain, authorities taxed windows – the window tax – from 1696 to 1851. | publication-date = 2016 | access-date = 21 September 2019 France imposed window taxes | publication-date = 1843 | access-date = 21 September 2019 from 1798 to 1926.

In the United States, many states used to collect state sales-tax through the use of "luxury tax tokens", instead of calculating a percentage to be paid in cash like the modern-day practice. Tokens could be purchased from the state and then used at checkouts instead of rendering the sales tax in cash. Some tokens were copper or base metal, while some were even plastic.

By country

Bulgaria

A luxury tax of 10% on boats over $300,000 and aircraft over $1 million was proposed in 2010 by finance minister Simeon Djankov. Parliament approved the tax for a temporary 3-year period.

Norway

In Norway, at the beginning of the 20th century, oil-powered cars, sugar products, and chocolates were viewed as luxury goods.

United States

In November 1991, The United States Congress enacted a luxury tax and was signed by President George H. W. Bush. The goal of the tax was to generate additional revenues to reduce the federal budget deficit. This tax was levied on material goods such as watches, expensive furs, boats, yachts, private jet planes, jewelry and expensive cars. Congress enacted a 10 percent luxury surcharge tax on boats over $100,000, cars over $30,000, aircraft over $250,000, and furs and jewelry over $10,000. The federal government estimated that it would raise $9 billion in excess revenues over the following five-year period. However, only two years after its imposition, in August 1993, at the behest of the luxury yacht industry, President Bill Clinton and Congress eliminated the "luxury tax" citing a loss in jobs. The luxury automobile tax remained in effect until 2002.

In sports, the Luxury tax is the incremental tax team owners have to pay for their teams going over the salary cap, acting as a financial penalty for high-spending teams.

A common misconception is that tampons and other menstrual products are taxed as a "luxury item" because they are subject to sales tax in 30 states as of February 2021. In actuality, they are simply subject to the normal state sales tax rate in states where they are not tax exempt. Such tax exempt consumer products vary from state to state, but are usually limited to food, prescription drugs, and more rarely, clothing.

In popular culture

One of the squares on the Monopoly board game (U.S. edition) is labeled "luxury tax". While there is a picture of a sparkling diamond ring on the square, the only effect is that whoever lands on this square must pay $75.00 to the bank.

In the 1961 film Breakfast at Tiffany's, the salesman at Tiffany's tells Holly Golightly and Paul that the "federal tax" referring to the 10 percent luxury tax then in effect was not required on a particular item they were considering as a purchase.

References

References

1. Ng, Yew-Kwang. 1987. “Diamonds Are a Government’s Best Friend: Burden-Free Taxes on Goods Valued for Their Values.” The American Economic Review 77 (1): 186–91.
2. link. (22 September 2017
      • _____ (2005). "Positional Externalities Cause Large and Preventable Welfare Losses," ''American Economic Review'', 95(2), pp. [http://webs.wofford.edu/pechwj/Positional%20Externalities%20Cause%20Large%20and%20Preventable%20Welfar.pdf 137-141] {{Webarchive). link. (3 November 2013 (close Bookmarks tab & press '''+''').)
3. (20 June 2007). ""Chocolate tax" should go". [[Aftenposten]].
4. Atwood, Liz. "Boat dealers predict sales increase Luxury tax repeal helps ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY BUSINESS".
5. "Good Riddance to the Luxury Tax". Wall Street Journal.
6. Frank, Urbina. (11 October 2018). "How does the NBA's luxury tax work?". Hoops Hype.
7. (16 February 2021). "Tampon Tax". Dotdash.
8. (13 August 2020). "Sales Tax by State: Are Grocery Items Taxable?". TPS Unlimited.