Livonian Order

History

The Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order was formed from the remnants of the crusading order of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword (a.k.a. the Swordbrothers) after their defeat by Samogitians in 1236 at the Battle of Saule. In 1237, most of the former Swordbrothers became members of the Teutonic Order, thus forming its new regional branch in Livonia. In the summer of that year, the Master of Prussia Hermann Balk rode into Riga to install his men as castle commanders and administrators of Livonia.

In 1238, the Teutonic Knights of Livonia signed the Treaty of Stensby with the Kingdom of Denmark. Under this agreement, Denmark would support the expansion ambitions of the order in exchange for northern maritime Estonia.

In 1242, the Livonian Order tried to take the city of Novgorod. However, they were defeated by Alexander Nevsky in the Battle on the Ice.

Fortresses as Paide in land ceded by Denmark in the Treaty of Stensby allowed the order to contain the threat of Russian troops. For that reason, the order focused on its southern borders and Semigallia. Semigallia was a strategic territory for the Livonian Order. Lithuanians passed through Semigallia to raid settlements in Livonia, and they took advantage of the winter ice pack in the Gulf of Riga to reach Oesel Island. Also, this territory kept the Livonian Branch of the Teutonic Order separated from the Prussian Branch.

Between 1237 and 1290, the Livonian Order conquered all of Courland, Livonia and Semigallia. In 1298, Lithuanians took Karkus Castle north of Riga, and defeated the order in the Battle of Turaida, killing Livonian Land Master Bruno and 22 knights. In 1346, the order bought the Duchy of Estonia from King Valdemar IV of Denmark. Life within the order's territory is described in the Chronicle of Balthasar Russow (Chronica der Provinz Lyfflandt).

The Teutonic Order fell into decline following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 and the secularization of its Prussian territories by Albert of Brandenburg in 1525, while the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order managed to maintain an independent existence.

Livonian "confederation" agreement (1435)

The Teutonic Order's defeat in the Battle of Święta (Wiłkomierz) on September 1, 1435, which claimed the lives of the master and several high-ranking knights, brought the order closer to its neighbors in Medieval Livonia. "A friendly (confederation) agreement" (eiine fruntliche eyntracht) was signed in Walk on 4 December 1435, by the Archbishop of Riga, the bishops of Courland, Dorpat, Ösel-Wiek and Reval; the representatives of the Teutonic Order and vassals, and the deputies of Riga, Reval and Dorpat city municipal councils.

During the Livonian War, however, the order suffered a decisive defeat by troops of Muscovite Russia in the Battle of Ergeme in 1560. The Livonian Order then sought protection from Sigismund II Augustus, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, who had intervened in a war between Bishop William of Riga and the Brothers in 1557.

After coming to an agreement with Sigismund II, Augustus and his representatives (especially Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł), the last Livonian Master, Gotthard Kettler, secularized the order and converted to Lutheranism. In the southern part of the Brothers' lands he created the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia for his family. Most of the remaining lands were seized by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Northern Estonia was taken back by Denmark and Sweden.

From the 14th to the 16th centuries, Middle Low German as spoken in the towns of the Hanseatic League was the established language, but was subsequently succeeded by High German as official language in the course of the 16th and 17th centuries.

Masters of the Livonian Order

The Livonian Master, like the grandmaster of the Teutonic Order, was elected by his fellow knights for a life term. The grandmaster exercised supervisory powers and his advice was considered equal to a command. The grandmaster of Teutonic knights did not limit local autonomy, he rarely visited Livonia or sent ambassadors for oversight.

Hermann Balk 1237–1238

Dietrich von Grüningen 1238–1241

Andreas von Velven 1241-1242

Dietrich von Grüningen 1242–1246

Heinrich von Heimburg 1246–1248

Andreas von Velven 1248-1253

Anno von Sangershausen 1254–1256

Burkhard von Hornhausen 1256–1260

Werner von Breithausen 1261–1263

Konrad von Mandern 1263–1266

Otto von Lutterberg 1266–1270

Walther von Nortecken 1270–1273

Ernst von Rassburg 1273–1279

Konrad von Feuchtwangen 1279–1281

Wilken von Endorp 1281–1287

Konrad von Herzogenstein 1288–1290

Halt von Hohembach –1293

Heinrich von Dinkelaghe 1295–1296

Bruno 1296–1298

Gottfried von Rogga 1298–1307

Gerhard van Joeck 1309–1322

Johannes Ungenade 1322–1324

Reimar Hane 1324–1328

Everhard von Monheim 1328–1340

Burchard von Dreileben 1340–1345

Goswin von Hercke 1345–1359

Arnold von Vietinghof 1359–1364

Wilhelm von Vrymersheim 1364–1385

Robin von Eltz 1385–1389

Wennemar Hasenkamp von Brüggeneye 1389–1401

Konrad von Vietinghof 1401–1413

Diderick Tork 1413–1415

Siegfried Lander von Spanheim 1415–1424

Zisse von Rutenberg 1424–1433

Franco Kerskorff 1433–1435

Heinrich von Bockenvorde 1435–1437

Heinrich Vinke von Overbergen 1438–1450

Johann Osthoff von Mengede 1450–1469

Johann Wolthuss von Herse 1470–1471

Bernd von der Borch 1471–1483

Johann Freytag von Loringhoven 1483–1494

Wolter von Plettenberg 1494–1535

Hermann Hasenkamp von Brüggeneye 1535–1549

Johann von der Recke 1549–1551

Heinrich von Galen 1551–1557

Johann Wilhelm von Fürstenberg 1557–1559

Godert (Gotthard) Kettler 1559–1561

Commanderies of the Livonian Order

Across modern territory of Estonia and Latvia

Estonia

• Komturei Reval
• Komturei Pernau
• Komturei Jerwen
• Komturei Fellin
• Komturei Talkhof

Latvia

• Komturei Marienburg
• Landmarschall Segewold
• Ordensmeister (Komturei) Dünamünde
• Komturei Ascheraden
• Komturei Dünaburg
• Komturei Bauske
• Komturei Mitau
• Komturei Doblen
• Komturei Goldingen
• Komturei Windau

References

References

1. Urban, William. (February 2024). ["The Teutonic Knights: A Military History"](https://books.google.com/books?id=zzwXIQAACAAJ }}{{Dead link).
2. Frucht, Richard C.. (2005). "Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture". ABC-CLIO.
3. Turnbull, Stephen R.. (2004). "Crusader castles of the Teutonic Knights. 2, The stone castles of Latvia and Estonia 1185–1560". Osprey.
4. www.gaumina.lt, e-solution: Gaumina. "Orbis Lituaniae – Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės istorijos".
5. Raudkivi, Priit. (2007). "Vana-Liivimaa maapäev". Argo.
6. Koch, Kristine. (2002). "Deutsch als Fremdsprache im Russland des 18. Jahrhunderts". Walter de Gruyter.
7. Urban, William L. (2004). "Livonian Crusade". Lithuanian Research and Studies Center.