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List of specialized agencies of the United Nations
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United Nations specialized agencies are autonomous organizations working with the United Nations (UN) and each other through the structure of the United Nations Economic and Social Council at the intergovernmental level, and through the Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB) at the intersecretariat level.
One of the principal objectives of the UN is to solve economic, social, cultural and humanitarian issues through international cooperation. Several specialized agencies have been set up to achieve these goals, agencies which may or may not have been created by the UN, but were incorporated into the United Nations System by the United Nations Economic and Social Council acting under Articles 57 and 63 of the United Nations Charter. At present, the UN has in total 15 specialized agencies that carry out various functions on behalf of the UN. The specialized agencies are listed below.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Main article: Food and Agriculture Organization
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO acts as a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy. FAO's mandate is to raise levels of nutrition, improve agricultural productivity, better the lives of rural populations and contribute to the growth of the world economy. FAO is the largest of the U.N. agencies. It was established in 1945, succeeding the International Institute of Agriculture, and its headquarters is in Rome.
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
Main article: International Civil Aviation Organization
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was founded in 1947. It codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. Its headquarters are located in Montreal, Canada.
The ICAO Council adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air navigation, prevention of unlawful interference, and facilitation of border-crossing procedures for international civil aviation. In addition, ICAO defines the protocols for air accident investigation followed by transport safety authorities in countries signatory to the Convention on International Civil Aviation.
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
Main article: International Fund for Agricultural Development
The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) was established as an international financial institution in 1977, as one of the major outcomes of the 1974 World Food Conference and a response to the situation in the Sahel. It is dedicated to eradicating rural poverty in developing countries. Its headquarters are in Rome, Italy.
International Labour Organization (ILO)
Main article: International Labour Organization
The International Labour Organization (ILO) deals with labour issues. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. Founded in 1919, it was formed through the negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles and was initially an agency of the League of Nations. It became a member of the UN system after the demise of the League and the formation of the UN at the end of World War II. Its Constitution, as amended to date, includes the Declaration of Philadelphia on the aims and purposes of the Organization. Its secretariat is known as the International Labour Office.
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
Main article: International Maritime Organization
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), formerly known as the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO), was established in 1948 by the United Nations to coordinate international maritime safety and related practices. However, the IMO did not enter into full force until 1958.
Headquartered in London, United Kingdom, IMO promotes cooperation between government and the shipping industry to improve maritime safety and prevent marine pollution. IMO is governed by an Assembly of members and is financially administered by a council of members elected from the assembly. The work of IMO is conducted through five committees, and these are supported by technical sub-committees. Member organizations of the U.N. organizational family may observe the proceedings of the IMO. Observer status may be granted to qualified non-governmental organizations.
The IMO is supported by a permanent secretariat of employees who are representative of its members. The secretariat is composed of a Secretary-General who is periodically elected by the Assembly, and various divisions including, inter alia, marine safety, environmental protection, and a conference section. It also promotes international cooperation in education, science and culture.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Main article: International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is part of the United Nations system and has a formal relationship agreement with the U.N., but retains its independence. The IMF provides monetary cooperation and financial stability and acts as a forum for advice, negotiation and assistance on financial issues. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C.
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Main article: International Telecommunication Union
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) was established to standardize and regulate international radio and telecommunications. It was founded as the International Telegraph Union in Paris on 17 May 1865. Its main tasks include standardization, allocation of the radio spectrum, and organizing interconnection arrangements between different countries to allow international phone calls—in which regard it performs for telecommunications a similar function to what the Universal Postal Union (UPU) performs for postal services. It has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, next to the U.N.'s Geneva campus.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Main article: UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945 with its headquarters in Paris, France. Its stated purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture to propagate further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and the human rights and fundamental freedoms proclaimed in the U.N. Charter.
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
Main article: United Nations Industrial Development Organization
The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is the specialized agency of the United Nations, which promotes inclusive and sustainable industrial development (ISID), headquartered in Vienna, Austria. The organization addresses some of the most pressing issues of our time and works to accelerate economic growth to bring prosperity to all while at the same time safeguarding the environment. UNIDO's mandate is fully aligned with the global development agenda, which underlines the central role of industrialization and its importance as a key enabler for all 17 Global Goals, and especially for SDG9. The Director General is Gerd Müller.
Universal Postal Union (UPU)
Main article: Universal Postal Union
The Universal Postal Union (UPU), headquartered in Bern, Switzerland, coordinates postal policies between member nations, and hence the worldwide postal system. Each member country agrees to the same set of terms for conducting international postal duties.
World Bank Group (WBG)
Main article: World Bank Group
The World Bank Group is part of the United Nations System and has a formal relationship agreement with the U.N., but retains its independence. – this seems to be contradicted by the prior UN source that says the whole WBG is "sometimes" considered to be a specialized agency--
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
Main article: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development makes loans to developing countries for development programmes with the stated goal of reducing poverty. It is part of the World Bank Group (WBG).
International Development Association (IDA)
Main article: International Development Association
The International Development Association's mandate is close to that of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, with a focus on the poorest countries. It is part of the World Bank Group (WBG).
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
Main article: International Finance Corporation
The International Finance Corporation is the largest multilateral source of loan and equity financing for private sector projects in the developing world. It is part of the World Bank Group (WBG).
World Health Organization (WHO)
Main article: World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO) acts as a coordinating authority on international public health and deals with health, sanitation, and diseases and sends medical teams to help combat epidemics. Established on 7 April 1948, when 26 members of the United Nations ratified its Constitution, the agency inherited the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health Organization, which had been an agency of the League of Nations. 7 April is now celebrated as World Health Day every year. The WHO is governed by 194 Member States through the World Health Assembly. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
Main article: World Intellectual Property Organization
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations created in 1967 and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. Its purpose is to encourage creative activity and to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world. The organization administers several treaties concerning the protection of intellectual property rights.
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
Main article: World Meteorological Organization
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) originated from the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), which was founded in 1873. Established in 1950, WMO became the specialized agency of the United Nations for modern meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences. It has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.
UN Tourism
Main article: UN Tourism
The UN Tourism (formerly United Nations World Tourism Organization, UNWTO) was established in 1974 in Madrid, Spain, to replace the International Union of Official Tourist Publicity Organizations (IUOTPO). UNWTO has 160 member states and 350 affiliated members representing private organizations, educational institutions, and others. It is headquartered in Madrid, Spain. The World Tourism Organization serves as a forum for tourism policies and acts as a practical source for tourism know-how. In 2023, UNWTO decide to rename this organization to UN Tourism.
Former specialized agencies
The only U.N. specialized agency to go out of existence is the International Refugee Organization (IRO), which existed from 1946 to 1952. In 1952, it was replaced by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), which is a subsidiary organ of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA).
Related organizations
There are other intergovernmental organizations that have concluded cooperation agreements with the United Nations. In terms of cooperation structures, some agreements come very close to the relationship agreements concluded under articles 57 and 63 of the U.N. Charter with the specialized agencies, but due to Charter requirements that the agencies deal with "economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related fields", organizations with such agreements are not formally specialized agencies of the United Nations.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) established such an agreement with the UN in 1957. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) also used this model for agreements of their own with the UN.
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) Preparatory Commission
Main article: Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission
The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission is tasked with preparing the activities of the nuclear non-proliferation organization.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Main article: International Atomic Energy Agency
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an intergovernmental organization for scientific and technical cooperation in the field of nuclear technology. It is headquartered in Vienna, Austria. It seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes. The IAEA was set up as an autonomous organization on 29 July 1957. Before this, in 1953, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower envisioned the creation of this international body to control and develop the use of atomic energy, in his "Atoms for Peace" speech before the U.N. General Assembly. The organization and its former Director-General, Mohamed ElBaradei, were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize announced on 7 October 2005. As of March 2015, the IAEA's membership is 164 countries.
Due to historical reasons and the political nature of its work, the IAEA is not a specialized agency. Instead, its relationship with the United Nations is governed by a special agreement as well as by its statute that commits the IAEA to report annually to the General Assembly and, when appropriate, to the Security Council.
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
Main article: International Organization for Migration
Since September 2016, the International Organization for Migration has been a related organization to the United Nations with its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) is an intergovernmental organization that provides services and advice concerning migration to governments and migrants, including internally displaced persons, refugees, and migrant workers.
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
Main article: Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is an intergovernmental organization, located in The Hague, Netherlands. The organization promotes and verifies the adherence to the Chemical Weapons Convention which prohibits the use of chemical weapons and requires their destruction. The verification consists of both evaluations of declarations by member states and on-site inspections.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Main article: World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization was established instead of the failed proposal for a specialized agency dealing with trade issues, the International Trade Organization. WTO headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland.
Summary
| No. | Logo | Official name | Abbreviation | Location (Country) | Location (City) | Established | Precursor established | Member states | Other participants | Map and reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| – | [[File:Emblem of the United Nations.svg | 50px]] | United Nations | UN | United States | New York City | 1945 | 1920 | [[File:United Nations membership of Sovereign States.png | 100px]] [UN](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states) | |||
| Specialized agencies | |||||||||||||
| 1 | [[File:FAO logo.svg | 50px]] | Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | Italy | Rome | 1945 | — | [[File:FAO members and observers.png | 100px]] [FAO](http://www.fao.org/legal-services/membership-of-fao/en/) | |||
| 2 | [[File:Icao logo.svg | 80px]] | International Civil Aviation Organization | ICAO | Canada | Montreal | 1947 | — | — | [[File:ICAO.png | 100px]] [ICAO](https://www.icao.int/about-icao/Pages/member-states.aspx) | ||
| 3 | [[File:IFAD logo.svg | 80x80px]] | International Fund for Agricultural Development | IFAD | Italy | Rome | 1977 | — | [[File:IFAD.png | 100px]] [IFAD](https://web.archive.org/web/20130803225339/http://www.ifad.org/governance/ifad/ms.htm) | |||
| 4 | International Labour Organization | ILO | Switzerland | Geneva | 1919 | — | observer states: Palestine | [[File:International Labour Organization.png | 100px]] [ILO](https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/how-the-ilo-works/member-states/lang--en/index.htm) | ||||
| 5 | International Maritime Organization | IMO | United Kingdom | London | 1959 | — | [[File:IMO Participation.svg | 100px]] [IMO](https://www.imo.org/en/About/Membership/Pages/MemberStates.aspx) | |||||
| 6 | [[File:IMF-Seal ENG RGB.svg | 77x77px]] | International Monetary Fund | IMF | United States | Washington, D.C. | 1945 | — | — | [[File:International Monetary Fund.png | 100px]] [IMF](https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/members.aspx) | ||
| 7 | [[File:International Telecommunication Union logo.svg | 70px]] | International Telecommunication Union | ITU | Switzerland | Geneva | 1865 | — | [[File:Member states of the International Telecommunication Union.png | 100px]] [ITU](http://www.itu.int/cgi-bin/htsh/mm/scripts/mm.list?_search=ITUstates&_languageid=1) | |||
| 8 | [[File:UNESCO logo.svg | 70x70px]] | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization | UNESCO | France | Paris | 1946 | 1922 | [[File:UNESCO member states.png | 100px]] [UNESCO](https://web.archive.org/web/20110813032749/http://erc.unesco.org/portal/UNESCOMemberStates.asp?language=en) | |||
| 9 | [[File:UNIDO Logo.svg | 70px]] | United Nations Industrial Development Organization | UNIDO | Austria | Vienna | 1985 | 1966 | [[File:Map of UNIDO membership as of 2010.png | 100px]] [UNIDO](https://www.unido.org/member_states) | |||
| 10 | [[File:Universal Postal Union logo.svg | 80x80px]] | Universal Postal Union | UPU | Switzerland | Bern | 1874 | — | [[File:Universal Postal Union membership.png | 100px]] [UPU](https://www.upu.int/en/Universal-Postal-Union/About-UPU/Member-Countries) | |||
| 11 | [[File:World Bank Group logo.svg | 90px]] | World Bank Group | WBG | United States | Washington, D.C. | 1945 | — | — | [[File:World Bank Group.png | 100px]] [WBG](https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/leadership/members) | ||
| 12 | [[File:World Health Organization Logo.svg | 90px]] | World Health Organization | WHO | Switzerland | Geneva | 1948 | 1907 | [[File:World Health Organization membership status map.png | 100px]] [WHO](https://www.who.int/countries/) | |||
| 13 | [[File:WIPO Logo.svg | 90px]] | World Intellectual Property Organization | WIPO | Switzerland | Geneva | 1967 | — | [[File:World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) members world map.png | 100px]] [WIPO](http://www.wipo.int/members/en/) | |||
| 14 | World Meteorological Organization | WMO | Switzerland | Geneva | 1950 | 1873 | [[File:World Meteorological Organization (WMO) members - states and territories.png | 100px]] [WMO](https://web.archive.org/web/20111010091557/http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html) | |||||
| 15 | [[File:Logo UN Tourism.svg | 90px]] | UN Tourism | Spain | Madrid | 1974 | 1925 | [[File:UNWTO.png | 100px]] [UNWTO](https://web.archive.org/web/20070715221037/http://www.unwto.org/states/index.php) | ||||
| Related organizations | |||||||||||||
| 16 | [[File:Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Logo.svg | Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Logo | 70px]] | Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization | CTBTO Prep Com | Austria | Vienna | 1996 | — | — | [[File:CTBT Participation.svg | 100px]] [CTBTO](http://www.ctbto.org/the-treaty/status-of-signature-and-ratification/) | |
| 17 | [[File:International Atomic Energy Agency Logo.svg | 70x70px]] | International Atomic Energy Agency | IAEA | Austria | Vienna | 1957 | — | [[File:IAEA member states.svg | 100px]] [IAEA](https://www.iaea.org/about/governance/list-of-member-states) | |||
| 18 | Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons | OPCW | Netherlands | The Hague | 1997 | — | — | [[File:CWC Participation.svg | 100px]] [OPCW](http://www.opcw.org/about-opcw/member-states/) | ||||
| 19 | [[File:World Trade Organization (logo and wordmark).svg | World Trade Organization (logo and wordmark) | 90px]] | World Trade Organization | WTO | Switzerland | Geneva | 1995 | 1948 | [[File:WTO members and observers.svg | 100px]] [WTO](http://www.wto.int/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm) | ||
| 20 | International Organization for Migration | IOM | Switzerland | Geneva | 1951 | — | [[File:IOM members and observers.svg | 100px]] [IOM](https://www.iom.int/) |
Notes
References
References
- "The United Nations System".
- Nations, United. "UN System".
- "What are UN Specialized Agencies, and how many are there? - Ask DAG!".
- "REPERTORY OF PRACTICE OF UNITED NATIONS ORGANS SUPPLEMENT No. 10 (2000–2009) – ARTICLE 17(3)". [[United Nations]].
- Eckart Klein: ''United Nations, Specialized Agencies'', para.9. In: [http://www.mpepil.com MaxPlanck Encyclopedia of Public International Law].
- "UN Specialized Agencies". Dag Hammarskjöld Library.
- "World Bank Group". Dag Hammarskjöld Library / UN System Documentation.
- UN Global Marketplace, [https://www.ungm.org/Shared/KnowledgeCenter/Document?widgetId=5327&documentId=1518804 2022 Annual Statistical Report on United Nations Procurement], page 2, published July 2023, accessed 7 August 2023
- "Structure and Organization".
- "Specialized Agencies".
- "Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs Supplement No. 9 (1995–1999) – Volume II – Article 17(3)". [[United Nations]].
- The WBG comprises a group of five legally separate but affiliated institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ([[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. IBRD]]), the International Finance Corporation ([[International Finance Corporation. IFC]]), the International Development Association ([[International Development Association. IDA]]), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ([[Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency. MIGA]]), and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes ([[International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes. ICSID]]). It is a vital source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world. Its mission is to fight poverty with passion and professionalism for lasting results and to help people help themselves and their environment by providing resources, sharing knowledge, [[Capacity building
- (23 January 2024). "UNWTO Becomes "UN Tourism" to Mark A New Era for Global Sector". UN Tourism.
- "International Refugee Organization {{!}} historical UN agency".
- "Funds, Programmes, Specialized Agencies and Others".
- "About". UN System Chief Executives Board for Coordination.
- (July 2021). "The United Nations System". United Nations Department of Global Communications.
- "Organization Chart – United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination".
- "DIRECTORY OF UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM ORGANIZATIONS – Related Organizations". [[United Nations]].
- (1998). "The New Chemical Weapons Convention: Implementation and Prospects". Kluwer Law International.
- (2014). "Essays on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court". [[Il Sirente]].
- (2007). "International Affairs". Znanye Publishing House.
- [http://www.iaea.org/About/history.html About IAEA: History]
- (2014-05-26). "IAEA By Numbers".
- Johan Rautenbach: ''International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)'', para.2. In: [http://www.mpepil.com Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law].
- (2016-07-26). "IOM Becomes a Related Organization to the UN". International Organization for Migration.
- [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Regional organization allowed by their member states to speak on their behalf. Regional organization allowed by their member states to speak on their behalf]].
- Listed in the table are only these UN observers that participate in the 15 specialized agencies, IAEA, ICJ and WTO.
- "Member States List". UNIDO.
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