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List of sovereign states by research and development spending

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List of sovereign states by research and development spending

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World map of sovereign states by research and development spending per capita, according to OECD<ref name=&quot;unctad&quot;/>

This is a list of countries by research and development (R&D) spending in real terms, based on data published by the World Bank, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

Definition

According to the World Bank: “Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D) include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research and experimental development.”

According to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe: “Research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the total intramural expenditure on research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the national territory during a specific reference period expressed as a percentage of national gross domestic product (GDP).”

According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: “Gross domestic spending on R&D is defined as the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D carried out by all resident companies, research institutes, universities and government laboratories, etc., in a country. It includes R&D funded from abroad, but excludes domestic funds for R&D performed outside the domestic economy.”

List

The following table provides information on R&D spending, based on data published by the World Bank, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The indicator is measured in USD constant prices using the 2015 base year and purchasing power parities (PPPs) by OECD and as percentage of GDP. As of 2022, Israel leads the world in R&D spending as a percentage of GDP, followed by South Korea, the United States, Japan, Belgium and Sweden.

CountryWBUNECEOECDR&D expenditureR&D expenditureGross domestic
spending on R&D% of GDPYear% of GDPYear% of GDPmil USD PPCYear
{{#invoke:flagAlbania}}0.152008
{{#invoke:flagAlgeria}}0.532017
{{#invoke:flagAmerican Samoa}}0.402006
{{#invoke:flagAngola}}0.032016
{{#invoke:flagArgentina}}0.522021
{{#invoke:flagArmenia}}0.2120220.212022
{{#invoke:flagAustralia}}1.832019
{{#invoke:flagAustria}}3.2620213.2620213.2015,247.242022
{{#invoke:flagAzerbaijan}}0.1520220.152022
{{#invoke:flagBahrain}}0.102014
{{#invoke:flagBelarus}}0.4820220.482022
{{#invoke:flagBelgium}}3.4320213.4320213.4119,815.992022
{{#invoke:flagBermuda}}0.232020
{{#invoke:flagRussia}}72021
{{#invoke:flagBosnia and Herzegovina}}0.1920220.192022
{{#invoke:flagBotswana}}0.562013
{{#invoke:flagBrazil}}1.152020
{{#invoke:flagBrunei}}0.282018
{{#invoke:flagBulgaria}}0.7720210.772021
{{#invoke:flagBurkina Faso}}0.252021
{{#invoke:flagBurundi}}0.212018
{{#invoke:flagCabo Verde}}0.072011
{{#invoke:flagCambodia}}0.122015
{{#invoke:flagCanada}}1.5520221.5520221.7132,444.092022
{{#invoke:flagChad}}0.302016
{{#invoke:flagChile}}0.332020
{{#invoke:flagChina}}2.432021
{{#invoke:flagColombia}}0.292020
{{#invoke:flagCosta Rica}}0.282021
{{#invoke:flagCroatia}}1.2420211.242021
{{#invoke:flagCuba}}0.322021
{{#invoke:flagCyprus}}0.8320210.832021
{{#invoke:flagCzech Republic}}2.0020212.0020211.968,065.572022
{{#invoke:flagCôte d'Ivoire}}0.072016
{{#invoke:flagDemocratic Republic of the Congo}}0.412015
{{#invoke:flagDenmark}}2.8120212.8120212.899,482.752022
{{#invoke:flagEcuador}}0.442014
{{#invoke:flagEgypt}}1.022022
{{#invoke:flagEl Salvador}}0.162021
{{#invoke:flagEstonia}}1.7520211.7520211.78851.982022
{{#invoke:flagEswatini}}0.272015
{{#invoke:flagEthiopia}}0.272017
{{#invoke:flagFaroe Islands}}0.852003
{{#invoke:flagFinland}}2.9920212.9920212.967,630.492022
{{#invoke:flagFrance}}2.2220212.2220212.1863,972.562022
{{#invoke:flagGabon}}0.582009
{{#invoke:flagGambia}}0.072018
{{#invoke:flagGeorgia}}0.2420220.242022
{{#invoke:flagGermany}}3.1420213.1420213.13131,833.552022
{{#invoke:flagGhana}}0.382010
{{#invoke:flagGreece}}1.4620211.4620211.494,673.542022
{{#invoke:flagGreenland}}0.652004
{{#invoke:flagGuam}}0.262005
{{#invoke:flagGuatemala}}0.062021
{{#invoke:flagHonduras}}0.062019
{{#invoke:flagHong Kong}}1.072022
{{#invoke:flagHungary}}1.6420211.6420211.394,632.642022
{{#invoke:flagIceland}}2.8120212.8120212.60533.652022
{{#invoke:flagIndia}}0.652020
{{#invoke:flagIndonesia}}0.282020
{{#invoke:flagIran}}0.792019
{{#invoke:flagIraq}}0.042021
{{#invoke:flagIreland}}1.1320211.1320210.965,346.652022
{{#invoke:flagIsrael}}5.5620215.5620216.0224,338.762022
{{#invoke:flagItaly}}1.4520211.4520211.3231,678.332022
{{#invoke:flagJamaica}}0.062002
{{#invoke:flagJapan}}3.3020213.41180,459.432022
{{#invoke:flagJordan}}0.702016
{{#invoke:flagKazakhstan}}0.1220220.122022
{{#invoke:flagKenya}}0.412022
{{#invoke:flagKuwait}}0.082022
{{#invoke:flagKyrgyzstan}}0.0820220.082022
{{#invoke:flagLaos}}0.042002
{{#invoke:flagLatvia}}0.7420210.7420210.76441.572022
{{#invoke:flagLesotho}}0.052015
{{#invoke:flagLithuania}}1.1120211.1120211.021,086.652022
{{#invoke:flagLuxembourg}}1.0420211.0420210.98715.642022
{{#invoke:flagMacau}}0.492022
{{#invoke:flagMadagascar}}0.012017
{{#invoke:flagMalaysia}}0.952020
{{#invoke:flagMali}}0.172021
{{#invoke:flagMalta}}0.6720210.672021
{{#invoke:flagMauritania}}0.012018
{{#invoke:flagMauritius}}0.312022
{{#invoke:flagMexico}}0.272022
{{#invoke:flagMoldova}}0.2320220.232022
{{#invoke:flagMonaco}}0.042005
{{#invoke:flagMongolia}}0.002022
{{#invoke:flagMontenegro}}0.3620190.362019
{{#invoke:flagMorocco}}0.662010
{{#invoke:flagMozambique}}0.312015
{{#invoke:flagMyanmar}}0.042022
{{#invoke:flagNamibia}}0.352014
{{#invoke:flagNepal}}0.302010
{{#invoke:flagNetherlands}}2.3120212.3120212.3022,861.222022
{{#invoke:flagNew Zealand}}1.452021
{{#invoke:flagNicaragua}}0.112015
{{#invoke:flagNigeria}}0.282019
{{#invoke:flagNorth Macedonia}}0.3820220.382022
{{#invoke:flagNorway}}1.9420211.9420211.567,209.062022
{{#invoke:flagOman}}0.282022
{{#invoke:flagPakistan}}0.162021
{{#invoke:flagPalestine}}0.452013
{{#invoke:flagPanama}}0.182022
{{#invoke:flagPapua New Guinea}}0.032016
{{#invoke:flagParaguay}}0.142021
{{#invoke:flagPeru}}0.162022
{{#invoke:flagPhilippines}}0.322018
{{#invoke:flagPoland}}1.4420211.4420211.4519,638.972022
{{#invoke:flagPortugal}}1.7320221.7320221.706,039.442022
{{#invoke:flagPuerto Rico}}0.432015
{{#invoke:flagQatar}}0.682021
{{#invoke:flagRepublic of the Congo}}0.412022
{{#invoke:flagRomania}}0.4720210.472021
{{#invoke:flagRussia}}0.9420220.942022
{{#invoke:flagRwanda}}0.762019
{{#invoke:flagSaint Lucia}}0.271999
{{#invoke:flagSaint Vincent and the Grenadines}}0.112002
{{#invoke:flagSaudi Arabia}}0.462022
{{#invoke:flagSenegal}}0.582015
{{#invoke:flagSerbia}}0.9720220.972022
{{#invoke:flagSeychelles}}0.222016
{{#invoke:flagSingapore}}2.162020
{{#invoke:flagSlovakia}}0.9220210.9220210.981,843.372022
{{#invoke:flagSlovenia}}2.1320212.1320212.111,708.272022
{{#invoke:flagSouth Africa}}0.602020
{{#invoke:flagSouth Korea}}4.9320215.21119,643.782022
{{#invoke:flagSpain}}1.4320211.4320211.4425,758.292022
{{#invoke:flagSri Lanka}}0.122020
{{#invoke:flagSudan}}0.222005
{{#invoke:flagSweden}}3.4220213.4220213.4119,031.002022
{{#invoke:flagSwitzerland}}3.3620213.362021
{{#invoke:flagSyria}}0.022015
{{#invoke:flagTajikistan}}0.0920200.092020
{{#invoke:flagTanzania}}0.512013
{{#invoke:flagThailand}}1.212021
{{#invoke:flagTogo}}0.202014
{{#invoke:flagTrinidad and Tobago}}0.052021
{{#invoke:flagTunisia}}0.752019
{{#invoke:flagTurkey}}1.4020211.4020211.3236,986.662022
{{#invoke:flagUganda}}0.142014
{{#invoke:flagUkraine}}0.3320220.332022
{{#invoke:flagUnited Arab Emirates}}1.502021
{{#invoke:flagUnited Kingdom}}2.9120212.912021
{{#invoke:flagUnited States Virgin Islands}}0.032007
{{#invoke:flagUnited States}}3.4620213.4620213.59761,582.952022
{{#invoke:flagUruguay}}0.632022
{{#invoke:flagUzbekistan}}0.1620220.162022
{{#invoke:flagVenezuela}}0.692016
{{#invoke:flagVietnam}}0.432021
{{#invoke:flagZambia}}0.282008
2.11408,322.102022
OECD2.731,707,220.862022

References

References

  1. Our World in Data. "Research and development spending as a share of GDP".
  2. World Bank. "Metadata Glossary {{!}} Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)".
  3. United Nations. "Indicator 9.5.1: Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP".
  4. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. "Gross domestic spending on R&D".
  5. World Bank. "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)".
  6. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. "Indicator 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, %".
  7. "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". World Bank.
  8. "Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, %". United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.
  9. "Gross domestic spending on R&D (% of GDP)". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  10. "Gross domestic spending on R&D (Million US dollars)". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
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