List of Scottish monarchs

Heraldry

Main article: Coat of arms of Scotland

File:Royal Standard of Scotland.svg|Royal Standard of the King of Scots File:Royal Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland.svg|William I – James VI File:Coat of Arms of Scotland (1603-1649).svg|James VI – James VII File:Coat of Arms of Scotland (1689-1694).svg|William II and Mary II File:Coat of Arms of Scotland (1694-1702).svg|William II File:Coat of Arms of Great Britain in Scotland (1707-1714).svg|Anne

List of monarchs of Scotland

House of Alpin (848–1034)

The reign of Kenneth MacAlpin begins what is often called the House of Alpin, an entirely modern concept. The descendants of Kenneth MacAlpin were divided into two branches; the crown would alternate between the two, the death of a king from one branch often hastened by war or assassination by a pretender from the other. Malcolm II was the last king of the House of Alpin; in his reign, he successfully crushed all opposition to him and, having no sons, was able to pass the crown to his daughter's son, Duncan I, who inaugurated the House of Dunkeld.

*Eochiad was a son of Run, King of Strathclyde, but his mother was a daughter of Kenneth I. Evidence of his reign is unclear. He may have never actually been king and if he was, he was co-king with Giric.

¤Amlaíb is known only by a reference to his death in 977, which reports him as King of Alba; since Kenneth II is known to have still been King in 972–973, Amlaíb must have taken power between 973 and 977.

House of Dunkeld (1034–1040)

Duncan succeeded to the throne as the maternal grandson of Malcolm II. The House of Dunkeld was therefore closely related to the House of Alpin. Duncan was killed in battle by Macbeth, another maternal grandson of Malcolm II.

House of Moray (1040–1058)

Macbeth came to power in 1040 after killing Duncan I in battle and had a long and relatively successful reign. Macbeth may have been a maternal grandson of Malcolm II and thus possibly a cousin of Duncan. He married Gruoch in 1032, who may have had a claim to the Scottish throne herself, being the granddaughter of either Kenneth II or Kenneth III. In a series of battles between 1057 and 1058, Duncan's son Malcolm III defeated and killed Macbeth and Macbeth's stepson and heir Lulach and became the king, thereby passing the throne back to the House of Dunkeld.

House of Dunkeld (restored) (1058–1286)

In a series of battles between 1057 and 1058, Duncan's son Malcolm III defeated and killed Macbeth and Macbeth's stepson and heir Lulach, claiming the throne. The dynastic feuds did not end there: on Malcolm III's death in battle, his brother Donald III, known as "Bán", claimed the throne, expelling Malcolm III's sons from Scotland. A civil war in the family ensued, with Donald III (later supported by Malcolm III's son Edmund) opposed by Malcolm III's other sons, led first by Duncan II and then by Edgar and backed by the Kingdom of England. Edgar triumphed, sending his uncle and brother to monasteries. After the reign of David I, the Scottish throne was passed according to rules of primogeniture, moving from father to son, or where not possible, brother to brother. Alexander III was the last ruler from the house of Dunkeld, and having no sons, the throne was inherited by his granddaughter Margaret, Maid of Norway.

House of Sverre (1286–1290)

Margaret, Maid of Norway inherited the throne in 1286, but died in 1290 in Orkney on her way to be crowned. During her absence, Scotland was ruled by a set of guardians. After her death, Scotland entered a period of interregnum, where 13 contenders fought for the throne and ultimately, John Balliol succeeded.

The status of Margaret, as a Scottish monarch is debated by historians. She was never crowned, and her contemporaries in Scotland described her as "queen" very rarely, referring to her instead as Scotland's "lady", "heir", or "lady and heir". On the other hand, documents issued from late 1286 no longer refer to the "king whosoever he may be", indicating that the throne may have been regarded as already occupied by Margaret. In modern historiography she is nearly unanimously called "queen", and reference books give 19 March 1286, the date of Alexander III's death, as the start of her reign.

First Interregnum (1286–1292)

Main article: Guardian of Scotland#Guardians of Scotland during the First Interregnum 1286–1292

The First Interregnum began upon the death of Alexander III of Scotland in 1286. Alexander's only surviving descendant was his granddaughter Margaret, Maid of Norway, a young child, who inherited the throne in 1286. A set of guardians were appointed to rule Scotland in her absence since she was living in Norway where her father Eric II was king. She was finally sent to Scotland in 1290 but died before arriving in Scotland. The next king of Scots was not determined until completion of an arbitration in 1292.

House of Balliol (1292–1296)

The death of Margaret of Norway began a two-year interregnum in Scotland caused by a succession crisis. With her death, the descent of William I became extinct and there was no obvious heir. Thirteen candidates presented themselves; the most prominent were John Balliol, great-grandson of William I's younger brother David of Huntingdon, and Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale, grandson of David of Huntingdon. The Scottish magnates invited Edward I of England to arbitrate the claims. He did so but forced the Scots to swear allegiance to him as overlord. Eventually, it was decided that John Balliol should become king. He proved weak and incapable and, in 1296, was forced to abdicate by Edward I who then attempted to annex Scotland into the Kingdom of England.

Second Interregnum (1296–1306)

Main article: Guardian of Scotland#Guardians of Scotland during the Second Interregnum 1296–1306

John Balliol abdicated in March 1296. That same month Edward I invaded Scotland. The second set of guardians were appointed under Edward I who ruled from 1296 to 1306, until the election of Robert the Bruce as the king of Scotland.

House of Bruce (1306–1371)

For ten years, Scotland had no king. The Scots, however, refused to tolerate English rule. First William Wallace and Andrew Moray, then John Comyn, and finally Robert the Bruce (the grandson of the 1292 competitor, Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale who in turn was the grandson of David of Huntingdon, younger brother of William I) fought against the English. Bruce and his supporters had murdered their rival to the throne of Scotland, John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch, on 10 February 1306 at Greyfriars Church in Dumfries. Shortly after in 1306, Robert was crowned King of Scots at Scone. Robert Bruce was then hunted down for his crime of murder, and subsequently, he escaped to the outskirt islands, leaving the country completely leaderless, and the English invaded once again. Bruce returned a year later and gained support for his cause. His energy, and the corresponding replacement of the vigorous Edward I with his weaker son Edward II in 1307, allowed Scotland to free itself from English rule. At the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, the Scots routed the English, and by 1328 the English had agreed by treaty to accept Scottish independence. Robert's son, David, acceded to the throne as a child. The English renewed their war with Scotland, and David was forced to flee the kingdom by Edward Balliol, son of King John, who managed to get himself crowned (1332–1356) and to give away Scotland's southern counties to England before being driven out again. David spent much of his life in exile, first in freedom with his ally, France, and then in prison in England. He was only able to return to Scotland in 1357. Upon his death, childless, in 1371, the House of Bruce came to an end.

House of Balliol (Disputed claimant) (1332–1356)

Edward Balliol was the son of King John Balliol, who had himself ruled for four years following his election in the Great Cause. Following his abdication, John Balliol lived out his life in obscurity in Picardy, France. During the minority of David II, Edward Balliol seized the opportunity to assert his claim to the throne, and backed by the English, he defeated the forces of David's regency and was himself crowned king at Scone in 1332. He was quickly defeated by loyalist forces and sent back to England. With English support, he would mount two more attempts to seize the throne again, in 1333 and 1335, each time his actual control of the throne was brief before being sent back to England, for the last time in 1336. When David returned from exile in 1341 to rule in his own right, Edward lost most of his support. When David II was captured in battle in 1346, Edward made one last attempt to seize the throne for himself but had little support and the campaign fizzled before it gained much traction. In 1356 he renounced all claims to the throne.

House of Stewart/Stuart (1371–1651)

Robert the Stewart was a grandson of Robert I by the latter's daughter, Marjorie. Having been born in 1316, he was older than his uncle, David II. Consequently, he was at his accession a middle-aged man, already 55, and unable to reign vigorously, a problem also faced by his son Robert III, who also ascended in middle age at 53 in 1390, and suffered lasting damage in a horse-riding accident. These two were followed by a series of regencies, caused by the youth of the succeeding five boy kings. Consequently, the Stewart era saw periods of royal inertia, during which the nobles usurped power from the crown, followed by periods of personal rule by the monarch, during which he or she would attempt to address the issues created by their minority and the long-term effects of previous reigns. Governing Scotland became increasingly difficult, as the powerful nobility became increasingly intractable. James I's attempts to curb the disorder of the realm ended in his assassination. James III was killed in a civil war between himself and the nobility, led by his son. When James IV, who had governed sternly and suppressed the aristocrats, died in the Battle of Flodden, his wife Margaret Tudor, who had been nominated regent for their young son James V, was unseated by noble feuding, and James V's wife, Mary of Guise, succeeded in ruling Scotland during the regency for her young daughter Mary I only by dividing and conquering the noble factions, distributing French bribes with a liberal hand. Finally, Mary I, the daughter of James V, found herself unable to govern Scotland faced with the surliness of the aristocracy and the intransigence of the population, who favored Calvinism and disapproved of her Catholicism. She was forced to abdicate, and fled to England, where she was imprisoned in various castles and manor houses for eighteen years and finally executed for treason against the English queen Elizabeth I. Upon her abdication, her son, fathered by Henry, Lord Darnley, a junior member of the Stewart family, became King as James VI.

James VI became King of England and Ireland as James I in 1603 when his cousin Elizabeth I died. Thereafter, although the two crowns of England and Scotland remained separate, the monarchy was based chiefly in England. Charles I, James's son, found himself faced with the Civil War. The resultant conflict lasted eight years and ended in his execution. The English Parliament then decreed their monarchy to be at an end. The Scots Parliament, after some deliberation, broke their links with England and declared that Charles II, son, and heir of Charles I, would become King. He ruled until 1651 when the armies of Oliver Cromwell occupied Scotland and drove him into exile.

Third Interregnum (1651–1660)

Main article: Scotland under the Commonwealth

House of Stuart (restored) (1660–1707)

With the Scottish Restoration, the Stuarts became Kings of Scotland once more but Scotland's rights were not respected. During the reign of Charles II, the Scottish Parliament was dissolved and James was appointed Governor of Scotland. James II himself became James VII in 1685. His Catholicism was not tolerated, and he was driven out of England after three years. In his place came his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange, the ruler of the Dutch Republic. The two were accepted as monarchs of Scotland after a period of deliberation by the Scottish Parliament and ruled together as William II and Mary II.

An attempt to establish a Scottish colonial empire through the Darien Scheme, in rivalry to that of England, failed, leaving the Scottish nobles who financed the venture for their profit bankrupt. This coincided with the accession of Queen Anne, daughter of James VII. Anne had multiple children but none of these survived her, leaving as her heir her half-brother, James, then living in exile in France. The English favored the Protestant Sophia of Hanover (a granddaughter of James VI) as heir. Many Scots preferred Prince James, who as a Stuart was a Scot by ancestry, and threatened to break the Union of Crowns between England and Scotland by choosing him for themselves. To preserve the union, the English elaborated a plan whereby the two Kingdoms of Scotland and England would merge into a single Kingdom, the Kingdom of Great Britain, ruled by a common monarch, and with a single Parliament. Both national parliaments agreed to this (the Scots albeit reluctantly, motivated primarily by the national finances), and some subterfuge as a total majority of signatories were needed to ratify the Scottish parliament's assent, bribes, and payments. Thereafter, although monarchs continued to rule over the nation of Scotland, they did so first as monarchs of Great Britain, and from 1801 of the United Kingdom.

Acts of Union

The Acts of Union were twin acts of Parliament passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland, putting into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union, agreed on 22 July 1706, following prolonged negotiation between Queen Anne's Commissioners representing both parliaments. The acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland to form a united Kingdom of Great Britain.

Scotland and England had shared a common monarch since the Union of the Crowns in 1603 when the Scottish king James VI succeeded to the English throne. Although described as a Union of Crowns, before the Acts of Union of 1707, the crowns of the two separate kingdoms had rested on the same head. Three unsuccessful attempts (in 1606, 1667, and 1689) were made to unite the two kingdoms by acts of Parliament, but it was not until the early 18th century that the idea had the will of both political establishments to succeed, thereby bringing the two separate states together under a single parliament as well as a single monarch.

Later claimants

Main article: Jacobite succession

James VII continued to claim the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. When he died in 1701, his son James inherited his father's claims and called himself James VIII of Scotland and III of England and Ireland. He would continue to do so all his life, even after the Kingdoms of England and Scotland were ended by their merging as the Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1715, a year after the death of his half-sister, Queen Anne, and the accession of their cousin George of Hanover, James landed in Scotland and attempted to claim the throne. He failed and was forced to flee back to the Continent. A second attempt by his son Charles, on behalf of his father, in 1745–6, also failed. Both James's children died without legitimate issue, bringing the Stuart family to an end.

• James Francis Edward Stuart, also known as The Old Pretender, son of James VII, was claimant as "James VIII" ("James III" in England and Ireland) from 1701 until he died in 1766.
• Charles Edward Stuart, also known as The Young Pretender and often called Bonnie Prince Charlie, son of James VIII, was claimant as "Charles III" from his father's death until his death in 1788 without legitimate issue.
• Henry Benedict Stuart, brother of Charles III and youngest son of James VIII, was claimant as "Henry I" ("Henry IX" in England and Ireland). As a Catholic cleric, Henry died unmarried and without issue in 1807.

After 1807, the Jacobite claims passed first to the House of Savoy (1807–1840), then to the Modenese branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (1840–1919), and finally to the House of Wittelsbach (since 1919). The current heir is Franz, Duke of Bavaria. Neither he nor any of his predecessors since 1807 have pursued their claim.

In 1971, Ugandan President Idi Amin proclaimed himself to be the uncrowned king of Scotland, although this claim gained no international recognition.

Timeline of Scottish monarchs

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DateFormat=yyyy Period=from:843 till:1707 TimeAxis=orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor=unit:year increment:100 start:900 ScaleMinor=unit:year increment:25 start:850

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from: 843 till: 1034 color: al text:Alpin from: 1034 till: 1286 color: du text:Dunkeld from: 1286 till: 1290 color: fa text:Fairhair from: 1290 till: 1292 color: cw text:N/A from: 1292 till: 1296 color: ba text:Balliol from: 1296 till: 1306 color: cw text:N/A from: 1306 till: 1371 color: br text:Bruce from: 1371 till: 1567 color: sw text:Stewart from: 1567 till: 1651 color: su text:Stuart from: 1651 till: 1660 color: cw text:Cromwell from: 1660 till: 1707 color: su text:Stuart (restored)

width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till barset:Rulers

from: 843 till: 858 color:al text:Kenneth I from: 858 till: 862 color:al text:Donald I from: 862 till: 877 color:al text:Constantine I from: 877 till: 878 color:al text:Áed from: 878 till: 889 color:al text:Giric from: 878 till: 889 color:al text:Eochaid from: 889 till: 900 color:al text:Donald II from: 900 till: 943 color:al text:Constantine II from: 943 till: 954 color:al text:Malcolm I from: 954 till: 962 color:al text:Indulf from: 962 till: 967 color:al text:Dub from: 967 till: 971 color:al text:Cuilén from: 973 till: 977 color:al text:Amlaíb from: 977 till: 995 color:al text:Kenneth II from: 995 till: 997 color:al text:Constantine III from: 997 till: 1005 color:al text:Kenneth III from: 1005 till: 1034 color:al text:Malcolm II

from: 1034 till: 1040 color:du text:Duncan I from: 1040 till: 1057 color:du text:Macbeth from: 1057 till: 1058 color:du text:Lulach from: 1058 till: 1093 color:du text:Malcolm III from: 1093 till: 1097 color:du text:Donald III from: 1094 till: 1094 color:du text:Duncan II from: 1097 till: 1107 color:du text:Edgar from: 1107 till: 1124 color:du text:Alexander I from: 1124 till: 1153 color:du text:David I from: 1153 till: 1165 color:du text:Malcolm IV from: 1165 till: 1214 color:du text:William I from: 1214 till: 1249 color:du text:Alexander II from: 1249 till: 1286 color:du text:Alexander III

from: 1286 till: 1290 color:fa text:Margaret, Maid of Norway

from: 1292 till: 1296 color:ba text:John Balliol

from: 1306 till: 1329 color:br text:Robert I from: 1329 till: 1371 color:br text:David II

from: 1371 till: 1390 color:sw text:Robert II from: 1390 till: 1406 color:sw text:Robert III from: 1406 till: 1437 color:sw text:James I from: 1437 till: 1460 color:sw text:James II from: 1460 till: 1488 color:sw text:James III from: 1488 till: 1513 color:sw text:James IV from: 1513 till: 1542 color:sw text:James V from: 1542 till: 1567 color:sw text:Mary I

from: 1567 till: 1625 color:su text:James VI from: 1625 till: 1649 color:su text:Charles I from: 1649 till: 1651 color:su text:Charles II

from: 1653 till: 1658 color:cw text:Oliver Cromwell from: 1658 till: 1659 color:cw text:Richard Cromwell

from: 1660 till: 1685 color:su text:Charles II (restored) from: 1685 till: 1689 color:su text:James VII from: 1689 till: 1694 color:su text:Mary II from: 1689 till: 1702 color:su text:William II from: 1702 till: 1707 color:su text:Anne

barset:skip

Coronation oath

The Scottish coronation oath sworn by James VI, Charles I, and Charles II and approved by the Parliament of Scotland in 1567:

The coronation oath sworn by William II, Mary II and Anne was approved by the Parliament of Scotland on 18 April 1689. The oath was as follows:

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500–1286, 2 Vols (Edinburgh, 1922).
• Hudson, Benjamin T., Kings of Celtic Scotland (Westport, 1994).
• Skene, W. F. (ed.), Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots and other Early Memorials of Scottish History (Edinburgh, 1867)

References

1. Broun, ''Scottish Independence''. pp. 71–97.
2. (13 January 2016). "Kenneth I (r. 834–858)".
3. Properly speaking, Coinneach should actually be Cionaodh, since Coinneach is historically a separate name. However, in the modern language, both names have converged.
4. Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 83.
5. (13 January 2016). "Donald I (r. 859–863)".
6. (13 January 2016). "Constantine I (r. 863–877)".
7. Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 85.
8. (13 January 2016). "Aed (r. 877–878)".
9. (13 January 2016). "Giric (r. 878–889)".
10. Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 87.
11. (13 January 2016). "Donald II (r. 889–900)".
12. Hudson, ''Celtic Kings'', p. 58.
13. (13 January 2016). "Constantine II (r. 900–943)".
14. Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 91; Hudson, ''Celtic Kings'', p. 65.
15. (13 January 2016). "Malcolm I (r. 943–954)".
16. Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 93.
17. (13 January 2016). "Indulf (r. 954–962)".
18. His name is a [[Gaelicisation]] of the Norse name Hildufr (or perhaps English Eadulf); it occurs in various contemporary Gaelic forms, such as ''Iondolbh'', found in the ''[[Duan Albanach]]''; Ildulb is used by some historians because it correctly represents the name ''Hildulfr'' in Gaelic orthography; Eadwulf would perhaps be Idulb, hence that form is also used sometimes. The name never came into wider use in the Scottish world, or the Gaelic world more generally, and has no modern form. The name "Indulf" is a spelling produced by later medieval French influence; Hudson, ''Celtic Kings'', p, 89.
19. Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 94.
20. (13 January 2016). "Dubh or Duff (r. 962–967)".
21. ''[[Duan Albanach]]'', 23 [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100028/text002.html here]; as Dub means "Black", "Dub the Black" is tautologous.
22. (13 January 2016). "Culen or Colin (r. 967–971)".
23. Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 95.
24. (13 January 2016). "Kenneth II (r. 971–995)".
25. Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 96.
26. (13 January 2016). "Constantine III (r. 995–997)".
27. (13 January 2016). "Kenneth III (r. 997–1005)".
28. Former probable because later English (speaking) sources called him "Grim"; Old Irish ''donn'' has similar meaning to Old Irish ''greimm'', which means "power" or "authority"; see Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 98; Hudson, ''Celtic Kings'', p. 105.
29. (13 January 2016). "Malcolm II (r. 1005–1034)".
30. Skene, ''Chronicles'', pp. 99–100.
31. (13 January 2016). "Duncan I (r. 1034–1040)".
32. Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 101.
33. "Macbeth (r. 1040–1057)".
34. Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 102.
35. (13 January 2016). "Lulach (r. 1057–1058)".
36. Anderson, ''Early Sources'', vol. i, p. 603.
37. (13 January 2016). "Malcolm III (r. 1058–1093)".
38. This name was probably only originally applied to Mael Coluim IV, Mael Coluim III's grandson, and then later confused; see Duncan, '' Kingship of the Scots'', pp. 51–52, 74–75; Oram, ''David I'', p. 17, note 1. Cenn Mór certainly means "great chief" rather than "big head", as sometimes thought.
39. (13 January 2016). "Donald III (r. 1093–1094, 1094–1097)".
40. (21 January 2016). "Duncan II (r. 1094)".
41. (21 January 2016). "Edgar (r. 1097–1107)".
42. Anderson, ''Early Sources'', vol. ii, p. 141.
43. (21 January 2016). "Alexander I (r. 1107–1124)".
44. This nickname however is not attested for another three centuries, in the work of [[Andrew of Wyntoun]].
45. (21 January 2016). "David I (r. 1124–1153)".
46. Later nickname. Latin ''Sanctus'' also means simply "Holy". David was never canonised.
47. (21 January 2016). "Malcolm IV (r. 1153–1165)".
48. Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1214.6; Annals of Loch Cé, s.a. 1213.10.
49. (21 January 2016). "Alexander II (r. 1214–1249)".
50. Ashley, Mike. British Kings & Queens. New York: Carroll and Graf Publishers (1998), p. 407
51. (21 January 2016). "Alexander III (r. 1249–1286)".
52. (21 January 2016). "Margaret (r. 1286–1290)".
53. (3 February 2016). "John Balliol (r. 1292–1296)".
54. (3 February 2016). "Robert I (r. 1306–1329)".
55. Rasmusen, Barbara Mure (1996). ''[[iarchive:robertbruce0000rasm. Robert The Bruce]]''. Publisher: Heinemann. {{ISBN. 0-431-05883-0.
56. (3 February 2016). "David II (r. 1329–1371)".
57. (3 February 2016). "Edward Balliol (r. for periods 1332–1356)".
58. (3 February 2016). "Robert II (r. 1371–1390)".
59. (3 February 2016). "Robert III (r. 1390–1406)".
60. (3 February 2016). "James I (r. 1406–1437)".
61. (3 February 2016). "James II (r. 1437–1460)".
62. (3 February 2016). "James III (r. 1460–1488)".
63. (3 February 2016). "James IV (r. 1488–1513)".
64. (3 February 2016). "James V (r. 1513–1542)".
65. (3 February 2016). "Mary, Queen of Scots (r. 1542–1567)".
66. (3 February 2016). "James VI and I (r. 1567–1625)".
67. (30 December 2015). "Charles I (r. 1625–1649)".
68. (3 February 2016). "Charles II (r. 1660–1685)".
69. (26 February 2016). "James II (r. 1685–1688)".
70. (3 February 2016). "William II and III (r. 1689-1702) and Mary II (r. 1689–1694)".
71. (3 February 2016). "Anne (r. 1702–1714)".
72. [http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/ Welcome] {{Webarchive. link. (15 October 2008 parliament.uk, accessed 7 October 2008)
73. Appiah, Anthony. (1999). "Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience".
74. [http://www.rps.ac.uk/search.php?action=fetch_chunk_frame&fn=william_and_mary_trans&id=id20401&query=&type=trans&variants=&fragment=t1689_3_130_d6_trans Scottish Parliament Project].