List of Russian monarchs

Rurikids (862–1598)

Princes of Novgorod

Main article: Prince of Novgorod

In traditional historiography, the first Russian monarch is considered to be the semi-legendary Rurik, the first prince of Novgorod.

Grand princes of Kiev

Main article: Grand Prince of Kiev

Rurik's successor Oleg moved his capital to Kiev, founding a state denoted in modern historiography as Kievan Rus' () or Ancient Rus' (). Over the next several centuries, the most important titles were grand prince of Kiev and prince of Novgorod, whose holder (often the same person) could claim hegemony.

Younger brother of Yaropolk I Overthrown by Yaroslav of Novgorod

Feudal period

The gradual disintegration of Kievan Rus' began in the 11th century, after the death of Yaroslav the Wise. The position of the grand prince was weakened by the growing influence of regional clans. In 1097, the Council of Liubech formalized the feudal nature of the lands. The Liubech conference resulted in the creation of a federative structure, with the different principalities within the structure remaining bound to Kiev as the center of the state. This structure allowed for some of the principalities to develop into semi-independent polities, with conflict between the principalities intensifying in the 12th century.

Usurped the Kievan thronePrince of Polotsk (1044–67, 1071–1101) Handed over the throne to Iziaslav IPrince of Pereyaslavl (1054–73), Chernigov (1073–78). The first known of the Kiev princes to bear the title of "Prince of all Rus′"

After Mstislav's death in 1132, Kievan Rus' fell into recession and a rapid decline, marking the end of a unified state. The throne of Kiev became an object of struggle between various territorial associations of Rurikid princes in the decades to come, despite Kiev losing almost all of its former glory and power.

Younger brother of Mstislav IPrince of Pereyaslavl (1114–32) – 2 February 1154 – 19 September 1146 Fled from Kiev when Iziaslav's troops were approaching the cityPrince of Rostov and Suzdal (1113–49, 1151–57) Вячеслав Владимирович – 2 February 1154 – December 1154 Left Kiev after defeat from Iziaslav of Chernigov

In March 1169, a coalition of princes led by the grand prince of Vladimir, Andrey Bogolyubsky, sacked Kiev and forced the ruling prince, Mstislav II, to flee to Volhynia. Andrei appointed his brother, Gleb, as the prince of Kiev, while Andrei himself continued to rule his realm from Vladimir-on-the-Klyazma. Andrei styled himself as the grand prince of Vladimir, although the less important prince in Kiev would still bear the title of grand prince; the last prince to bear the title of grand prince of Kiev was Michael of Chernigov, who died in 1246, while the grand princes of Vladimir retained their title. The other future grand princely titles were derived from the grand princely title of Vladimir.

From that time onwards, Vladimir became one of the most influential principalities. In the south-west, the principality of Galicia-Volhynia began to emerge as a local successor to Kiev. Following the Mongol invasions, three powerful states emerged: the Grand Principality of Vladimir in the north-east, which would evolve into the Grand Principality of Moscow and become the center of the autocratic Russian state; the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia in the south-west, which was later annexed by Poland and Lithuania; and the Novgorod Republic in the north.

Grand princes of Vladimir

Main article: Grand Prince of Vladimir

By the 12th century, the Grand Principality of Vladimir became the dominant principality in the north-east, adding its name to those of Novgorod and Kiev, culminating with the rule of Alexander Nevsky. In 1169, Andrey I's son sacked the city of Kiev, but Andrey instead stayed in Vladimir and made it his capital, while taking the title of grand prince to claim primacy, leading to political power being shifted to the north-east.

Assassinated by local nobility Younger brother of Andrey I Younger brother of Andrey I and Mikhalko Константин Всеволодович Elder brother of Yuri II

Following the Mongol invasions, the principalities started paying tribute to the Golden Horde (the so-called "Tatar yoke"). Until the 15th century, Russian princes received a yarlyk from the khan; it was not until about 1480 that the Mongol domination of Russia formally ended.

Younger brother of Yuri II and Konstantin of Rostov Also Grand Prince of Kiev in 1236–38 and since 1243 – 3 February 1252 Younger brother of Yuri II, Konstantin of Rostov and Yaroslav II – 15 January 1248 – 3 February 1252 Elder brother of Mikhail Khorobrit Elder brother of Mikhail Khorobrit and Andrey IIPrince of Novgorod three times, Grand Prince of Kiev since 1249

After the death of Alexander Nevsky, the Grand Principality of Vladimir split into various appanage principalities, with Alexander's youngest son Daniel being the first permanent ruler of Moscow. The territory of Vladimir proper was received by the Horde to one of the appanage princes, who performed the enthronement ceremony in Vladimir, but remained to live and reign in his own principality. By the end of the century, only three cities – Moscow, Tver, and Nizhny Novgorod – still contended for the title of grand prince of Vladimir. The grand princely title occasionally reverted to Tver, but in the end, the Moscow branch of Rurikids established by Daniel successfully claimed the title for themselves exclusively.

Ivan I was able to collect tribute from the Russian princes to the Golden Horde and his reign saw a significant strengthening of Moscow as Ivan increased its wealth and purchased more land, including entire appanages from bankrupt princes. Ivan was also able to convince the head of the Russian Orthodox Church to move to Moscow, and Vladimir remained in the hands of the princes of Moscow. Ivan's son Simeon was the first prince to adopt the style of grand prince of Moscow and Vladimir.

The princes of Moscow and Suzdal entered a struggle for the grand princely title following the death of Ivan II, with Ivan's son Dmitry Ivanovich (later known as Dmitry Donskoy) taking the throne from Dmitry Konstantinovich in 1363. The Battle of Kulikovo in 1380 marked a turning point, with the prince of Moscow seen as the dominant prince.

Ярослав Ярославич Younger brother of Alexander Nevsky, Andrey II and Mikhail Khorobrit Василий Ярославич Дмитрий Александрович Андрей Александрович Younger brother of Dmitry of Pereslavl Дмитрий Александрович Андрей Александрович Михаил Ярославич (Михаил Тверской) Murdered Юрий Данилович Дмитрий Михайлович (Грозные Очи) Murdered Александр Михайлович Younger brother of Dmitry Александр Васильевич Иван Данилович (Иван Калита) Son of Daniel of Moscow Younger brother of Yuri IIICo-ruler: Alexander of Suzdal (until 1331) Симеон Иванович (Симеон Гордый) – 27 April 1353 Иван Иванович (Иван Красный) – 13 November 1359 Younger brother of Simeon Дмитрий Константинович – 5 July 1383 Дмитрий Иванович (Дмитрий Донской) – 19 May 1389 Prince of Moscow since 1359

After the death of Dmitry Donskoy, the throne of Vladimir was passed to the prince of Moscow, thus usurping the right of the khan to appoint the grand prince. The grand princes of Moscow later adopted the title of sovereign and grand prince of all Russia, with the unification of other principalities with Moscow cultivating a sense of an imperial role for the grand prince as the ruler of all Russia.

Grand princes of Moscow

The Russians began to exert independence from the Mongols, culminating with Ivan III ceasing tribute to the Horde, effectively declaring his independence. Ivan III also greatly expanded his domain with the annexations of other principalities; his son Vasili III completed the task of uniting all of Russia by annexing the last few independent states in the 1520s.

Princely succession in medieval Russia proceeded along the lines of the eldest son usually being the being chosen, with the condition that substitution did not take place if the father died before the grandfather. The grand princes of Moscow, once they entrenched their status as the supreme prince with regard to other Russian princes, typically left a will in which they appointed their eldest son as heirs to the title of grand prince; this did not fully conform to traditional succession practices, and in 1497, Ivan III went one step further by crowning his grandson Dmitry as co-ruler, bypassing his son Vasily, who, according to the traditional system, would have been the heir, although in the end Vasily was made co-ruler and this arrangement did not work out. Ivan III also used the title of tsar in his foreign correspondence, but it would be his grandson Ivan IV who would be crowned as the first Russian tsar.

– 27 February 1425 – 27 March 1462 Юрий Дмитриевич – 5 June 1434 Younger brother of Vasily I Василий Юрьевич (Василий Косой) – 27 March 1462 – 17 July 1453 First to use the title of Sovereign of all Russia – 27 March 1462 – 6 November 1505 – 13 December 1533 – 28 March 1584

Tsars of Russia

Main article: Tsar of all Russia

Ivan IV ("the Terrible") assumed the title of tsar in 1547. Succession was treated in an unorthodox manner under Ivan IV, who, in 1575, formally transferred his powers to Simeon Bekbulatovich, a Tatar prince who had been baptized and given his own principality; Ivan returned to the throne the following year. Ivan was succeeded in 1584 by his only surviving son, Feodor, who died without an heir, marking the end of the Rurik dynasty.

– 28 March 1584 – 17 January 1598

Time of Troubles (1598–1613)

Tsars of Russia

In 1581, Ivan the Terrible killed his firstborn son Ivan Ivanovich in a fit of rage, leaving only Feodor I to succeed him. Feodor died childless, marking the end of the Rurik dynasty and the start of a succession crisis during a period known as the Time of Troubles. The first non-Rurikid tsar was Feodor's brother-in-law and regent, the influent boyar Boris Godunov, elected by the Zemsky Sobor (feudal parliament).

– 27 October 1603 – 13 April 1605 Elected by Zemsky Sobor – 20 June 1605 Murdered

Devastated by famine, rule under Boris descended into anarchy. There followed a series of impostors, known as the False Dmitrys, each claiming to be Feodor I's long deceased younger brother; however, only the first impostor ever took the capital and sat on the throne. A distant Rurikid cousin, Vasily Shuysky, also took power for a time. During this period foreign powers deeply involved themselves in Russian politics, under the leadership of the Vasa monarchs of Sweden and Poland-Lithuania, including Sigismund III Vasa and his son Władysław. As a child, Władysław was even chosen as tsar by the council of aristocracy, though he was prevented by his father from formally taking the throne. The Time of Troubles is considered to have ended with the election of Michael Romanov to the throne in February 1613, thereby establishing the Romanov dynasty.

– 17 May 1606 (claimed) – 12 September 1612 – 20 May 1648 (resigned his claim in 1634) Son of Sigismund III Vasa and Anne of Austria Elected by the Seven Boyars, never assumed the thronePretenders: False Dmitry II (until 21 December 1610), False Dmitry III (July 1611 – May 1612)

Romanovs (1613–1917)

Tsars of Russia

Main article: Tsar of all Russia

The Time of Troubles came to a close with the election of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. Tsar Mikhail's father Patriarch Filaret of Moscow was descended from the Rurik dynasty through the female line. His mother, Evdokiya Gorbataya-Shuyskaya, was a Rurikid princess from the Shuysky branch, daughter of Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky. Michael officially reigned as tsar, though his father, Patriarch Philaret, held de facto power until his death in 1633. However, Michael's descendants would rule Russia, first as tsars and later as emperors, until the Russian Revolution of 1917. Michael was succeeded by his only son, Alexis, who in turn was succeeded by his eldest son of his first marriage, Feodor.

Following the death of Feodor, there were two candidates for the throne: his brother Ivan and his half-brother Peter, who were fifteen and nine years old, respectively. Each candidate was supported by a competing clan, the Miloslavskys and Naryshkins. At first, the throne was given to Peter, but as a result of the streltsy uprising in Moscow, a compromise solution was found and both Peter and Ivan were made co-monarchs in 1682, with Ivan's older sister Sophia ruling as regent. Ivan was considered the senior tsar and Peter the junior tsar; however, due to Ivan being considered unfit for the role, Peter was able to remove his half-sister Sophia from power and take control of the throne at the age of 17 with the assistance of another streltsy uprising in 1689. Peter then became the sole monarch in 1696 upon the death of Ivan.

– 12 July 1645 First cousin once removed of Feodor ICo-ruler: Patriarch Filaret (1619–1633) Rurikid ancestry (through his father's mother) – 29 January 1676 – 7 May 1682 – 8 February 1696 Younger brother of Feodor III and Sophia Elder half-brother of Peter ICo-ruler: Peter I Regent: princess Sophia (8 June 1682 – 17 September 1689) – 8 February 1725 Younger half-brother of Feodor IIICo-ruler: Ivan V (7 May 1682 – 8 February 1696) Regent: tsaritsa dowager Natalia (7 May – 2 June 1682), princess Sophia (8 June 1682 – 17 September 1689)

Emperors of Russia

Main article: Emperor of Russia

The Russian Empire was proclaimed by Peter the Great in 1721 following the creation of the imperial title in the aftermath of the Great Northern War. Russia's territorial gains and increased standing as a key player on the European scene allowed it to upgrade its official status from tsardom to empire. The full imperial title proposed in 1721 to Peter was "Father of the Fatherland, Peter the Great, All-Russian Emperor". At his accession as the sole monarch of Russia in 1696, Peter held the same title as his father, Alexis: "Great Lord Tsar and Grand Prince, Autocrat of Great, Small and White Russia". By 1710, he had styled himself as "Tsar and All-Russian Emperor", but it was not until 1721 that the imperial title became official. The adjective "All-Russian" had been increasingly used to refer to the territories of modern-day Belarus and Ukraine as well.

Peter issued a decree in 1722 in which the sovereign would be free to appoint a successor, referring to a number of historical precedents, including the conduct of Ivan III, who initially chose his grandson as his successor. This was later detailed in Pravda voli Monarshei v opredelenii Naslednika Derzhavy Sovei ("The righteousness of the monarch's will in appointing the successor in his reign"), a major political treatise written in its defense, which was only circulated widely following Peter's death, and argued on the basis of an abundance of examples from both biblical and secular history that it was fully correct for a ruler to appoint his own successor without being bound by traditional family succession rules. Peter died in 1725 without naming a successor.

Officially, Russia would be ruled by the Romanov dynasty until the Russian Revolution of 1917. However, direct male descendants of Michael Romanov came to an end in 1730 with the death of Peter II of Russia, grandson of Peter the Great. The throne passed to Anna, a niece of Peter the Great, and after the brief rule of her niece's infant son Ivan VI, the throne was seized by Elizabeth, a daughter of Peter the Great. Elizabeth would be the last of the direct Romanovs to rule Russia. Elizabeth declared her nephew, Peter, to be her heir. Peter, who would rule as Peter III, was a German prince (with Romanov ancestry on his mother's side) of the House of Holstein-Gottorp before arriving in Russia to assume the imperial title. He and his German wife Sophia (who had distant Rurikid ancestry) changed their name to Romanov upon inheriting the throne. Peter was ill-liked, and he was assassinated within six months of assuming the throne, in a coup orchestrated by his wife, who became Empress in her own right and ruled as Catherine the Great. Their son, Paul I established clear succession laws which governed the rules of primogeniture over the imperial throne due to the confused successions of the descendants of Peter the Great. These laws were held until the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917.

– 8 February 1725 Younger half-brother of Feodor III, Sophia and Ivan V Regarded as one of the greatest Russian monarchs.

Cause of death: Prostate disease – 17 May 1727

Cause of death: Lung abscess Romanov (by marriage) – 30 January 1730 Last male of the direct Romanov line

Cause of death: Smallpox – 28 October 1740

Cause of death: Chronic kidney disease – 16 July 1764 Deposed as a baby, imprisoned and later murderedRegents: E. J. von Biron (until 20 November 1740), Anna Leopoldovna (since 20 November 1740)

Cause of death: Assassination – 5 January 1762

Cause of death: Stroke – 17 July 1762 Nephew of Elizabeth Deposed and later murdered

Cause of death: Assassination – 17 November 1796 Niece-in-law of Elizabeth of Russia

Cause of death: Stroke Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov (by marriage) Rurikids (distant ancestry) – 23 March 1801

Cause of death: Assassination – 1 December 1825 First Romanov King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland

Cause of death: Typhus fever – 2 March 1855

Cause of death: Pneumonia – 13 March 1881 Nephew of Alexander I Cause of death: Assassinated – 1 November 1894 Cause of death: Kidney disease – 17 July 1918 Abdicated the throne during the February Revolution Cause of death: Assassination (Murdered by the Bolsheviks)

Pretenders after Nicholas II

– 13 June 1918 Abdicated after a nominal reign of only 18 hours, ending dynastic rule in Russia He is not usually recognised as an emperor, as Russian law did not allow Nicholas II to disinherit his son – 5 January 1929 Proclaimed Emperor of Russia by the Zemsky Sobor of the Provisional Priamurye Government while being in exile His nominal rule came to an end when the areas controlled by the Provisional Priamurye Government were overrun by the communists "Cyril I" – 12 October 1938 Claimed the title Emperor of All the Russias while in exile Recognised by a congress of legitimists delegates in Paris in 1926

The rights of Kirill Vladimirovich and his heirs to the imperial throne of Russia have been repeatedly questioned following his marriage with Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The principles laid down by Paul I in the Act of Succession 1797 turned out to be not completely flawlessly formulated, and, as a result, the interpretation of these is not always obvious, and Russia now has no indisputable contender for the throne. Moreover, for more than a hundred years the throne itself has ceased to exist. Nevertheless, when in 1915 Nicholas II, before the lack of successible grand dukes, allowed them to retain their personal rights, as it had happened in practice with Alexander II after his second and morganatic marriage, Kirill Vladimirovich's issue was never deemed to be considered morganatic, nor were they demoted from grand dukes to mere princes.

Timeline of monarchs

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Note

References

Sources

References

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