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List of reentering space debris

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The External Tank for STS-1 is released from the Space Shuttle. This was a Standard Weight tank and was painted white

This is a list of artificial objects reentering Earth's atmosphere by mass (see space debris). Such objects are often completely destroyed by reentry heating, but large enough objects or components can survive. Most of the objects which reenter are relatively small; larger objects have survived but usually break up into smaller pieces during reentry.

The list includes group entries for the 134 Space Shuttle external tanks used between 1981 and 2011. During Space Shuttle launches, the tanks reached space without reaching orbit and re-entered the atmosphere, breaking apart before impacting the ocean. The mass of those tanks varied throughout the years, as improvements made them lighter - successive modifications reduced their empty weight from approximately 35000 kg to approximately 58500 lb for the Super Lightweight Tank used after 1998. The tanks were also not necessarily completely empty when discarded.

Many other launch systems have discarded spent stages into space, but not all stages go into orbit or even reach space (by passing the Kármán line). For example, the Space Shuttle side boosters did not reach space, as the highest altitude reached during their flight was only about 220,000 feet (67 km).

Examples of heaviest re-entering spacecraft or components

ObjectOwnerMassReentry DateAgeReentry typeLaunch Date
MirRussia120,000 kgControlled20 February 1986
Starship S28USA100,000 kgPartially Controlled14 March 2024
Starship S29USA100,000 kgControlled
Starship S30USA100,000 kgControlled
Starship S31USA100,000 kgControlled
Starship S35USA85,000 kgPartially Controlled
SkylabUSA69,000 kgPartially Controlled14 May 1973
Salyut 7/Cosmos 1686USSR40,000 kgUncontrolled13 May 1982
S-II Stage / SkylabUSA36,200 kg (79,700 lb)18 MonthsUncontrolled
STS external tank (Standard Tank)USA35,000 kg and remaining propellants(1981–83)Partially Controlled
Salyut 6/Cosmos 1267USSR35,000 kgControlled
STS external tank (Lightweight Tank)USA30,000 kg and remaining propellants(1983–2003)Partially Controlled1981-2011
STS external tank (Super Lightweight Tank)USA26,500 kg and remaining propellants(1998–2011)Partially Controlled1981-2011
Long March 5B core (5B-Y1 flight)China21600 kg6 daysUncontrolled5 May 2020
Long March 5B core (5B-Y2 flight)China21600 kg9 daysUncontrolled
Long March 5B core (5B-Y3 flight)China21600 kg6 daysUncontrolled24 July 2022
Long March 5B core (5B-Y4 flight)China21600 kg4 daysUncontrolled
Cosmos 557USSR19,400 kgUncontrolled11 May 1973
Salyut 5USSR19,000 kgControlled2 June 1976
Salyut 1USSR18,900 kgControlled19 April 1971
Salyut 3USSR18,900 kgControlled25 June 1974
Salyut 4USSR18,900 kgControlled26 December 1974
Apollo SA-5 Nose ConeUSA17,100 kgUncontrolled29 January 1964
Apollo SA-6 CSM BP-13USA16,900 kgUncontrolled28 May 1964
Apollo SA-7 CSM BP-15USA16,650 kgUncontrolled18 September 1964
Cosmos 929USSR15,000 kgControlled17 July 1977
Cosmos 1443USSR15,000 kgControlled2 March 1983
CGROUSA14,910 kgControlled5 April 1991
Phobos-GruntRussia13,500 kgUncontrolled9 November 2011
Pegasus 1USA10297 kgUncontrolled16 February 1965
Pegasus 2USA9058 kgUncontrolled25 May 1965
Tiangong-1China8506 kgUncontrolled29 Sep 2011
UARSNASA5,900 kgUncontrolled12 September 1991
ROSATDLR2,400 kgUncontrolled1 June 1990

References

References

  1. "Largest Objects to Reenter". Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies.
  2. (October 1990). "Orbiting Debris: A Space Environmental Problem-Background Paper". U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment.
  3. (2009). "Space law : a treatise". Ashgate.
  4. "SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM HISTORY | Spaceline".
  5. "NASA - The External Tank".
  6. For composite objects such as space stations, age and launch date are based on the first launched module.
  7. McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Page.
  8. Clinch, Matt. (2021-05-09). "China says its rocket debris landed in the Indian Ocean".
  9. Jones, Andrew. (2022-07-30). "Long March 5B rocket stage makes fiery uncontrolled reentry over Indian Ocean".
  10. Jones, Andrew. (2022-11-04). "Long March 5B rocket reenters over Pacific Ocean after forcing airspace closures in Europe".
  11. Amos, Jonathan. (15 January 2012). "Phobos-Grunt: Failed probe 'falls over Pacific'". BBC.
  12. "World Civil Satellites 1957-2006". Space Security Index.
  13. McDowell, Jonathan. "Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Page.
  14. "18 SPCS on Twitter".
  15. (20 September 2011). "Hardy 6-tonne satellite falls to Earth". New Scientist.
  16. Paul Marks. (23 September 2011). "Second big satellite set to resist re-entry burn-up". New Scientist.
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