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List of reentering space debris
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This is a list of artificial objects reentering Earth's atmosphere by mass (see space debris). Such objects are often completely destroyed by reentry heating, but large enough objects or components can survive. Most of the objects which reenter are relatively small; larger objects have survived but usually break up into smaller pieces during reentry.
The list includes group entries for the 134 Space Shuttle external tanks used between 1981 and 2011. During Space Shuttle launches, the tanks reached space without reaching orbit and re-entered the atmosphere, breaking apart before impacting the ocean. The mass of those tanks varied throughout the years, as improvements made them lighter - successive modifications reduced their empty weight from approximately 35000 kg to approximately 58500 lb for the Super Lightweight Tank used after 1998. The tanks were also not necessarily completely empty when discarded.
Many other launch systems have discarded spent stages into space, but not all stages go into orbit or even reach space (by passing the Kármán line). For example, the Space Shuttle side boosters did not reach space, as the highest altitude reached during their flight was only about 220,000 feet (67 km).
Examples of heaviest re-entering spacecraft or components
| Object | Owner | Mass | Reentry Date | Age | Reentry type | Launch Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mir | Russia | 120,000 kg | Controlled | 20 February 1986 | ||
| Starship S28 | USA | 100,000 kg | Partially Controlled | 14 March 2024 | ||
| Starship S29 | USA | 100,000 kg | Controlled | |||
| Starship S30 | USA | 100,000 kg | Controlled | |||
| Starship S31 | USA | 100,000 kg | Controlled | |||
| Starship S35 | USA | 85,000 kg | Partially Controlled | |||
| Skylab | USA | 69,000 kg | Partially Controlled | 14 May 1973 | ||
| Salyut 7/Cosmos 1686 | USSR | 40,000 kg | Uncontrolled | 13 May 1982 | ||
| S-II Stage / Skylab | USA | 36,200 kg (79,700 lb) | 18 Months | Uncontrolled | ||
| STS external tank (Standard Tank) | USA | 35,000 kg and remaining propellants | (1981–83) | Partially Controlled | ||
| Salyut 6/Cosmos 1267 | USSR | 35,000 kg | Controlled | |||
| STS external tank (Lightweight Tank) | USA | 30,000 kg and remaining propellants | (1983–2003) | Partially Controlled | 1981-2011 | |
| STS external tank (Super Lightweight Tank) | USA | 26,500 kg and remaining propellants | (1998–2011) | Partially Controlled | 1981-2011 | |
| Long March 5B core (5B-Y1 flight) | China | 21600 kg | 6 days | Uncontrolled | 5 May 2020 | |
| Long March 5B core (5B-Y2 flight) | China | 21600 kg | 9 days | Uncontrolled | ||
| Long March 5B core (5B-Y3 flight) | China | 21600 kg | 6 days | Uncontrolled | 24 July 2022 | |
| Long March 5B core (5B-Y4 flight) | China | 21600 kg | 4 days | Uncontrolled | ||
| Cosmos 557 | USSR | 19,400 kg | Uncontrolled | 11 May 1973 | ||
| Salyut 5 | USSR | 19,000 kg | Controlled | 2 June 1976 | ||
| Salyut 1 | USSR | 18,900 kg | Controlled | 19 April 1971 | ||
| Salyut 3 | USSR | 18,900 kg | Controlled | 25 June 1974 | ||
| Salyut 4 | USSR | 18,900 kg | Controlled | 26 December 1974 | ||
| Apollo SA-5 Nose Cone | USA | 17,100 kg | Uncontrolled | 29 January 1964 | ||
| Apollo SA-6 CSM BP-13 | USA | 16,900 kg | Uncontrolled | 28 May 1964 | ||
| Apollo SA-7 CSM BP-15 | USA | 16,650 kg | Uncontrolled | 18 September 1964 | ||
| Cosmos 929 | USSR | 15,000 kg | Controlled | 17 July 1977 | ||
| Cosmos 1443 | USSR | 15,000 kg | Controlled | 2 March 1983 | ||
| CGRO | USA | 14,910 kg | Controlled | 5 April 1991 | ||
| Phobos-Grunt | Russia | 13,500 kg | Uncontrolled | 9 November 2011 | ||
| Pegasus 1 | USA | 10297 kg | Uncontrolled | 16 February 1965 | ||
| Pegasus 2 | USA | 9058 kg | Uncontrolled | 25 May 1965 | ||
| Tiangong-1 | China | 8506 kg | Uncontrolled | 29 Sep 2011 | ||
| UARS | NASA | 5,900 kg | Uncontrolled | 12 September 1991 | ||
| ROSAT | DLR | 2,400 kg | Uncontrolled | 1 June 1990 |
References
References
- "Largest Objects to Reenter". Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies.
- (October 1990). "Orbiting Debris: A Space Environmental Problem-Background Paper". U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment.
- (2009). "Space law : a treatise". Ashgate.
- "SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM HISTORY | Spaceline".
- "NASA - The External Tank".
- For composite objects such as space stations, age and launch date are based on the first launched module.
- McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Page.
- Clinch, Matt. (2021-05-09). "China says its rocket debris landed in the Indian Ocean".
- Jones, Andrew. (2022-07-30). "Long March 5B rocket stage makes fiery uncontrolled reentry over Indian Ocean".
- Jones, Andrew. (2022-11-04). "Long March 5B rocket reenters over Pacific Ocean after forcing airspace closures in Europe".
- Amos, Jonathan. (15 January 2012). "Phobos-Grunt: Failed probe 'falls over Pacific'". BBC.
- "World Civil Satellites 1957-2006". Space Security Index.
- McDowell, Jonathan. "Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Page.
- "18 SPCS on Twitter".
- (20 September 2011). "Hardy 6-tonne satellite falls to Earth". New Scientist.
- Paul Marks. (23 September 2011). "Second big satellite set to resist re-entry burn-up". New Scientist.
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