From Surf Wiki (app.surf) — the open knowledge base
List of public corporations by market capitalization
none
none
The following is a list of publicly traded companies, that have the largest market capitalization or sometimes described as their "market value".
Market capitalization is calculated by multiplying the share price on a selected day and the number of outstanding shares on that day. The list is expressed in USD millions, using exchange rates from the selected day to convert other currencies.
Trillion-dollar companies
The table below lists all companies that have ever had a market capitalization exceeding $1 trillion, the date on which their market cap first exceeded $1 trillion and their record market cap.
| Company | Country | When first passed | Record value date | Record value (in billions USD) | $1 trillion | $2 trillion | $3 trillion | $4 trillion | $5 trillion | $6 trillion | Nominal | Inflation- | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| adjusted | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Nvidia | USA | — | date=30 May 2023 | title=Nvidia hits $1 trillion market cap | url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/nvidia-touches-1-trillion-market-cap-as-chipmaker-rides-ai-wave-133530381.html | access-date=30 May 2023 | website=Yahoo! Finance | archive-date=30 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530135203/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/nvidia-touches-1-trillion-market-cap-as-chipmaker-rides-ai-wave-133530381.html | url-status=live }} | |||||||||||
| Apple | US | — | — | last=Davies | first=Rob | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/aug/02/apple-becomes-worlds-first-trillion-dollar-company | title=Apple becomes world's first trillion-dollar company | website=TheGuardian.com | date=2 August 2018 | access-date=3 November 2019 | archive-date=28 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428201743/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/aug/02/apple-becomes-worlds-first-trillion-dollar-company | url-status=live}} | ||||||||
| Microsoft | US | — | — | last=Levy | first=Ari | date=25 April 2019 | title=Microsoft hits $1 trillion market cap for the first time as stock jumps on earnings beat | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/25/microsoft-hits-1-trillion-market-cap-for-the-first-time-on-earnings.html | publisher=CNBC | access-date=13 February 2024 | archive-date=30 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130194116/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/25/microsoft-hits-1-trillion-market-cap-for-the-first-time-on-earnings.html | url-status=live }} | ||||||||
| Alphabet | US | — | — | last=Elias | first=Jennifer | date=16 January 2020 | title=Alphabet, Google's parent company, hits trillion-dollar market cap for first time | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/16/alphabet-stock-hits-1-trillion-market-cap-for-first-time.html | publisher=CNBC | access-date=13 February 2024 | archive-date=30 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030093038/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/16/alphabet-stock-hits-1-trillion-market-cap-for-first-time.html | url-status=live }} | ||||||||
| Amazon | US | — | — | — | — | url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/09/04/technology/amazon-1-trillion/index.html | title=Amazon is now worth $1,000,000,000,000 | last=DePillis | first=Lydia | date=4 September 2018 | website=CNNMoney | access-date=31 January 2020 | archive-date=31 January 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131221947/https://money.cnn.com/2018/09/04/technology/amazon-1-trillion/index.html | url-status=live}} | ||||||
| Saudi Aramco | Saudi Arabia | — | — | — | — | date=11 December 2019 | title=Saudi Aramco becomes most valuable listed company in history | url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/dec/11/saudi-aramco-shares-soar-as-it-becomes-world-largest-listed-company | access-date=10 December 2022 | website=The Guardian | language=en | archive-date=13 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013153342/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/dec/11/saudi-aramco-shares-soar-as-it-becomes-world-largest-listed-company | url-status=live }} | |||||||
| Meta | US | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| Broadcom | USA | — | — | — | — | last1=Bajwa | first1=Arsheeya | title=Broadcom hits trillion-dollar valuation on lofty forecasts for AI demand | url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/broadcom-rallies-forecast-booming-ai-chip-demand-2024-12-13/ | access-date=14 December 2024 | publisher=Reuters | date=13 December 2024}} | |||||||||
| Tesla | USA | — | — | — | — | — | date=25 October 2021 | title=Tesla breaches $1 trillion market cap | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/tesla-breaches-1-trillion-market-cap-2021-10-25/ | access-date=25 October 2021 | website=Reuters | archive-date=25 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025172857/https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/tesla-breaches-1-trillion-market-cap-2021-10-25/ | url-status=live }} | |||||||
| Eli Lilly | USA | ||||||||||||||||||||
| PetroChina | CHN | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
| TSMC | Taiwan | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
| Berkshire Hathaway | USA | — | — | — | — | — | last=Li | first=Yun | date=28 August 2024 | title=Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway hits $1 trillion market value, first U.S. company outside of tech to do so | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/28/buffetts-berkshire-hathaway-hits-1-trillion-market-value-first-us-company-outside-of-tech-to-do-so.html | access-date=28 August 2024 | publisher=CNBC | archive-date=28 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828141835/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/28/buffetts-berkshire-hathaway-hits-1-trillion-market-value-first-us-company-outside-of-tech-to-do-so.html | url-status=live }} |
Publicly traded companies
Only companies with free float of at least 15% are included; the value of unlisted stock classes is excluded. Investment companies are not included in the list.
Note: All market capitalization figures are in USD millions.
2025
This list is up to date . Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
| Rank | First quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Fourth quarter |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | Apple | ||
| 3,337,000 | United States | Nvidia | ||
| 3,850,000 | ||||
| 2 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 2,791,000 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 3,700,000 | ||||
| 3 | United States | Nvidia | ||
| 2,644,000 | United States | Apple | ||
| 3,060,000 | ||||
| 4 | United States | Amazon | ||
| 2,016,000 | United States | Amazon | ||
| 2,330,000 | ||||
| 5 | United States | Alphabet | ||
| 1,895,000 | United States | Alphabet | ||
| 2,150,000 | ||||
| 6 | United States | Meta | ||
| 1,460,000 | United States | Meta | ||
| 1,860,000 | ||||
| 7 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||
| 1,140,000 | United States | Broadcom | ||
| 1,300,000 | ||||
| 8 | United States | Tesla | ||
| 833,529 | Taiwan | TSMC | ||
| 1,170,000 | ||||
| 9 | United States | Broadcom | ||
| 787,247 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||
| 1,050,000 | ||||
| 10 | United States | Eli Lilly | ||
| 782,950 | United States | Tesla | ||
| 1,020,000 |
2024
Source:
This list is up to date . Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
| Rank | First quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Fourth quarter | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | Microsoft | ||||||||
| 3,126,000 | United States | Apple | ||||||||
| 3,322,000 | ||||||||||
| 2 | United States | Apple | ||||||||
| 2,648,000 | United States | Microsoft | ||||||||
| 3,230,000 | ||||||||||
| 3 | United States | Nvidia | ||||||||
| 2,259,000 | United States | Nvidia | ||||||||
| 3,182,000 | ||||||||||
| 4 | United States | Alphabet | ||||||||
| 1,893,000 | United States | Alphabet | ||||||||
| 2,267,000 | ||||||||||
| 5 | United States | Amazon | ||||||||
| 1,874,000 | United States | Amazon | ||||||||
| 2,011,000 | ||||||||||
| 6 | United States | Meta | ||||||||
| 1,238,000 | United States | Meta | ||||||||
| 1,279,000 | ||||||||||
| 7 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||||||||
| 912,130 | Taiwan | TSMC | ||||||||
| 901,390 | ||||||||||
| 8 | United States | Eli Lilly | ||||||||
| 739,660 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||||||||
| 879,670 | ||||||||||
| 9 | Taiwan | TSMC | ||||||||
| 705,690 | United States | Eli Lilly | ||||||||
| 815,210 | ||||||||||
| 10 | United States | title=Broadcom Market Cap | url=https://ycharts.com/companies/AVGO/market_cap | website=ycharts.com | access-date=16 April 2024 | archive-date=11 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111013524/http://ycharts.com/companies/AVGO/market_cap | url-status=live }} | United States | Broadcom |
| 747,360 |
2023
This list is up to date as of 31 December 2023. Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
| Rank | First quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Fourth quarter |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | Apple | ||
| 2,609,000 | United States | Apple Inc. | Apple | |
| 3,050,000 | ||||
| 2 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 2,146,000 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 2,532,000 | ||||
| 3 | United States | Alphabet | ||
| 1,332,000 | United States | Alphabet Inc. | Alphabet | |
| 1,530,000 | ||||
| 4 | United States | Amazon | ||
| 1,058,000 | United States | Amazon | ||
| 1,337,000 | ||||
| 5 | United States | Nvidia | ||
| 686,090 | United States | Nvidia | ||
| 1,044,000 | ||||
| 6 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||
| 677,770 | United States | Tesla, Inc. | Tesla | |
| 829,670 | ||||
| 7 | United States | Tesla | ||
| 656,420 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||
| 745,010 | ||||
| 8 | United States | Meta | ||
| 549,480 | United States | Meta Platforms | Meta | |
| 735,450 | ||||
| 9 | Taiwan | TSMC | ||
| 482,410 | Taiwan | TSMC | ||
| 523,410 | ||||
| 10 | United States | Visa | ||
| 473,870 | United States | Visa | ||
| 497,370 |
2022
This list is as of 31 December 2022. Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
| Rank | First quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Fourth quarter |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | Apple | ||
| 2,850,000 | United States | Apple | ||
| 2,212,000 | ||||
| 2 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 2,311,000 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 1,920,000 | ||||
| 3 | United States | Alphabet | ||
| 1,846,000 | United States | Alphabet | ||
| 1,435,000 | ||||
| 4 | United States | Amazon | ||
| 1,659,000 | United States | Amazon | ||
| 1,080,000 | ||||
| 5 | United States | Tesla | ||
| 1,114,000 | United States | Tesla | ||
| 697,660 | ||||
| 6 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||
| 779,150 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||
| 602,450 | ||||
| 7 | United States | Nvidia | ||
| 684,880 | United States | UnitedHealth | ||
| 481,870 | ||||
| 8 | United States | Meta | ||
| 605,250 | United States | Johnson & Johnson | ||
| 467,090 | ||||
| 9 | Taiwan | TSMC | ||
| 540,670 | China | Tencent | ||
| 445,990 | ||||
| 10 | United States | UnitedHealth | ||
| 479,830 | Meta | |||
| 436,390 | United States |
2021
This list is up to date . Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
| Rank | First quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Fourth quarter |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | Apple | ||
| 2,050,000 | United States | Apple | ||
| 2,286,000 | ||||
| 2 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 1,778,000 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 2,040,000 | ||||
| 3 | United States | Amazon | ||
| 1,558,000 | United States | Amazon | ||
| 1,735,000 | ||||
| 4 | United States | Alphabet | ||
| 1,395,000 | United States | Alphabet | ||
| 1,680,000 | ||||
| 5 | United States | Meta | ||
| 838,720 | United States | Meta | ||
| 985,920 | ||||
| 6 | China | Tencent | ||
| 766,970 | China | Tencent | ||
| 721,460 | ||||
| 7 | United States | Tesla | ||
| 641,110 | United States | Tesla | ||
| 654,780 | ||||
| 8 | China | Alibaba Group | ||
| 615,010 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||
| 637,280 | ||||
| 9 | Taiwan | TSMC | ||
| 613,410 | Taiwan | TSMC | ||
| 623,160 | ||||
| 10 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||
| 590,050 | China | Alibaba Group | ||
| 615,140 |
2020
This Financial Times–based list is up to data . Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
| Rank | First quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Fourth quarter |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 1,200,000 | United States | Apple | ||
| 1,576,000 | ||||
| 2 | United States | Apple | ||
| 1,113,000 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 1,551,000 | ||||
| 3 | United States | Amazon | ||
| 970,590 | United States | Amazon | ||
| 1,432,590 | ||||
| 4 | United States | Alphabet | ||
| 799,180 | United States | Alphabet | ||
| 979,700 | ||||
| 5 | China | Alibaba Group | ||
| 521,740 | United States | |||
| 675,690 | ||||
| 6 | United States | |||
| 475,460 | China | Tencent | ||
| 620,920 | ||||
| 7 | China | Tencent | ||
| 471,660 | China | Alibaba Group | ||
| 579,740 | ||||
| 8 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||
| 440,830 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||
| 432,570 | ||||
| 9 | United States | Visa | ||
| 357,020 | United States | Visa | ||
| 412,710 | ||||
| 10 | United States | Johnson & Johnson | ||
| 345,700 | United States | Johnson & Johnson | ||
| 370,590 |
2019
This Financial Times–based list is up to date . Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
| Rank | First quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Fourth quarter |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 904,860 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 1,028,000 | ||||
| 2 | United States | Apple | ||
| 835,670 | United States | Amazon | ||
| 928,540 | ||||
| 3 | United States | Amazon | ||
| 874,710 | United States | Apple | ||
| 911,240 | ||||
| 4 | United States | Alphabet | ||
| 818,160 | United States | Alphabet | ||
| 751,170 | ||||
| 5 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||
| 493,750 | United States | |||
| 551,490 | ||||
| 6 | United States | |||
| 475,730 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||
| 521,100 | ||||
| 7 | China | Alibaba Group | ||
| 472,940 | China | Alibaba Group | ||
| 439,150 | ||||
| 8 | China | Tencent | ||
| 440,980 | China | Tencent | ||
| 432,080 | ||||
| 9 | United States | Johnson & Johnson | ||
| 372,230 | United States | Visa | ||
| 379,271 | ||||
| 10 | United States | Visa | ||
| 353,710 | United States | Johnson & Johnson | ||
| 370,300 |
2018
This Financial Times–based list is up to date . Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
| Rank | First quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Fourth quarter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | Apple | ||||||
| 851,317 | United States | access-date=1 January 2019 | title=Apple Market Cap | url=https://ycharts.com/companies/AAPL/market_cap | website=ycharts.com | archive-date=15 May 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515130746/https://ycharts.com/companies/AAPL/market_cap | url-status=live}} |
| 2 | United States | Alphabet | ||||||
| 715,404 | United States | Amazon | ||||||
| 824,790 | ||||||||
| 3 | United States | Microsoft | ||||||
| 702,760 | United States | Alphabet | ||||||
| 774,840 | ||||||||
| 4 | United States | Amazon | ||||||
| 700,672 | United States | Microsoft | ||||||
| 757,640 | ||||||||
| 5 | China | Tencent | ||||||
| 507,990 | United States | |||||||
| 562,480 | ||||||||
| 6 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||||||
| 492,019 | China | access-date=1 January 2019 | title=Tencent Holdings Market Cap | url=https://ycharts.com/companies/TCTZF/market_cap | archive-date=1 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701165155/https://ycharts.com/companies/TCTZF/market_cap | url-status=live}} | |
| 7 | China | Alibaba Group | ||||||
| 470,930 | China | Alibaba Group | ||||||
| 476,040 | ||||||||
| 8 | United States | |||||||
| 464,189 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||||||
| 463,980 | ||||||||
| 9 | United States | JPMorgan Chase | ||||||
| 377,410 | United States | JPMorgan Chase | ||||||
| 354,780 | ||||||||
| 10 | United States | Johnson & Johnson | ||||||
| 343,780 | United States | access-date=30 June 2018 | title=Exxon Mobil Market Cap | url=https://ycharts.com/companies/XOM/market_cap | archive-date=30 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930032050/https://ycharts.com/companies/XOM/market_cap | url-status=live}} |
2017
This Financial Times–based list is up to date . Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
| Rank | First quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Fourth quarter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | Apple | ||||||
| 753,718 | United States | Apple | ||||||
| 749,124 | ||||||||
| 2 | United States | Alphabet | ||||||
| 573,570 | United States | Alphabet | ||||||
| 628,610 | ||||||||
| 3 | United States | Microsoft | ||||||
| 508,935 | United States | Microsoft | ||||||
| 528,778 | ||||||||
| 4 | United States | Amazon | ||||||
| 423,031 | United States | Amazon | ||||||
| 466,471 | ||||||||
| 5 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||||||
| 410,880 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||||||
| 418,880 | ||||||||
| 6 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||||||
| 339,897 | United States | Johnson & Johnson | ||||||
| 357,310 | ||||||||
| 7 | United States | Johnson & Johnson | ||||||
| 337,947 | United States | |||||||
| 357,176 | ||||||||
| 8 | United States | |||||||
| 334,552 | China | access-date=1 January 2019 | title=Alibaba Group Holding Market Cap (BABA) | url=https://ycharts.com/companies/BABA/market_cap | website=ycharts.com | archive-date=16 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816021925/https://ycharts.com/companies/BABA/market_cap | url-status=live}} |
| 9 | United States | JPMorgan Chase | ||||||
| 313,761 | China | Tencent | ||||||
| 344,879 | ||||||||
| 10 | United States | Wells Fargo | ||||||
| 278,516 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||||||
| 341,947 |
2016
This Financial Times–based list is up to date . Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
| Rank | First quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Fourth quarter |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | Apple | ||
| 607,465 | United States | Apple | ||
| 517,069 | ||||
| 2 | United States | Alphabet | ||
| 535,660 | United States | Alphabet | ||
| 475,320 | ||||
| 3 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 439,734 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 397,268 | ||||
| 4 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||
| 350,991 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||
| 383,396 | ||||
| 5 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||
| 349,740 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||
| 345,860 | ||||
| 6 | United States | Johnson & Johnson | ||
| 300,604 | United States | Amazon | ||
| 337,641 | ||||
| 7 | United States | General Electric | ||
| 295,546 | United States | Johnson & Johnson | ||
| 328,234 | ||||
| 8 | United States | Amazon | ||
| 281,888 | United States | General Electric | ||
| 280,927 | ||||
| 9 | United States | |||
| 259,192 | United States | |||
| 263,930 | ||||
| 10 | United States | Wells Fargo | ||
| 246,035 | United States | AT&T | ||
| 261,035 |
2015
This Financial Times–based list is up to date . Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
| Rank | First quarter | Second quarter | Third quarterIn case some companies with multiple classes of stock only one class is considered. | Fourth quarter |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | Apple | ||
| 724,773.1 | United States | Apple | ||
| 722,576.9 | ||||
| 2 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||
| 356,548.7 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 357,154.4 | ||||
| 3 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||
| 356,510.7 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||
| 347,868.1 | ||||
| 4 | United States | |||
| 345,849.2 | United States | |||
| 336,014.5 | ||||
| 5 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 333,524.8 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||
| 336,014.5 | ||||
| 6 | China | Petro China | ||
| 329,715.1 | China | Petro China | ||
| 319,391.6 | ||||
| 7 | United States | Wells Fargo | ||
| 279,919.7 | China | ICBC | ||
| 298,531.5 | ||||
| 8 | United States | Johnson & Johnson | ||
| 279,723.9 | United States | Wells Fargo | ||
| 289,591.3 | ||||
| 9 | China | ICBC | ||
| 275,389.1 | United States | Johnson & Johnson | ||
| 270,260.8 | ||||
| 10 | Switzerland | Novartis | ||
| 267,897.0 | United States | General Electric | ||
| 267,717.4 |
2014
This Financial Times–based list is up to date . Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
| Rank | First quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Fourth quarter |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | Apple | ||
| 478,766.1 | United States | Apple | ||
| 560,337.4 | ||||
| 2 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||
| 422,098.3 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||
| 432,357.3 | ||||
| 3 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 340,216.8 | United States | |||
| 358,347.3 | ||||
| 4 | United States | |||
| 313,003.9 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 344,458.8 | ||||
| 5 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||
| 308,090.6 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||
| 312,216.7 | ||||
| 6 | United States | Johnson & Johnson | ||
| 277,826.2 | United States | Johnson & Johnson | ||
| 295,980.1 | ||||
| 7 | United States | Wells Fargo | ||
| 261,217.5 | United States | Wells Fargo | ||
| 276,837 | ||||
| 8 | United States | General Electric | ||
| 259,547.3 | The Netherlands | |||
| United Kingdom | Royal Dutch Shell | |||
| 269,563.4 | ||||
| 9 | Switzerland | Hoffmann-La Roche | ||
| 258,542.1 | United States | General Electric | ||
| 263,529.6 | ||||
| 10 | United States | Walmart | ||
| 246,805.7 | Switzerland | Hoffmann-La Roche | ||
| 256,322.8 |
2013
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 31 December 2013. Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
| Rank | First quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Fourth quarter |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | Apple | ||
| 415,683.3 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||
| 401,729.8 | ||||
| 2 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||
| 403,733.1 | United States | Apple | ||
| 372,202.3 | ||||
| 3 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||
| 256,801.8 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 288,488.8 | ||||
| 4 | China | PetroChina | ||
| 254,618.7 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||
| 276,548.5 | ||||
| 5 | United States | Walmart | ||
| 246,373.3 | United States | Walmart | ||
| 244,079.4 | ||||
| 6 | United States | General Electric | ||
| 239,775.6 | United States | Johnson & Johnson | ||
| 241,170.9 | ||||
| 7 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 239,602.3 | United States | General Electric | ||
| 239,787.2 | ||||
| 8 | United States | IBM | ||
| 237,724.7 | United States | |||
| 238,688.6 | ||||
| 9 | Switzerland | Nestlé | ||
| 233,792.1 | United States | Chevron Corporation | ||
| 229,402.6 | ||||
| 10 | United States | Chevron Corporation | ||
| 230,831.2 | China | ICBC | ||
| 226,879.8 |
2012
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 31 December 2012. Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
| Rank | First quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Fourth quarter |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | Apple | ||
| 559,002.1 | United States | Apple | ||
| 546,076.1 | ||||
| 2 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||
| 408,777.4 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||
| 400,139.1 | ||||
| 3 | China | PetroChina | ||
| 278,968.4 | China | PetroChina | ||
| 257,685.8 | ||||
| 4 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 270,644.1 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 256,982.4 | ||||
| 5 | United States | IBM | ||
| 241,754.6 | United States | Walmart | ||
| 235,900.3 | ||||
| 6 | China | ICBC | ||
| 236,335.4 | United States | IBM | ||
| 225,598.5 | ||||
| 7 | The Netherlands | |||
| United Kingdom | Royal Dutch Shell | |||
| 222,425.1 | United States | General Electric | ||
| 220,806.3 | ||||
| 8 | China | China Mobile | ||
| 220,978.9 | China | China Mobile | ||
| 219,481.3 | ||||
| 9 | United States | General Electric | ||
| 212,317.7 | The Netherlands | |||
| United Kingdom | Royal Dutch Shell | |||
| 217,048.2 | ||||
| 10 | United States | Chevron Corporation | ||
| 211,950.6 | China | ICBC | ||
| 211,196.0 |
2011
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 31 December 2011. Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
| Rank | First quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Fourth quarter |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||
| 417,166.7 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||
| 400,884.5 | ||||
| 2 | China | PetroChina | ||
| 326,199.2 | United States | Apple | ||
| 310,412.3 | ||||
| 3 | United States | Apple | ||
| 321,072.1 | China | PetroChina | ||
| 303,649.9 | ||||
| 4 | China | ICBC | ||
| 251,078.1 | China | ICBC | ||
| 246,850.5 | ||||
| 5 | Brazil | Petrobras | ||
| 247,417.6 | Australia | |||
| United Kingdom | BHP Billiton | |||
| 233,626.5 | ||||
| 6 | Australia | |||
| United Kingdom | BHP Billiton | |||
| 247,079.5 | The Netherlands | |||
| United Kingdom | Royal Dutch Shell | |||
| 225,122.8 | ||||
| 7 | China | China Construction Bank | ||
| 232,608.6 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 219,251.9 | ||||
| 8 | The Netherlands | |||
| United Kingdom | Royal Dutch Shell | |||
| 226,128.7 | Switzerland | Nestlé | ||
| 215,017.5 | ||||
| 9 | United States | Chevron Corporation | ||
| 215,780.6 | Brazil | Petrobras | ||
| 210,111.4 | ||||
| 10 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 213,336.4 | United States | IBM | ||
| 207,781.4 |
2010
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 31 December 2010. Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
| Rank | First quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Fourth quarter |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | China | PetroChina | ||
| 329,259.7 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||
| 291,789.1 | ||||
| 2 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||
| 316,230.8 | China | PetroChina | ||
| 268,504.8 | ||||
| 3 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 256,864.7 | United States | Apple | ||
| 228,876.8 | ||||
| 4 | China | ICBC | ||
| 246,419.8 | China | ICBC | ||
| 211,258.7 | ||||
| 5 | United States | Apple | ||
| 213,096.7 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 201,655.8 | ||||
| 6 | Australia | |||
| United Kingdom | BHP Billiton | |||
| 209,935.1 | China | China Mobile | ||
| 201,471.2 | ||||
| 7 | United States | Walmart | ||
| 209,000.7 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||
| 197,356.8 | ||||
| 8 | United States | Berkshire Hathaway | ||
| 200,620.5 | China | China Construction Bank | ||
| 189,170.7 | ||||
| 9 | United States | General Electric | ||
| 194,246.2 | United States | Walmart | ||
| 178,322.7 | ||||
| 10 | China | China Mobile | ||
| 192,998.6 | United States | Procter & Gamble | ||
| 172,736.5 |
2009
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 31 December 2009. Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
| Rank | First quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Fourth quarter |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||
| 336,527 | China | PetroChina | ||
| 366,662.9 | ||||
| 2 | China | PetroChina | ||
| 287,185 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||
| 341,140.3 | ||||
| 3 | United States | Walmart | ||
| 204,365 | China | ICBC | ||
| 257,004.4 | ||||
| 4 | China | ICBC | ||
| 187,885 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 211,546.2 | ||||
| 5 | China | China Mobile | ||
| 174,673 | China | China Mobile | ||
| 200,832.4 | ||||
| 6 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 163,320 | United States | Walmart | ||
| 188,752.0 | ||||
| 7 | United States | AT&T | ||
| 148,511 | China | China Construction Bank | ||
| 182,186.7 | ||||
| 8 | United States | Johnson & Johnson | ||
| 145,481 | Brazil | Petrobras | ||
| 165,056.9 | ||||
| 9 | The Netherlands | |||
| United Kingdom | Royal Dutch Shell | |||
| 138,999 | United States | Johnson & Johnson | ||
| 156,515.9 | ||||
| 10 | United States | Procter & Gamble | ||
| 138,013 | The Netherlands | |||
| United Kingdom | Royal Dutch Shell | |||
| 156,386.7 |
2008
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 31 December 2008. Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
| Rank | First quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Fourth quarter |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||
| 452,505 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||
| 465,652 | ||||
| 2 | China | PetroChina | ||
| 423,996 | China | PetroChina | ||
| 341,140.3 | ||||
| 3 | United States | General Electric | ||
| 369,569 | China | ICBC | ||
| 257,004.4 | ||||
| 4 | Russia | Gazprom | ||
| 299,764 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 211,546.2 | ||||
| 5 | China | China Mobile | ||
| 298,093 | China | China Mobile | ||
| 200,832.4 | ||||
| 6 | China | ICBC | ||
| 277,236 | United States | Walmart | ||
| 188,752.0 | ||||
| 7 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 264,132 | China | China Construction Bank | ||
| 182,186.7 | ||||
| 8 | United States | AT&T | ||
| 231,168 | Brazil | Petrobras | ||
| 165,056.9 | ||||
| 9 | The Netherlands | |||
| United Kingdom | Royal Dutch Shell | |||
| 220,110 | United States | Johnson & Johnson | ||
| 156,515.9 | ||||
| 10 | United States | Procter & Gamble | ||
| 215,640 | The Netherlands | |||
| United Kingdom | Royal Dutch Shell | |||
| 156,386.7 |
2007
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 31 December 2007. Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
| Rank | First quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Fourth quarter |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||
| 429,567 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||
| 472,519 | ||||
| 2 | United States | General Electric | ||
| 363,611 | United States | General Electric | ||
| 393,831 | ||||
| 3 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 272,912 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 281,934 | ||||
| 4 | United States | Citigroup | ||
| 252,857 | The Netherlands | |||
| United Kingdom | Royal Dutch Shell | |||
| 266,141 | ||||
| 5 | United States | AT&T | ||
| 246,206 | United States | AT&T | ||
| 255,871 | ||||
| 6 | Russia | Gazprom | ||
| 245,911 | United States | Citigroup | ||
| 253,703 | ||||
| 7 | Japan | Toyota | ||
| 230,832 | Russia | Gazprom | ||
| 245,757 | ||||
| 8 | United States | Bank of America | ||
| 228,177 | United Kingdom | BP | ||
| 231,491 | ||||
| 9 | China | ICBC | ||
| 224,788 | Japan | Toyota | ||
| 228,009 | ||||
| 10 | The Netherlands | |||
| United Kingdom | Royal Dutch Shell | |||
| 214,018 | United States | Bank of America | ||
| 216,963 |
2006
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of December 2006. Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
| Rank | First quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Fourth quarter |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||
| 371,631 | United States | ExxonMobil | ||
| 371,187 | ||||
| 2 | United States | General Electric | ||
| 362,527 | United States | General Electric | ||
| 342,731 | ||||
| 3 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 281,171 | Russia | Gazprom | ||
| 246,341 | ||||
| 4 | United States | Citigroup | ||
| 238,935 | United States | Citigroup | ||
| 239,862 | ||||
| 5 | United Kingdom | BP | ||
| 233,260 | United States | Microsoft | ||
| 237,688 | ||||
| 6 | United States | Bank of America | ||
| 211,706 | United Kingdom | BP | ||
| 233,151 | ||||
| 7 | The Netherlands | |||
| United Kingdom | Royal Dutch Shell | |||
| 211,280 | The Netherlands | |||
| United Kingdom | Royal Dutch Shell | |||
| 224,925 | ||||
| 8 | United States | Walmart | ||
| 196,860 | United States | Bank of America | ||
| 219,504 | ||||
| 9 | Japan | Toyota | ||
| 196,731 | United Kingdom | HSBC | ||
| 201,854 | ||||
| 10 | Russia | Gazprom | ||
| 196,339 | United States | Walmart | ||
| 200,762 |
2005
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 31 March 2005.
| Rank | Name | Country | Primary industry | Market value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (USD million) | ||||
| 1 | General Electric | United States | Conglomerate | 382,233 |
| 2 | ExxonMobil | United States | Oil and gas | 380,567 |
| 3 | Microsoft | United States | Software industry | 262,975 |
| 4 | Citigroup | United States | Banking | 234,437 |
| 5 | BP | United Kingdom | Oil and gas | 221,365 |
| 6 | Walmart | United States | Retail | 212,209 |
| 7 | Royal Dutch Shell | Netherlands | Oil and gas | 210,630 |
| 8 | Johnson & Johnson | United States | Health care | 199,711 |
| 9 | Pfizer | United States | Health care | 195,945 |
| 10 | Bank of America | United States | Banking | 178,765 |
2004
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as 31 March 2004.
| Rank | Name | Country | Primary industry | Market value (USD million) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | General Electric | United States | Conglomerate | 299,336 |
| 2 | Microsoft | United States | Software industry | 271,911 |
| 3 | ExxonMobil | United States | Oil and gas | 263,940 |
| 4 | Pfizer | United States | Health care | 261,616 |
| 5 | Citigroup | United States | Banking | 259,191 |
| 6 | Walmart | United States | Retail | 258,888 |
| 7 | American International Group | United States | Insurance | 183,696 |
| 8 | Intel Corporation | United States | Computer hardware | 179,996 |
| 9 | BP | United Kingdom | Oil and gas | 174,648 |
| 10 | HSBC | United Kingdom | Banking | 163,574 |
2003
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as December 2003.
| Rank | Name | Country | Primary industry | Market value (USD million) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Microsoft | United States | Software industry | 264,003 |
| 2 | General Electric | United States | Conglomerate | 259,647 |
| 3 | ExxonMobil | United States | Oil and gas | 241,037 |
| 4 | Walmart | United States | Retail | 234,399 |
| 5 | Pfizer | United States | Health care | 195,948 |
| 6 | Citigroup | United States | Banking | 183,887 |
| 7 | Johnson & Johnson | United States | Health care | 170,417 |
| 8 | Royal Dutch Shell | Netherlands | Oil and gas | 149,034 |
| 9 | BP | United Kingdom | Oil and gas | 144,381 |
| 10 | IBM | United States | Computer software, computer hardware | 139,272 |
2002
This Financial Times–based list is up to date December 2002.
| Rank | Name | Country | Primary industry | Market value (USD million) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | General Electric | United States | Conglomerate | 372,089 |
| 2 | Microsoft | United States | Software industry | 326,639 |
| 3 | ExxonMobil | United States | Oil and gas | 299,820 |
| 4 | Walmart | United States | Retail | 273,220 |
| 5 | Citigroup | United States | Banking | 255,299 |
| 6 | Pfizer | United States | Health care | 249,021 |
| 7 | Intel Corporation | United States | Computer hardware | 203,838 |
| 8 | BP | United Kingdom | Oil and gas | 200,794 |
| 9 | Johnson & Johnson | United States | Health care | 197,912 |
| 10 | Royal Dutch Shell | Netherlands | Oil and gas | 189,913 |
| 10 | IBM | United States | Computer software, Computer hardware | 139,272 |
| 7 | American International Group | United States | Insurance | 183,696 |
| 10 | HSBC | United Kingdom | Banking | 163,574 |
| 10 | Bank of America | United States | Banking | 178,765 |
| 8 | Procter & Gamble | United States | Consumer goods | 194,000 |
| 9 | Toyota | Japan | Automotive | 187,182 |
2001
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as 31 March 2001.
| Rank | Name | Country | Primary industry | Market value (USD million) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | General Electric | United States | Conglomerate | 477,406 |
| 2 | Cisco Systems | United States | Networking hardware | 304,699 |
| 3 | ExxonMobil | United States | Oil and gas | 286,367 |
| 4 | Pfizer | United States | Health care | 263,996 |
| 5 | Microsoft | United States | Software industry | 258,436 |
| 6 | Walmart | United States | Retail | 250,955 |
| 7 | Citigroup | United States | Banking | 250,143 |
| 8 | Vodafone | United Kingdom | Telecommunications | 227,175 |
| 9 | Intel | United States | Computer hardware | 227,048 |
| 10 | Royal Dutch Shell | Netherlands | Oil and gas | 206,340 |
| 8 | BP | United Kingdom | Oil and gas | 200,794 |
| 9 | Johnson & Johnson | United States | Health care | 197,912 |
| 10 | IBM | United States | Computer software, Computer hardware | 139,272 |
| 7 | American International Group | United States | Insurance | 183,696 |
| 10 | HSBC | United Kingdom | Banking | 163,574 |
| 10 | Bank of America | United States | Banking | 178,765 |
| 8 | Procter & Gamble | United States | Consumer goods | 194,000 |
| 9 | Toyota | Japan | Automotive | 187,182 |
2000
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as 31 March 2000.
| Rank | Name | Country | Primary industry | Market value (USD million) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Microsoft | United States | Software industry | 586,197 |
| 2 | General Electric | United States | Conglomerate | 474,956 |
| 3 | NTT Docomo | Japan | Telecommunications | 366,204 |
| 4 | Cisco Systems | United States | Networking hardware | 348,965 |
| 5 | Wal-Mart | United States | Retail | 286,153 |
| 6 | Intel | United States | Computer hardware | 277,096 |
| 7 | Nippon Telegraph & Telephone | Japan | Telecommunications | 274,905 |
| 8 | ExxonMobil | United States | Oil and gas | 265,894 |
| 9 | Lucent | United States | Telecommunications | 237,668 |
| 10 | Deutsche Telekom | Germany | Telecommunications | 209,628 |
Notes
References
References
- "Companies ranked by Market Cap - CompaniesMarketCap.com".
- (30 May 2023). "Nvidia hits $1 trillion market cap".
- Saul, Derek. (23 February 2024). "Nvidia Tops $2 Trillion Market Value For First Time Ever". [[Forbes]].
- (5 June 2024). "Nvidia passes Apple in market cap as second-most valuable public U.S. company". [[CNBC]].
- (9 July 2025). "Nvidia briefly touched $4 trillion market cap for first time". [[CNBC]].
- Sethi, Vaamanaa. (2025-10-01). "Nvidia share price hits new record high, becomes first company to top $4.5 trillion market cap {{!}} Stock Market News".
- Davies, Rob. (2 August 2018). "Apple becomes world's first trillion-dollar company".
- Popken, Ben. (19 August 2020). "Apple just became the first U.S. Company worth $2 trillion".
- Smith, Zachary Snowdon. "Apple Becomes 1st Company Worth $3 Trillion".
- Levy, Ari. (25 April 2019). "Microsoft hits $1 trillion market cap for the first time as stock jumps on earnings beat". [[CNBC]].
- (22 June 2021). "Microsoft Rises to Join Apple in Exclusive $2 Trillion Club".
- Oguh, Chibuike. (24 January 2024). "Microsoft hits $3 trillion market value, second to Apple".
- Elias, Jennifer. (16 January 2020). "Alphabet, Google's parent company, hits trillion-dollar market cap for first time". [[CNBC]].
- Howley, Daniel. (8 November 2021). "Google hits $2 trillion market cap, joining ranks of Microsoft and Apple".
- DePillis, Lydia. (4 September 2018). "Amazon is now worth $1,000,000,000,000".
- Liu, Evie. (20 December 2023). "Three Magnificent Seven Stocks Hit Record Highs This Past Month. Will the Others Follow?". [[Barron's]].
- (11 December 2019). "Saudi Aramco becomes most valuable listed company in history".
- Riley, Charles. (12 December 2019). "The world has its first $2 trillion company. But for how long?".
- (28 June 2021). "Facebook joins $1 trillion club after antitrust win". [[The Daily Telegraph]].
- Deffenbaugh, Ryan. (12 August 2025). "IBD Stock Of The Day: Meta Nears New Milestone After Post-Earnings Rally". [[Investor's Business Daily]].
- (13 December 2024). "Broadcom hits trillion-dollar valuation on lofty forecasts for AI demand". Reuters.
- (25 October 2021). "Tesla breaches $1 trillion market cap".
- Saul, Derek. (17 December 2024). "Tesla Stock Earns Another Analyst Upgrade As Elon Musk Celebrates 'Inevitable' New All-Time High". [[Forbes]].
- Wearden, Graeme. (6 November 2007). "PetroChina makes its debut as world's first trillion-dollar firm". the Guardian.
- "PetroChina opens at 48.6 yuan per share in Shanghai debut, up 191%".
- (8 July 2024). "TSMC Hits $1 Trillion in Market Value on Relentless AI Rally". [[Bloomberg News]].
- Carson, Ed. (18 October 2024). "Taiwan Semiconductor, AI Chips".
- Grothaus, Michael. (22 July 2025). "TSMC just hit a $1 trillion market cap. These 5 companies could be next". [[Fast Company]].
- Li, Yun. (28 August 2024). "Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway hits $1 trillion market value, first U.S. company outside of tech to do so". [[CNBC]].
- Bary, Andrew. (17 March 2025). "Berkshire Hathaway Stock Hits New High. It's Way Ahead of the S&P 500 This Year.". [[Barron's]].
- "Broadcom Market Cap".
- "Facebook Market Cap".
- "Eli Lilly Market Cap".
- "Visa Market Cap".
- "Exxon Mobil Market Cap".
- "UnitedHealth Group Market Cap".
- "Meta Platforms Market Cap".
- "Nvidia Market Cap {{!}} NVDA".
- "Tesla Market Cap {{!}} TSLA".
- "Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Market Cap {{!}} TSM".
- "Visa Mobil Market Cap".
- "Apple Market Cap".
- "Alphabet Inc. Market Cap Class A".
- "Tencent Holdings Market Cap".
- "Exxon Mobil Market Cap".
- "Financial Times FT500 2017-04-01".
- "Financial Times FT500 2017-06-30".
- "Financial Times FT500 2017-09-29".
- "Microsoft Market Cap".
- "Amazon.com Cap".
- "Tencent and Alibaba top Asia's market cap ranking in 2017".
- "Alibaba Group Holding Market Cap (BABA)".
- "Johnson & Johnson Market Cap".
- "JPMorgan Chase Market Cap".
- "Financial Times FT500 2016-03-31".
- "Financial Times FT500 2016-06-16".
- "Financial Times FT500 2016-09-30".
- "Financial Times FT500 2016-12-31".
- "Alphabet Market Cap (GOOG)".
- "Berkshire Hathaway".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "FT500".
- "FT500".
- "Top 20 S&P 500 Companies by Market Cap (1989–2025)". Finhacker.cz.
- 376,801.4 if unlisted classes of shares included, see http://im.ft-static.com/content/images/b2a77270-169d-11e5-b07f-00144feabdc0.xls {{Webarchive. link. (3 August 2016)
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times'' Global 500 December 2012".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "''Financial Times''".
- "Help – FT Help – FT.com What happened to Press Cuttings?".
- (March 2020). "FT.com / Search}}{{Dead link".
- "Help – FT Help – FT.com What happened to Press Cuttings?".
- "Help – FT Help – FT.com What happened to Press Cuttings?".
- "Help – FT Help – FT.com What happened to Press Cuttings?".
- "Help – FT Help – FT.com What happened to Press Cuttings?".
This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.
Ask Mako anything about List of public corporations by market capitalization — get instant answers, deeper analysis, and related topics.
Research with MakoFree with your Surf account
Create a free account to save articles, ask Mako questions, and organize your research.
Sign up freeThis content may have been generated or modified by AI. CloudSurf Software LLC is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of AI-generated content. Always verify important information from primary sources.
Report