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List of platyrrhines

Species in mammal parvorder Platyrrhini

Species in mammal parvorder Platyrrhini

Platyrrhini is a parvorder of primates. Members of this parvorder are called platyrrhines, or New World monkeys, and include marmosets, tamarins, and capuchin, squirrel, night, titi, saki, howler, spider, and woolly monkeys. Platyrrhini is one of three clades that form the suborder Haplorrhini, itself one of two suborders in the order Primates. They are found in forests and savannas from South America to Mexico. They range in size from the western pygmy marmoset, at 12 cm plus a 17 cm tail, to some species of howler monkey in the genus Alouatta, at 92 cm plus a 92 cm tail. Platyrrhines primarily eat fruit, leaves, and insects. Most platyrrhines do not have population estimates, but the ones that do range from 250 mature individuals to 10,000. Twenty-one species are categorized as endangered, and a further fourteen species are categorized as critically endangered.

The 163 extant species of Platyrrhini are divided into five families. Aotidae contains eleven night monkey species in a single genus. Atelidae contains twenty-three species divided between one genus in the howler monkey subfamily Alouattinae and three genera in the spider monkey and wooly monkey subfamily Atelinae. Callitrichidae contains 53 species of tamarins and marmosets in seven genera. Cebidae contains eighteen species divided between two genera in the capuchin subfamily Cebinae and one genus in the squirrel monkey subfamily Saimiriinae. Pitheciidae contains 57 species divided between three genera in the titi monkey subfamily Callicebinae and three genera in the uakari and saki monkey subfamily Pitheciinae. Dozens of extinct prehistoric platyrrhine species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.

Conventions

The author citation for the species or genus is given after the scientific name; parentheses around the author citation indicate that this was not the original taxonomic placement. Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the platyrrhine's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted.

Classification

The parvorder Platyrrhini consists of five extant families: Aotidae, Atelidae, Callitrichidae, Cebidae, and Pitheciidae. Aotidae contains eleven species in one genus. Atelidae is divided into two subfamilies: Alouattinae, containing twelve species in one genus, and Atelinae, containing eleven species in three genera. Callitrichidae contains 53 species in seven genera. Cebidae is divided into two subfamilies: Cebinae, containing eleven species in two genera, and Saimiriinae, containing one genus of seven species. Pitheciidae is divided into two subfamilies: Callicebinae, containing 32 species in three genera, and Pitheciinae, containing 25 species in three genera. Family Aotidae

  • Genus Aotus (night monkeys): eleven species

Family Atelidae

  • Subfamily Alouattinae
    • Genus Alouatta (howler monkeys): twelve species
  • Subfamily Atelinae
    • Genus Ateles (spider monkeys): seven species
    • Genus Brachyteles (muriquis): two species
    • Genus Lagothrix (wooly monkeys): two species

Family Callitrichidae

  • Genus Callimico (Goeldi's marmoset): one species
  • Genus Callithrix (Atlantic Forest marmosets): six species
  • Genus Cebuella (pygmy marmosets): two species
  • Genus Leontocebus (saddle-back tamarins): seven species
  • Genus Leontopithecus (lion tamarins): four species
  • Genus Mico (marmosets): sixteen species
  • Genus Saguinus (tamarins): seventeen species

Family Cebidae

  • Subfamily Cebinae
    • Genus Cebus (gracile capuchin monkeys): four species
    • Genus Sapajus (robust capuchin monkeys): seven species
  • Subfamily Saimiriinae
    • Genus Saimiri (squirrel monkeys): seven species

Family Pitheciidae

  • Subfamily Callicebinae
    • Genus Callicebus (Atlantic Forest titi monkeys): five species
    • Genus Cheracebus (widow titi monkeys): five species
    • Genus Plecturocebus (Amazonian and Chaco titi monkeys): twenty-two species
  • Subfamily Pitheciinae
    • Genus Cacajao (uakaris): seven species
    • Genus Chiropotes (bearded saki monkeys): five species
    • Genus Pithecia (saki monkeys): thirteen species

Platyrrhines

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.

Family Aotidae

Main article: Aotidae

|authority-name=Humboldt |authority-year=1811 |authority-not-original=yes | A. a. azarae | A. a. boliviensis (Bolivian night monkey) | A. a. infulatus (Feline night monkey) |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Dollman |authority-year=1909 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Hershkovitz |authority-year=1983 |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=I. Geoffroy |authority-year=1846 |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Elliot |authority-year=1912 |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Defler & Bueno |authority-year=2007 |iucn-status=DD |population=Unknown |authority-name=Hershkovitz |authority-year=1983 |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Goldman |authority-year=1914 |iucn-status=NT |population=Unknown |authority-name=Thomas |authority-year=1927 |iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown |authority-name=Spix |authority-year=1823 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Humboldt |authority-year=1811 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown

Family Atelidae

Main article: Atelidae

Subfamily Alouattinae

Main article: Alouattinae

|authority-name=Lönnberg |authority-year=1941 |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Humboldt |authority-year=1812 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=NT |population=Unknown |authority-name=Elliot |authority-year=1910 |iucn-status=NT |population=Unknown |authority-name=Humboldt |authority-year=1812 |authority-not-original=yes | A. g. clamitans (Southern brown howler) | A. g. guariba (Northern brown howler) |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1766 |authority-not-original=yes | A. s. juara (Juruá red howler) | A. s. seniculus (Colombian red howler) |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1766 |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Gray |authority-year=1849 |authority-not-original=yes | A. p. aequatorialis (Ecuadorian mantled howler) | A. p. coibensis (Coiba Island howler) | A. p. mexicana (Mexican howler) | A. p. palliata (Golden-mantled howler) | A. p. trabeata (Azuero howler) |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Elliot |authority-year=1912 |iucn-status=EN |population=250–2,500 |authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1766 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Spix |authority-year=1823 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=A. Cabrera |authority-year=1940 |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Lawrence |authority-year=1933 |iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown

Subfamily Atelinae

Main article: Atelinae

|authority-name=Gray |authority-year=1866 | A. f. fusciceps (Brown-headed spider monkey) | A. f. rufiventris (Colombian spider monkey) |iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown |authority-name=I. Geoffroy |authority-year=1829 |iucn-status=CR |population=Unknown |authority-name=Kuhl |authority-year=1820 | A. g. azuerensis (Azuero spider monkey) | A. g. frontatus (Black-foreheaded spider monkey) | A. g. geoffroyi (Nicaraguan spider monkey) | A. g. grisescens (Hooded spider monkey) | A. g. ornatus (Ornate spider monkey) | A. g. vellerosus (Mexican spider monkey) |iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown |authority-name=Humboldt |authority-year=1812 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown |authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Geoffroy |authority-year=1806 |iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown |authority-name=Geoffroy |authority-year=1809 |iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown |authority-name=Kuhl |authority-year=1820 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=CR |population=1,000 |authority-name=Geoffroy |authority-year=1806 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=CR |population=Unknown |authority-name=Humboldt |authority-year=1812 |authority-not-original=yes | L. l. cana (Gray woolly monkey) | L. l. lagothricha (Brown woolly monkey) | L. l. lugens (Colombian woolly monkey) | L. l. poeppigii (Silvery woolly monkey) | L. l. tschudii (Peruvian woolly monkey) |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Humboldt |authority-year=1812 |iucn-status=CR |population=1,000–10,000

Family Callitrichidae

Main article: Callitrichidae

|authority-name=Thomas |authority-year=1904 |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Geoffroy |authority-year=1812 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Thomas |authority-year=1903 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=CR |population=2,000–2,500 |authority-name=Geoffroy |authority-year=1812 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=EN |population=10,000–11,000 |authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Humboldt |authority-year=1812 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Coimbra-Filho |authority-year=1985 |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Lönnberg |authority-year=1940 |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Spix |authority-year=1823 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Gray |authority-year=1866 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Hershkovitz |authority-year=1966 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=I. Geoffroy |authority-year=1850 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Pucheran |authority-year=1845 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=NT |population=Unknown |authority-name=Lesson |authority-year=1840 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Espada |authority-year=1870 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Deville |authority-year=1849 |authority-not-original=yes | L. w. crandalli (Crandall's saddle-back tamarin) | L. w. melanoleucus (White-mantled tamarin) | L. w. weddelli |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Mikan |authority-year=1823 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=EN |population=1,600 |authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1766 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=EN |population=1,400 |authority-name=Kuhl |authority-year=1820 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown |authority-name=Lorini & Guerra |authority-year=1990 |iucn-status=EN |population=250 |authority-name=Ferrari & Lopes |authority-year=1992 |iucn-status=NT |population=Unknown |authority-name=Geoffroy |authority-year=1812 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=NT |population=Unknown |authority-name=Thomas |authority-year=1920 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Wagner |authority-year=1842 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Hershkovitz |authority-year=1977 |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Alperin |authority-year=1993 |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=R. A. Mittermeier, Schwarz & Ayres |authority-year=1992 |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Costa-Araújo, Farias, Hrbek |authority-year=2019 |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=M. van Roosmalen, T. van Roosmalen, R. A. Mittermeier, & Rylands |authority-year=2000 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Ferrari, Sena, Schneider, & Silva Jr. |authority-year=2010 |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=M. Roosmalen |authority-year=1998 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Geoffroy |authority-year=1812 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=NT |population=Unknown |authority-name=Noronha & Silva Jr. |authority-year=1998 |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Costa-Araújo et al. |authority-year=2021 |iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown |authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1766 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Thomas |authority-year=1922 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Spix |authority-year=1823 | S. f. avilapiresi (Avila Pires' saddle-back tamarin) | S. f. fuscicollis (Spix's saddle-back tamarin) | S. f. mura (Mura's saddleback tamarin) | S. f. primitivus (Lako's saddleback tamarin) |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Spix |authority-year=1823 | S. n. graellsi (Graells's tamarin) | S. n. hernandezi (Hernandez-Camacho's black-mantle tamarin) | S. n. nigricollis (Spix's black mantle tamarin) |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Geoffroy |authority-year=1803 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=CR |population=2,000 |authority-name=Hoffmannsegg |authority-year=1807 |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Goeldi |authority-year=1907 |authority-not-original=yes | S. i. imperator (Black-chinned emperor tamarin) | S. i. subgrisescens (Bearded emperor tamarin) |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Pucheran |authority-year=1845 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=NT |population=Unknown |authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=H. Milne-Edwards |authority-year=1878 |iucn-status=NT |population=Unknown |authority-name=Thomas |authority-year=1912 |authority-not-original=yes | S. m. martinsi (Martin's bare-face tamarin) | S. m. ochraceus (Ochraceous bare-faced tamarin) |iucn-status=NT |population=Unknown |authority-name=Schwartz |authority-year=1951 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Spix |authority-year=1823 |authority-not-original=yes | S. m. mystax (Spix's moustached tamarin) | S. m. pluto (White-rumped moustached tamarin) |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Spix |authority-year=1823 |iucn-status=CR |population=Unknown |authority-name=I. Geoffroy & Deville |authority-year=1848 |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Günther |authority-year=1877 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Humboldt |authority-year=1812 |authority-not-original=yes | S. l. labiatus | S. l. rufiventer | S. l. thomasi (Thomas' moustached tamarin) |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Miranda-Ribeiro |authority-year=1912 |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown

Family Cebidae

Main article: Cebidae

Subfamily Cebinae

Main article: Cebinae

|authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes | C. c. capucinus | C. c. curtus (Gorgona white-faced capuchin) | C. c. imitator (Panamanian white-faced capuchin) |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Queiroz |authority-year=1992 |iucn-status=CR |population=Unknown |authority-name=Schomburgk |authority-year=1848 |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Humboldt |authority-year=1812 | C. a. aequatorialis (Ecuadorian capuchin) | C. a. albifrons (White-fronted capuchin) | C. a. cuscinus (Shock-headed capuchin) | C. a. trinitatis (Trinidad white-fronted capuchin) | C. a. unicolor (Spix's white-fronted capuchin) | C. a. versicolor (Varied white-fronted capuchin) |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Goldfuss |authority-year=1809 | S. n. cucullatus | S. n. nigritus |iucn-status=NT |population=Unknown |authority-name=Illiger |authority-year=1815 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Spix |authority-year=1823 |iucn-status=NT |population=Unknown |authority-name=Schreber |authority-year=1774 |iucn-status=EN |population=500 |authority-name=Kuhl |authority-year=1820 |iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown |authority-name=Wied-Neuwied |authority-year=1826 |iucn-status=CR |population=2,500 |authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes | C. a. apella | C. a. margaritae (Margarita Island capuchin) |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown

Subfamily Saimiriinae

Main article: Saimiriinae

|authority-name=I. Geoffroy |authority-year=1843 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=NT |population=Unknown |authority-name=Ayres |authority-year=1985 |iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown |authority-name=I. Geoffroy & Blainville |authority-year=1834 |authority-not-original=yes | S. b. boliviensis (Bolivian squirrel monkey) | S. b. peruviensis (Peruvian squirrel monkey) |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Reinhardt |authority-year=1872 | S. o. citrinellus (Grey-crowned Central American squirrel monkey) | S. o. oerstedii (Black-crowned Central American squirrel monkey) |iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown |authority-name=Osgood |authority-year=1914 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Lesson |authority-year=1840 |authority-not-original=yes | S. c. albigena | S. c. cassiquiarensis | S. c. macrodon |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown

Family Pitheciidae

Main article: Pitheciidae

Subfamily Callicebinae

Main article: Callicebinae

|authority-name=Geoffroy |authority-year=1812 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Hershkovitz |authority-year=1990 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=CR |population=100-250 |authority-name=Spix |authority-year=1823 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=NT |population=Unknown |authority-name=Wied-Neuwied |authority-year=1820 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Kobayashi |authority-year=1999 |iucn-status=EN |population=250–2,500 |authority-name=Humboldt |authority-year=1811 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Hoffmannsegg |authority-year=1807 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Hershkovitz |authority-year=1963 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Thomas |authority-year=1914 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Thomas |authority-year=1927 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Spix |authority-year=1823 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Lönnberg |authority-year=1939 |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Wagner |authority-year=1842 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Defler, Bueno, & García |authority-year=2010 |iucn-status=CR |population=Unknown |authority-name=Wagner |authority-year=1842 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Spix |authority-year=1823 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Hershkovitz |authority-year=1988 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Thomas |authority-year=1908 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Wallace, Gómez, A. M. Felton, & A. Felton |authority-year=2006 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Dalponte, Silva, & Silva Júnior |authority-year=2014 |iucn-status=DD |population=Unknown |authority-name=Lönnberg |authority-year=1939 |iucn-status=CR |population=Unknown |authority-name=Gray |authority-year=1866 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=M. van Roosmalen, T. van Roosmalen, & R. A. Mittermeier |authority-year=2002 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Hoffmannsegg |authority-year=1807 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Lönnberg |authority-year=1939 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown |authority-name=Thomas |authority-year=1924 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=CR |population=Unknown |authority-name=M. van Roosmalen, T. van Roosmalen, & R. A. Mittermeier |authority-year=2002) |iucn-status=DD |population=Unknown |authority-name=Thomas |authority-year=1914 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Vermeer & Tello-Alvarado |authority-year=2015 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Gualda-Barros, Nascimento, & Amaral |authority-year=2012 |iucn-status=CR |population=Unknown |authority-name=Thomas |authority-year=1907 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=d'Orbigny |authority-year=1836 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=I. Geoffroy & Deville |authority-year=1848 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown

Subfamily Pitheciinae

Main article: Pitheciinae

|authority-name=Boubli et al. |authority-year=2008 |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Humboldt |authority-year=1811 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Boubli et al. |authority-year=2008 |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Hershkovitz |authority-year=1987 |iucn-status=NT |population=Unknown |authority-name=I. Geoffroy & Deville |authority-year=1848 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Thomas |authority-year=1928 |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=I. Geoffroy |authority-year=1847 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Hoffmannsegg |authority-year=1807 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown |authority-name=Traill |authority-year=1821|authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Humboldt |authority-year=1811 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Hershkovitz |authority-year=1985 |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=I. Geoffroy & Deville |authority-year=1848 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Spix |authority-year=1823 |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Marsh |authority-year=2014 |iucn-status=DD |population=Unknown |authority-name=Hershkovitz |authority-year=1987 |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=I. Geoffroy |authority-year=1850 |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Spix |authority-year=1823 |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Marsh |authority-year=2014 |iucn-status=DD |population=Unknown |authority-name=Allen |authority-year=1914 |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |authority-name=Geoffroy |authority-year=1812 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Lönnberg |authority-year=1938 |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Gray |authority-year=1842 |iucn-status=DD |population=Unknown |authority-name=Hershkovitz |authority-year=1987 |iucn-status=DD |population=Unknown |authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1766 |authority-not-original=yes |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown |authority-name=Gray |authority-year=1860 |iucn-status=LC |population=Unknown

References

Sources

References

  1. "Fossilworks: Platyrrhini". [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]].
  2. (2019). "Early Arrival and Climatically-Linked Geographic Expansion of New World Monkeys from Tiny African Ancestors". [[Systematic Biology]].
  3. [[#CITEREF_MSW. Wilson, Reeder]], pp. 128–151
  4. (2021). "''Aotus azarae''".
  5. (2023). "''Aotus azarae''". [[University of Michigan]].
  6. (2020). "''Aotus brumbacki''".
  7. [[#CITEREF_PrimWorld. Nowak]], p. 111
  8. (2021). "''Aotus griseimembra''".
  9. (2021). "''Aotus lemurinus''".
  10. (2000). "''Aotus lemurinus''". [[University of Michigan]].
  11. (2021). "''Aotus jorgehernandezi''".
  12. (2020). "''Aotus miconax''".
  13. (2020). "''Aotus nancymaae''".
  14. (2006). "''Aotus nancymaae''". [[University of Michigan]].
  15. Bahr, Laura Lee. (September 2021). "Nancy Ma's Night Monkey, ''Aotus nancymaae''".
  16. (2021). "''Aotus nigriceps''".
  17. Covert, Tara. (April 2021). "Black-Headed Night Monkey, ''Aotus nigriceps''".
  18. (2021). "''Aotus trivirgatus''".
  19. (2000). "''Aotus trivirgatus''". [[University of Michigan]].
  20. (2021). "''Aotus vociferans''".
  21. Quinlan, K. Clare. (March 2020). "Spix's Night Monkey, ''Aotus vociferans''".
  22. (2021). "''Aotus zonalis''".
  23. Covert, Tara. (May 2021). "Panamanian Night Monkey, ''Aotus zonalis''".
  24. (2021). "''Alouatta arctoidea''".
  25. (2021). "''Alouatta belzebul''".
  26. (2009). "''Alouatta belzebul''". [[University of Michigan]].
  27. (2021). "''Alouatta caraya''".
  28. (2000). "''Alouatta caraya''". [[University of Michigan]].
  29. (2021). "''Alouatta discolor''".
  30. (2021). "''Alouatta guariba''".
  31. (2011). "''Alouatta guariba''". [[University of Michigan]].
  32. [[#CITEREF_PrimWorld. Nowak]], p. 103
  33. (2021). "''Alouatta macconnelli''".
  34. (2021). "''Alouatta nigerrima''".
  35. Riley, Amanda E.. (September 2023). "Amazon Black Howler, ''Alouatta nigerrima''".
  36. (2021). "''Alouatta palliata''".
  37. (2000). "''Alouatta palliata''". [[University of Michigan]].
  38. (2020). "''Alouatta pigra''".
  39. (2007). "''Alouatta pigra''". [[University of Michigan]].
  40. [[#CITEREF_Animal. Burnie; Wilson]], p. 142
  41. (2021). "''Alouatta sara''".
  42. Botting, Jennifer. (August 2021). "Bolivian Red Howler, ''Alouatta sara''".
  43. (2021). "''Alouatta seniculus''".
  44. Normile, Rebecca V.. (2001). "''Alouatta seniculus''". [[University of Michigan]].
  45. (2021). "''Alouatta ululata''".
  46. (2021). "''Ateles belzebuth''".
  47. (2004). "''Ateles belzebuth''". [[University of Michigan]].
  48. (2021). "''Ateles chamek''".
  49. (2016). "''Ateles chamek''". [[University of Michigan]].
  50. (2021). "''Ateles fusciceps''".
  51. (2002). "''Ateles fusciceps''". [[University of Michigan]].
  52. (2021). "''Ateles geoffroyi''".
  53. (2002). "''Ateles geoffroyi''". [[University of Michigan]].
  54. (2020). "''Ateles hybridus''".
  55. (2009). "''Ateles hybridus''". [[University of Michigan]].
  56. [[#CITEREF_Animal. Burnie; Wilson]], p. 141
  57. (2021). "''Ateles marginatus''".
  58. (2021). "''Ateles paniscus''".
  59. (2011). "''Ateles paniscus''". [[University of Michigan]].
  60. [[#CITEREF_PrimWorld. Nowak]], p. 100
  61. (2021). "''Brachyteles arachnoides''".
  62. (2003). "''Brachyteles arachnoides''". [[University of Michigan]].
  63. (2021). "''Brachyteles hypoxanthus''".
  64. (2014). "''Brachyteles hypoxanthus''". [[University of Michigan]].
  65. (2021). "''Lagothrix lagothricha''".
  66. (2001). "''Lagothrix lagotricha''". [[University of Michigan]].
  67. (2021). "''Lagothrix flavicauda''".
  68. Botting, Jennifer. (April 2020). "Peruvian Yellow-Tailed Wooly Monkey, ''Lagothrix flavicauda''".
  69. (2021). "''Callimico goeldii''".
  70. (2023). "''Callimico goeldii''". [[University of Michigan]].
  71. (2021). "''Callithrix aurita''".
  72. (2000). "''Callithrix aurita''". [[University of Michigan]].
  73. (2021). "''Callithrix flaviceps''".
  74. (2003). "''Callithrix flaviceps''". [[University of Michigan]].
  75. (2021). "''Callithrix geoffroyi''".
  76. (2009). "''Callithrix geoffroyi''". [[University of Michigan]].
  77. (2021). "''Callithrix jacchus''".
  78. (2000). "''Callithrix jacchus''". [[University of Michigan]].
  79. (2021). "''Callithrix kuhlii''".
  80. (2004). "''Callithrix kuhlii''". [[University of Michigan]].
  81. Covert, Rara. (September 2020). "Wied's Marmoset, ''Callithrix kuhlii''".
  82. (2021). "''Callithrix penicillata''".
  83. (2004). "''Callithrix penicillata''". [[University of Michigan]].
  84. Lussier, Zachary. (September 2019). "Black-Tufted Marmoset, ''Callithrix penicillata''".
  85. (2021). "''Callibella humilis''".
  86. (2021). "''Cebuella pygmaea''".
  87. (2012). "''Callithrix pygmaea''". [[University of Michigan]].
  88. (2021). "''Cebuella niveiventris''".
  89. [[#CITEREF_PrimWorld. Nowak]], p. 124
  90. (2021). "''Leontopithecus caissara''".
  91. (2003). "''Leontopithecus caissara''". [[University of Michigan]].
  92. Downey, Kathleen. (September 2022). "Black-Faced Lion Tamarin, ''Leontopithecus caissara''".
  93. (2021). "''Leontopithecus chrysomelas''".
  94. (2020). "''Leontopithecus chrysopygus''".
  95. (2003). "''Leontopithecus chrysopygus''". [[University of Michigan]].
  96. (2021). "''Leontopithecus rosalia''".
  97. (1999). "''Leontopithecus rosalia''". [[University of Michigan]].
  98. (2000). "''Leontopithecus chrysomelas''". [[University of Michigan]].
  99. (2021). "''Mico acariensis''".
  100. (2021). "''Mico argentatus''".
  101. (2001). "''Callithrix argentata''". [[University of Michigan]].
  102. (2021). "''Mico chrysoleucos''".
  103. (2007). "''Callithrix chrysoleuca''". [[University of Michigan]].
  104. (2021). "''Mico emiliae''".
  105. Scott, Robyn. (October 2023). "Emilia's Marmoset, ''Mico emiliae''".
  106. (2021). "''Mico humeralifer''".
  107. (2018). "''Mico intermedius''".
  108. (2021). "''Mico leucippe''".
  109. (2021). "''Mico marcai''".
  110. (2021). "''Mico mauesi''".
  111. (2021). "''Mico melanurus''".
  112. (2019). "''Mico nigriceps''".
  113. (2021). "''Mico saterei''".
  114. (2020). "''Mico munduruku''".
  115. (2021). "''Mico rondoni''".
  116. (2022). "''Mico schneideri''".
  117. (2020). "''Leontocebus cruzlimai''".
  118. (2020). "''Leontocebus fuscus''".
  119. (2020). "''Leontocebus illigeri''".
  120. (2020). "''Leontocebus lagonotus''".
  121. (2020). "''Leontocebus leucogenys''".
  122. [[#CITEREF_PrimWorld. Nowak]], p. 121
  123. (2020). "''Leontocebus nigrifrons''".
  124. (2021). "''Leontocebus weddelli''".
  125. Lussier, Zachary. (September 2021). "Weddel's Saddle-Back Tamarin, ''Leontocebus weddelli''".
  126. (2021). "''Saguinus bicolor''".
  127. (2004). "''Saguinus bicolor''". [[University of Michigan]].
  128. (2021). "''Saguinus ursulus''".
  129. (2021). "''Saguinus geoffroyi''".
  130. (2000). "''Saguinus geoffroyi''". [[University of Michigan]].
  131. (2022). "''Saguinus imperator''".
  132. (1999). "''Saguinus imperator''". [[University of Michigan]].
  133. (2021). "''Saguinus inustus''".
  134. (2021). "''Saguinus labiatus''".
  135. (2011). "''Saguinus labiatus''". [[University of Michigan]].
  136. (2021). "''Saguinus leucopus''".
  137. (2021). "''Saguinus martinsi''".
  138. (2008). "''Saguinus melanoleucus''".
  139. (2021). "''Saguinus midas''".
  140. (2000). "''Saguinus midas''". [[University of Michigan]].
  141. (2021). "''Saguinus mystax''".
  142. (2011). "''Saguinus mystax''". [[University of Michigan]].
  143. Abrams, Sylvie. (August 2019). "Moustached Tamarin, ''Saguinus mystax''".
  144. (2021). "''Saguinus niger''".
  145. (2021). "''Leontocebus fuscicollis''".
  146. Downey, Kathleen. (April 2021). "Saddle-Back Tamarin, ''Leontocebus fuscicollis''".
  147. (2020). "''Leontocebus nigricollis''".
  148. (2002). "''Saguinus nigricollis''". [[University of Michigan]].
  149. (2021). "''Saguinus oedipus''".
  150. (2002). "''Saguinus oedipus''". [[University of Michigan]].
  151. [[#CITEREF_Animal. Burnie; Wilson]], p. 145
  152. (2020). "''Saguinus mystax ssp. pileatus''".
  153. (2020). "''Leontocebus tripartitus''".
  154. (2009). "''Saguinus tripartitus''". [[University of Michigan]].
  155. (2021). "''Cebus albifrons''".
  156. (2001). "''Cebus albifrons''". [[University of Michigan]].
  157. Cherian, Acima. (April 2023). "Humboldt's White-Fronted Capuchin, ''Cebus albifrons''".
  158. (2021). "''Cebus capucinus''".
  159. (2009). "''Cebus capucinus''". [[University of Michigan]].
  160. Downey, Kathleen. (July 2016). "Columbian White-Throated Capuchin, ''Cebus capucinus''".
  161. (2021). "''Cebus kaapori''".
  162. [[#CITEREF_PrimWorld. Nowak]], p. 113
  163. (2021). "''Sapajus libidinosus''".
  164. (2022). "''Sapajus nigritus''".
  165. (2019). "''Cebus nigritus''". [[University of Michigan]].
  166. (2021). "''Cebus olivaceus''".
  167. (2003). "''Cebus olivaceus''". [[University of Michigan]].
  168. [[#CITEREF_Animal. Burnie; Wilson]], p. 144
  169. (2021). "''Sapajus apella''".
  170. (2003). "''Cebus apella''". [[University of Michigan]].
  171. (2021). "''Sapajus robustus''".
  172. (2021). "''Sapajus xanthosternos''".
  173. (2009). "''Cebus xanthosternos''". [[University of Michigan]].
  174. (2022). "''Sapajus cay''".
  175. (2021). "''Sapajus flavius''".
  176. (2021). "''Saimiri boliviensis''".
  177. (2006). "''Saimiri boliviensis''". [[University of Michigan]].
  178. (2021). "''Saimiri cassiquiarensis''".
  179. Covert, Tara. (July 2021). "Humboldt's Squirrel Monkey, ''Saimiri cassiquiarensis''".
  180. (2021). "''Saimiri collinsi''".
  181. (2021). "''Saimiri oerstedii''".
  182. (2002). "''Saimiri oerstedii''". [[University of Michigan]].
  183. (2021). "''Saimiri sciureus''".
  184. (2000). "''Saimiri sciureus''". [[University of Michigan]].
  185. (2021). "''Saimiri ustus''".
  186. [[#CITEREF_PrimWorld. Nowak]], p. 115
  187. (2021). "''Saimiri vanzolinii''".
  188. (2006). "''Saimiri vanzolinii''". [[University of Michigan]].
  189. (2020). "''Callicebus coimbrai''".
  190. (2021). "''Callicebus barbarabrownae''".
  191. [[#CITEREF_PrimWorld. Nowak]], p. 110
  192. (2020). "''Callicebus melanochir''".
  193. (2020). "''Callicebus nigrifrons''".
  194. (2018). "''Plecturocebus baptista''".
  195. (2021). "''Plecturocebus aureipalatii''".
  196. (2018). "''Plecturocebus bernhardi''".
  197. (2020). "''Plecturocebus brunneus''".
  198. (2018). "''Plecturocebus caligatus''".
  199. (2021). "''Plecturocebus cinerascens''".
  200. (2021). "''Plecturocebus caquetensis''".
  201. Quinan, K. Clare. (January 2023). "Caquetá Titi, ''Plecturocebus caquetensis''".
  202. (2021). "''Plecturocebus miltoni''".
  203. (2021). "''Plecturocebus cupreus''".
  204. (2007). "''Callicebus cupreus''". [[University of Michigan]].
  205. (2021). "''Plecturocebus discolor''".
  206. Abrams, Sylvie. (September 2020). "White-Tailed Titi, ''Plecturocebus discolor''".
  207. (2021). "''Plecturocebus donacophilus''".
  208. (2011). "''Callicebus donacophilus''". [[University of Michigan]].
  209. Downey, Kathleen. (February 2019). "Bolivian Gray Titi, ''Plecturocebus donacophilus''".
  210. (2018). "''Plecturocebus dubius''".
  211. (2020). "''Plecturocebus hoffmannsi''".
  212. (2021). "''Plecturocebus modestus''".
  213. (2021). "''Plecturocebus moloch''".
  214. (2003). "''Callicebus moloch''". [[University of Michigan]].
  215. (2020). "''Plecturocebus toppini''".
  216. (2020). "''Plecturocebus oenanthe''".
  217. (2021). "''Plecturocebus olallae''".
  218. (2020). "''Plecturocebus ornatus''".
  219. Cherian, Acima. (May 2023). "Ornate Titi, ''Plecturocebus ornatus''".
  220. (2021). "''Plecturocebus pallescens''".
  221. (2021). "''Callicebus personatus''".
  222. (2002). "''Callicebus personatus''". [[University of Michigan]].
  223. (2021). "''Plecturocebus stephennashi''".
  224. (2020). "''Plecturocebus urubambensis''".
  225. (2022). "''Plecturocebus vieirai''".
  226. (2022). "''Cheracebus lucifer''".
  227. Abrams, Sylvie. (January 2022). "Lucifer Titi, ''Cheracebus lucifer''".
  228. (2022). "''Cheracebus lugens''".
  229. (2022). "''Cheracebus medemi''".
  230. (2022). "''Cheracebus regulus''".
  231. (2022). "''Cheracebus torquatus''".
  232. (2007). "''Callicebus torquatus''". [[University of Michigan]].
  233. (2022). "''Cacajao novaesi''".
  234. (2021). "''Cacajao rubicundus''".
  235. (2021). "''Cacajao ucayalii''".
  236. (2022). "''Cacajao calvus''".
  237. (2001). "''Cacajao calvus''". [[University of Michigan]].
  238. [[#CITEREF_Animal. Burnie; Wilson]], p. 143
  239. (2021). "''Cacajao ayresi''".
  240. [[#CITEREF_PrimWorld. Nowak]], p. 107
  241. (2021). "''Cacajao hosomi''".
  242. Cherian, Acima. (December 2022). "Neblina Uakari, ''Cacajao hosomi''".
  243. (2021). "''Cacajao melanocephalus''".
  244. (2007). "''Cacajao melanocephalus''". [[University of Michigan]].
  245. (2021). "''Chiropotes albinasus''".
  246. (2002). "''Chiropotes albinasus''". [[University of Michigan]].
  247. Covert, Tara. (December 2018). "White-Nosed Saki, ''Chiropotes albinasus''".
  248. (2018). "''Chiropotes chiropotes''".
  249. Quinlan, K. Clare. (December 2021). "Bearded Saki, ''Chiropotes chiropotes''".
  250. (2021). "''Chiropotes sagulatus''".
  251. [[#CITEREF_PrimWorld. Nowak]], p. 106
  252. (2021). "''Chiropotes satanas''".
  253. (2008). "''Chiropotes satanas''". [[University of Michigan]].
  254. (2020). "''Chiropotes utahickae''".
  255. (2018). "''Pithecia aequatorialis''".
  256. (2021). "''Pithecia albicans''".
  257. Covert, Tara. (November 2019). "Buffy Saki, ''Pithecia albicans''".
  258. (2021). "''Pithecia irrorata''".
  259. Botting, Jennifer. (May 2020). "Gray's Bald-Faced Saki, ''Pithecia irrorata''".
  260. (2018). "''Pithecia monachus''".
  261. (2021). "''Pithecia pithecia''".
  262. (2013). "''Pithecia pithecia''". [[University of Michigan]].
  263. (2021). "''Pithecia cazuzai''".
  264. (2018). "''Pithecia chrysocephala''".
  265. (2021). "''Pithecia hirsuta''".
  266. (2021). "''Pithecia inusta''".
  267. [[#CITEREF_PrimWorld. Nowak]], p. 105
  268. (2018). "''Pithecia isabela''".
  269. (2021). "''Pithecia milleri''".
  270. (2018). "''Pithecia napensis''".
  271. Quinlan, K. Clare. (June 2020). "Napo Saki, ''Pithecia napensis''".
  272. (2018). "''Pithecia vanzolinii''".
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