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List of plants in the Bible
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This article lists plants referenced in the Bible, ordered alphabetically by English common/colloquial name. For plants whose identities are unconfirmed or debated the most probable species is listed first. Plants named in the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible or Tenakh) are given with their Hebrew name, while those mentioned in the New Testament are given with their Greek names.
A
| Name in Bible | Plant name | Scientific name | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| *səneh* | Abraham's Bush or | ||
| Blackberry | *Vitex agnus-castus*, *Rubus sanctus* or *Loranthus acaciae* | Exodus 3:2 | |
| *šiṭṭāh* | Acacia, Spirale | *Acacia raddiana* | Exodus 25:10 |
| *’almuggîm* | Almug tree; traditionally thought to denominate Red Sandalwood and/or | ||
| White Sandalwood, but a few claim it is Juniper | *Pterocarpus santalinus* | ||
| *Santalum album* | |||
| *Juniperus excelsa* | [2 Chronicles](2-chronicles) 2:8; 9:10, 11; [1 Kings](1-kings) 10:11, 12 | ||
| *šāqêḏ* | Almond | *Amygdalus communis* | Genesis 43:11 |
| *’ăhālîm* | Agarwood ("Aloe") | *Aquilaria malaccensis* | Proverbs 7:17 |
| κρίνον, *krinon* | Anemone | *Anemone coronaria* | Matthew 6:28 |
| ἄνηθον, *anēthon * | Anise or Dill | *Pimpinella anisum*, *Anethum graveolens* | Matthew 23:23 |
| *tappūaḥ* | Apple or citron | *Malus domestica* or *Citrus medica* | Genesis 2:7; Job 31:39; Jeremiah 15:9 |
B–E
| Name in Bible | Plant name | Scientific name | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| *bōśem*, *bəḵā’îm* | Balsam | *Commiphora gileadensis* | Exodus, Songs |
| *śə‘ōrāh* | Barley | *Hordeum vulgare* | Numbers 5:15; Ezekiel 4:9 |
| *bā’ezrāḥ* | Bay | *Laurus nobilis* | Psalm 37:35 |
| *bəḏōlaḥ* | Bdellium | *Commiphora africana* | ; Numbers 11:7 |
| *p̄ōl* | Bean | *Vicia faba* | Ezekiel 4:9 |
| *ṯə’aššūr* | Box | *Buxus sempervirens* | Isaiah 41:19 |
| *tsin* | Boxthorn | *Lycium europaeum* | Proverbs 22:5 |
| *’āṭāḏ* | Bramble | *Rubus ulmifolius* | Judges 9:15 |
| *rōṯem* | Broom | *Calycotome villosa*, *Retama raetam* or *Spartium junceum* | Psalm 120:4, [1 Kings](1-kings) 19:4 |
| *gōme* | Bulrush or | ||
| Papyrus | *Typha* spp. | ||
| *Cyperus papyrus* | Exodus 2:3, Job 40:21 (ABP and NETS) | ||
| *’ăḇîyōnāh* | Caper, Desire | *Capparis spinosa* | Ecclesiastes 12:5 |
| κεράτιον, *keration* | Carob and Locust | *Ceratonia siliqua* | Luke 15:16, Matthew 3:1 |
| *qiddāh* | Cassia | *Cinnamomum iners* | Exodus 30:24, Psalm 45:8, Job 42:14 |
| *qîqōnāh* | Castor Oil Tree ("Jonah's gourd") | *Ricinus communis* | Jonah 4:9 |
| *’ārez* | Cedar of Lebanon | *Cedrus libani* | [1 Kings](1-kings) 5:10, [2 Kings](2-kings) 19:23 |
| *qinnāmōn* | Cinnamon | *Cinnamomum zeylanicum* | Proverbs 7:17 |
| *ḇā’əšāh* | Cockle or Stinkweed | *Agrostemma githago* | Job 31:40 |
| *gad* | Coriander | *Coriandrum sativum* | Exodus 16:31 |
| *karpas* | Cotton | *Gossypium herbaceum* | Esther 1:6 |
| *ḥăḇatseleṯ* | Crocus | *Crocus sativus* | Song of Solomon 2:1, Isaiah 35:1 |
| *qiššu’a* | Cucumber | *Cucumis melo* | Numbers 11:5 |
| *kammōn*; κύμινον, *kuminon* | Cumin | *Cuminum cyminum* | Isaiah 28:27 |
| *qetsaḥ* | Cumin, Black | *Nigella sativa* | Isaiah 44:14 |
| *tirzāh* | Cypress | *Cupressus sempervirens* | Isaiah 44:14 |
| *bərōš* | Cypress or fir | *Cupressus sempervirens* | Isaiah 44:14 |
| *tāmār* | |||
| φοίνιξ, *phoinix* | Date Palm | *Phoenix dactylifera* | Song of Solomon 5:11; 7:7, 8, John 12:13 |
| *diḇyōnîm* | Dove's Dung | *Ornithogalum narbonense* | [2 Kings](2-kings) 6:25 |
| *tiḏhār* | Elm | *Ulmus minor* subsp. *canescens* | Song of Solomon 5:11; 7:7, 8, John 12:13 |
F–I
| Name in Bible | Plant name | Scientific name | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| *ṯə’ênāh* | Fig | *Ficus carica* | Joel 1:7 |
| *’ōren* | Fir | *Abies cilicica* | [1 Kings](1-kings) etc. |
| *pešeth* | Flax | *Linum usitatissimum* | Proverbs 31:13 |
| *peraḥ * | Flowers, unidentified | [1 Kings](1-kings) 7:26 | |
| *ləḇōnāh* | Frankincense | *Boswellia thurifera* | Matthew 2:10, 11 |
| *šūm* | Garlic | *Allium sativum* | Numbers 11:5 |
| *‘ănāḇ* | Grape | *Vitis vinifera* | Genesis 40:10 etc. |
| *ḥătsîr* | Grass | Numbers 11:5 | |
| *kimśuḵaṯ ḥāḏeq* | Hedge of Thorns | *Solanum incanum* | Proverbs 15:19 |
| *rōš* | Hemlock or gall | *Conium maculatum*, *Papaver somniferum* | Amos 6:12 |
| *kōp̄er* | Henna | *Lawsonia inermis* | Song of Solomon 1:14 |
| *’êzōḇ* | |||
| ὕσσωπος, *hysōpos* | Hyssop | *Hyssopus officinalis* | Leviticus 14:52 |
| *qaṭṭərāh* | Incense | *Boswellia sacra* | Hosea 4:13 |
| *šōšannāh* | Iris (then denominated "Lily") | *Iris palaestina* | [1 Kings](1-kings) 7:22 |
J–M
| Name in Bible | Plant name | Scientific name | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| n/a | Judas Tree | *Cercis siliquastrum* | Matthew 27:5 |
| *‘ărō‘êr* | Juniper | *Juniperus excelsa* | Jeremiah 17:6, 48:6 |
| ἄκανθα, *akantha* | Jujube | *Ziziphus spina-christi* | Matthew 27:29 |
| *ḥātsîr* | Leek | *Allium porrum* | Numbers 11:5 |
| *‘ăḏāša* | Lentil | *Lens esculenta* | [2 Samuel](2-samuel) 17:28; Ezekiel 4:9 |
| * šōwōšannaṯ hā-‘ămāqîm* | Lily-of-the-valley | *Convallaria majalis* | Song of Solomon 2:1 |
| *šêš* | Linen | *Linum usitatissimum* | Exodus 35:25 |
| *tse’ĕlîm* | Lotus | *Nelumbo nucifera* | Job 40:21–22 |
| *mallūaḥ* | Mallow | *Atriplex halimus* | Job 30:4 |
| *ḏūḏā’î* | Mandrake | *Mandragora autumnalis* | Genesis 30:15 |
| *man* | Manna | *Alhagi camelorum* | Numbers 11:7 |
| ἡδύοσμον, *hēduosmon* | Mint | *Mentha* spp. | Matthew 23:23 |
| σίναπι, *sinapi* | Mustard | *Brassica nigra* | Matthew 13:31 |
| *lōṭ* | Myrrh | *Commiphora guidotti* | Genesis 37:25, 43:11 |
| *hăḏas* | Myrtle | *Myrtus communis* | Isaiah 55:13 |
N–R
| Name in Bible | Plant name | Scientific name | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| *sirpaḏ* | Nettle | *Acanthus spinosus* | Isaiah 55:13 |
| *beten* | Pistachio | *Pistacia vera* | Song of Solomon 6:11 |
| *’allōn* | Oak | *Quercus calliprinos* | Joshua 24:26 |
| *zāyiṯ* | Olive | *Olea europaea* | Judges 9:9 |
| *bətsāl* | Onion | *Allium cepa* | Numbers 11:5 |
| *‘armōn* | Plane | *Platanus orientalis* | Ezekiel 31:8, Genesis 30:37 |
| *rimmōn* | Pomegranate | *Punica granatum* | Song of Solomon 7:12 |
| *liḇneh* | Poplar species | *Populus* spp. | Isaiah 44:4 |
| *ḥallāmūṯ* | Purslane | *Portulaca oleracea* | Job 6:6 |
| *’êḇeh* | Reed (see also Cane) | *Phragmites* | Ezekiel 40:*vv.*, Job 40:21 |
| πήγανον, *pēganon* | Rue | *Ruta graveolens* | Luke 11:42 |
| *’aḡmōn* | Rush | *Juncus* spp. | Isaiah 9:14 |
S
| Name in Bible | Plant name | Scientific name | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| *karkōmn* | Saffron | *Crocus sativus* | Song of Solomon 4:14 |
| *kussemeṯ* | Spelt | *Triticum spelta* | Isaiah 28:25; Ezekiel 4:9 |
| *nêrəd* | Spikenard | *Nardostachys jatamansi* | Song of Solomon 4:14 |
| *nāṭāf* | Stacte or Storax | *Styrax officinalis*, *Liquidambar orientalis* | Exodus 30:34 |
| συκάμινος, *sykaminos* | Sycamine Fig-mulberry or Mulberry | *Ficus sycomorus*, *Morus nigra* or *Morus alba* | Luke 17:6 |
T–Z
| Name in Bible | Plant name | Scientific name | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| *’ešel* | Tamarisk | *Tamarix aphylla* | Genesis 21:33 |
| ζιζάνιον, *zizanion* | "Tares", Darnel | *Lolium temulentum* | Matthew 13:25–40 |
| *’êlāh* | Terebinth | *Pistacia terebinthus* | [2 Samuel](2-samuel) 18:9 |
| *ḥōwaḥ* | Thistle | Cardueae | Job 31:40, [2 Chronicles](2-chronicles) 25:18 |
| *qōts* | Thorn, thornbush | *Vachellia tortilis* or similar | Jeremiah 4:3 |
| θύϊνος, *thyinos* | Thyine Wood | *Tetraclinis articulata* | Revelation 18:12 |
| *‘êts* | Timber | [2 Kings](2-kings) 12:12 | |
| *hă-ḇatseleṯ ha-Šārōn* | Tulip Sharon | *Tulipa agenensis* | Song of Solomon 2:1 |
| *’ĕḡōz* | Walnut | *Juglans regia* | Song of Solomon 6:11, Genesis 43:11 |
| *’ăḇaṭṭiḥ* | Watermelon | *Citrullus lanatus* | |
| *ḥiṭṭāh* | |||
| *ḥinṭa’* | Wheat | *Triticum aestivum* | Ezra 7:22; Ezekiel 4:9 |
| *‘ărāḇ* | Willow | *Salix alba* | Job 40:22 |
| ἄψινθος, *apsinthos* | |||
| *la‘ănāh* | Wormwood | *Artemisia absinthium* | Revelation 8:11 |
Notes
References
Sources
- Post, G.E. Bible Dictionary Contributions
- Zohary, Michael (1982) Plants of the Bible. New York: Cambridge University Press.
References
- "The Paths of Daniel: Studies in Judaism and Jewish Culture in Honor of Rabbi Professor Daniel Sperber". Bar-Ilan University press.
- Zohar Amar, ''Flora of the Bible: A New Investigation Aimed at Identifying All of the Plants of the Bible in Light of Jewish Sources and Scientific Research'', Jerusalem, 2012, p. 220 (s. v. '''חדק''')
- H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1843–1996, under "{{lang. grc. ζιζάνια". The plural form "Zizania" has modernly denominated in botany [[wild rice]].
- [http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=G2215 Thayer's Lexicon: ζιζάνια]
- Longman, Tremper. (2001). "Songs of Songs". Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
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