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List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
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The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine () is awarded annually by the Swedish Karolinska Institute to scientists in the various fields of physiology or medicine. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members and an executive secretary elected by the Karolinska Institute. While commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Medicine, Nobel specifically stated that the prize be awarded for "physiology or medicine" in his will. Because of this, the prize can be awarded in a broader range of fields. The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 to Emil Adolf von Behring, of Germany. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, von Behring received 150,782 SEK, which was equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2008. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
Laureates have won the Nobel Prize in a wide range of fields that relate to physiology or medicine. As of 2009, 8 Prizes have been awarded for contributions in the field of signal transduction by G proteins and second messengers, 13 have been awarded for contributions in the field of neurobiology and 13 have been awarded for contributions in intermediary metabolism. In 1939 Gerhard Domagk, a German, was not allowed by his government to accept the prize. He later received a medal and diploma, but not the money. As of 2024, the prize has been awarded to 229 individuals, thirteen of them were women (Gerty Cori being the first to be awarded in 1947).
There have been nine years in which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was not awarded (1915–1918, 1921, 1925, 1940–1942). There were also five years for which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was delayed for one year. The Prize was not awarded in 1914, as the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine decided that none of that year's nominations met the necessary criteria, but was awarded to Robert Bárány in 1915 and counted as the 1914 prize. This precedent was followed for the 1922 prize awarded to Archibald Hill and Otto Fritz Meyerhof in 1923, the 1926 prize awarded to Johannes Fibiger in 1927, the 1938 prize awarded to Corneille Heymans in 1939, and the 1943 prize awarded to Henrik Dam and Edward Adelbert Doisy in 1944.
Laureates
| Year | Image | Laureate | Nationality | Rationale | Ref | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 | [[File:EmilVonBehring.jpg | 75px]] | Emil von Behring | ||||||
| (1854–1917) | German Empire | "for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901 | url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1901/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716232500/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1901/index.html | archive-date=16 July 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1902 | [[File:Ronald Ross.jpg | 75px]] | Sir Ronald Ross | ||||||
| (1857–1932) | United Kingdom | "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822134807/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/index.html | archive-date=22 August 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1903 | [[File:Niels ryberg.jpg | 75px]] | Niels Ryberg Finsen | ||||||
| (1860–1904) | Denmark Faroe Islands | "[for] his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1903/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820015652/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1903/index.html | archive-date=20 August 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1904 | [[File:Ivan Pavlov nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Ivan Pavlov | ||||||
| (1849–1936) | Russian Empire | "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822161039/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/index.html | archive-date=22 August 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1905 | [[File:RobertKoch cropped.jpg | 75px]] | Robert Koch | ||||||
| (1843–1910) | Germany | "for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822214931/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/index.html | archive-date=22 August 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1906 | [[File:Camillo Golgi nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Camillo Golgi | ||||||
| (1843–1926) | Italy | "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system" | |||||||
| [[File:Cajal-Restored.jpg | 75px]] | Santiago Ramón y Cajal | |||||||
| (1852–1934) | Spain | ||||||||
| 1907 | [[File:Charles Laveran nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran | ||||||
| (1845–1922) | France | "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1907/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518061348/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1907/index.html | archive-date=18 May 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1908 | [[File:Ilya Mechnikov nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Élie Metchnikoff | ||||||
| (1845–1916) | Russian Empire | "in recognition of their work on immunity" | |||||||
| [[File:Paul Ehrlich (1926-27 Microbe Hunters).jpg | 75px]] | Paul Ehrlich | |||||||
| (1854–1915) | German Empire | ||||||||
| 1909 | [[File:Emil Theodor Kocher nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Emil Theodor Kocher | ||||||
| (1841–1917) | Switzerland | "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1909/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011081503/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1909/index.html | archive-date=11 October 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1910 | [[File:Albrecht Kossel nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Albrecht Kossel | ||||||
| (1853–1927) | Germany | "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1910/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011115254/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1910/index.html | archive-date=11 October 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1911 | [[File:Allvar Gullstrand.jpg | 75px]] | Allvar Gullstrand | ||||||
| (1862–1930) | Sweden | "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1911 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1911/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823060919/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1911/index.html | archive-date=23 August 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1912 | [[File:Alexis Carrel 02.jpg | 75px]] | Alexis Carrel | ||||||
| (1873–1944) | France | "[for] his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1912/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930041933/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1912/index.html | archive-date=30 September 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1913 | [[File:Charles Robert Richet nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Charles Richet | ||||||
| (1850–1935) | France | "[for] his work on anaphylaxis" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1913 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1913/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929225010/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1913/index.html | archive-date=29 September 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1914 | [[File:Robert Barany (3x4 cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Robert Bárány | ||||||
| (1876–1936) | Austria-Hungary | "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1914/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011105140/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1914/index.html | archive-date=11 October 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1915 | *Not awarded* | ||||||||
| 1916 | |||||||||
| 1917 | |||||||||
| 1918 | |||||||||
| 1919 | [[File:Jules Bordet nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Jules Bordet | ||||||
| (1870–1961) | Belgium | "for his discoveries relating to immunity" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1919 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1919/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602135507/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1919/index.html | archive-date=2 June 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1920 | [[File:August Krogh Bain 32006.jpg | 75px]] | August Krogh | ||||||
| (1874–1949) | Denmark | "for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1920/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823060540/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1920/index.html | archive-date=23 August 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1921 | *Not awarded* | ||||||||
| 1922 | [[File:Archibald Vivian Hill.jpg | 75px]] | Archibald Hill | ||||||
| (1886–1977) | United Kingdom | "for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1922/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102120234/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1922/index.html | archive-date=2 November 2013 | url-status=live}} |
| [[File:Otto Fritz Meyerhof.jpg | 75px]] | Otto Fritz Meyerhof | |||||||
| (1884–1951) | Germany | "for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle" | |||||||
| 1923 | [[File:Fredrick banting.jpg | 75px]] | Sir Frederick Banting | ||||||
| (1891–1941) | Canada | "for the discovery of insulin" | |||||||
| [[File:J.J.R. Macleod ca. 1928.png | 75px]] | John Macleod | |||||||
| (1876–1935) | United Kingdom | ||||||||
| 1924 | [[File:Willem Einthoven.jpg | 75px]] | Willem Einthoven | ||||||
| (1860–1927) | Netherlands | "for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1924/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922041108/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1924/index.html | archive-date=22 September 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1925 | *Not awarded* | ||||||||
| 1926 | [[File:J Fibiger.jpg | 75px]] | Johannes Fibiger | ||||||
| (1867–1928) | Denmark | "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1926/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930041628/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1926/index.html | archive-date=30 September 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1927 | [[File:Julius Wagner-Jauregg ohne Unterschrift.jpg | 75px]] | Julius Wagner-Jauregg | ||||||
| (1857–1940) | Austria | "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1927/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822215200/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1927/index.html | archive-date=22 August 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1928 | [[File:Jules Nicole (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Charles Nicolle | ||||||
| (1866–1936) | France | "for his work on typhus" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1928/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011084610/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1928/index.html | archive-date=11 October 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1929 | [[File:Christiaan Eijkman.jpg | 75px]] | Christiaan Eijkman | ||||||
| (1868–1930) | Netherlands | "for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1929/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014514/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1929/index.html | archive-date=30 September 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| [[File:Frederick Gowland Hopkins nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins | |||||||
| (1861–1947) | United Kingdom | "for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins" | |||||||
| 1930 | [[File:Karl Landsteiner nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Karl Landsteiner | ||||||
| (1868–1943) | Austria | ||||||||
| United States | "for his discovery of human blood groups" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1930/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818085239/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1930/index.html | archive-date=18 August 2007 | url-status=live}} | |
| 1931 | [[File:Otto Warburg.jpg | 75px]] | Otto Heinrich Warburg | ||||||
| (1883–1970) | Germany | "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1931/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514061130/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1931/index.html | archive-date=14 May 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1932 | [[File:Prof. Charles Scott Sherrington.jpg | 75px]] | Sir Charles Scott Sherrington | ||||||
| (1857–1952) | United Kingdom | "for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons" | |||||||
| [[File:Edgar Douglas Adrian nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Edgar Adrian | |||||||
| (1889–1977) | |||||||||
| 1933 | [[File:Thomas Hunt Morgan.jpg | 75px]] | Thomas Hunt Morgan | ||||||
| (1866–1945) | United States | "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1933/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821164106/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1933/index.html | archive-date=21 August 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1934 | [[File:George Whipple nobel.jpg | 75px]] | George Whipple | ||||||
| (1878–1976) | United States | "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia" | |||||||
| [[File:George Minot nobel.jpg | 75px]] | George Minot | |||||||
| (1885–1950) | |||||||||
| [[File:William P Murphy.jpg | 75px]] | William P. Murphy | |||||||
| (1892–1987) | |||||||||
| 1935 | [[File:Hans Spemann nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Hans Spemann | ||||||
| (1869–1941) | Germany | was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1935 for his student Hilde Mangold's discovery of the effect now known as embryonic induction, an influence, exercised by various parts of the embryo, that directs the development of groups of cells into particular tissues and organs, the start of artificial cloning of organisms. Spemann added his name as an author to Hilde Mangold's dissertation (although she objected). | |||||||
| 1936 | [[File:Henry Dale nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Sir Henry Hallett Dale | ||||||
| (1875–1968) | United Kingdom | "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses" | |||||||
| [[File:Otto Loewi nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Otto Loewi | |||||||
| (1873–1961) | Germany | ||||||||
| 1937 | [[File:Szent-Györgyi Albert, Nobel-díjas és Kossuth-díjas orvos, biokémikus. Fortepan 74535.jpg | 75px]] | Albert Szent-Györgyi | ||||||
| (1893–1986) | Hungary | "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1937/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514060412/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1937/index.html | archive-date=14 May 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1938 | [[File:Corneille Heymans nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Corneille Heymans | ||||||
| (1892–1968) | Belgium | "for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1938 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1938/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930042256/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1938/index.html | archive-date=30 September 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1939 | [[File:Gerhard Domagk nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Gerhard Domagk | ||||||
| (1895–1964) | Germany | "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1939/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518213316/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1939/index.html | archive-date=18 May 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1940 | *Not awarded* | ||||||||
| 1941 | |||||||||
| 1942 | |||||||||
| 1943 | [[File:Henrik Dam nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Henrik Dam | ||||||
| (1895–1976) | Denmark | "for his discovery of vitamin K" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1943/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103172656/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1943/index.html | archive-date=3 November 2013 | url-status=live}} |
| [[File:Edward A Doisy.jpg | 75px]] | Edward Adelbert Doisy | |||||||
| (1893–1986) | United States | "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K" | |||||||
| 1944 | [[File:Joseph Erlanger nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Joseph Erlanger | ||||||
| (1874–1965) | United States | "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres" | |||||||
| [[File:Herbert Spencer Gasser nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Herbert Spencer Gasser | |||||||
| (1888–1963) | |||||||||
| 1945 | [[File:Alexander Fleming 1945.jpg | 75px]] | Sir Alexander Fleming | ||||||
| (1881–1955) | United Kingdom | "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases" | |||||||
| [[File:Ernst Boris Chain 1945.jpg | 75px]] | Sir Ernst Boris Chain | |||||||
| (1906–1979) | |||||||||
| [[File:Howard Walter Florey 1945.jpg | 75px]] | Howard Walter Florey | |||||||
| (1898–1968) | Australia | ||||||||
| 1946 | [[File:HJ Muller 1952.jpg | 75px]] | Hermann Joseph Muller | ||||||
| (1890–1967) | United States | "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1946/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929211857/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1946/index.html | archive-date=29 September 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1947 | [[File:Carl Ferdinand Cori.jpg | 75px]] | Carl Ferdinand Cori | ||||||
| (1896–1984) | Czechoslovakia | ||||||||
| United States | "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen" | ||||||||
| [[File:Gerty Theresa Cori.jpg | 75px]] | Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz | |||||||
| (1896–1957) | |||||||||
| [[File:Bernado Houssay.JPG | 75px]] | Bernardo Alberto Houssay | |||||||
| (1887–1971) | Argentina | "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar" | |||||||
| 1948 | [[File:Paul Hermann Müller nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Paul Hermann Müller | ||||||
| (1899–1965) | Switzerland | "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1948/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514054717/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1948/index.html | archive-date=14 May 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1949 | [[File:Walter Hess.jpg | 75px]] | Walter Rudolf Hess | ||||||
| (1881–1973) | Switzerland | "for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1949/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035654/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1949/index.html | archive-date=30 September 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| [[File:Moniz.jpg | 75px]] | António Caetano Egas Moniz | |||||||
| (1874–1955) | Portugal | "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses" | |||||||
| 1950 | [[File:Philip Showalter Hench.jpg | 75px]] | Philip Showalter Hench | ||||||
| (1896–1965) | United States | "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects" | |||||||
| [[File:Edward Calvin Kendall nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Edward Calvin Kendall | |||||||
| (1886–1972) | |||||||||
| [[File:Thadeus Reichstein ETH-Bib Portr 10137.jpg | 75px]] | Tadeusz Reichstein | |||||||
| (1897–1996) | Polish People's Republic | ||||||||
| Switzerland | |||||||||
| 1951 | [[File:Max Theiler nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Max Theiler | ||||||
| (1899–1972) | South Africa | ||||||||
| United States | "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1951/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011130116/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1951/index.html | archive-date=11 October 2007 | url-status=live}} | |
| 1952 | [[File:Selman Waksman NYWTScrop.jpg | 75px]] | Selman Abraham Waksman | ||||||
| (1888–1973) | United States | "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1952/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929161425/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1952/index.html | archive-date=29 September 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1953 | [[File:Hans Adolf Krebs.jpg | 75px]] | Sir Hans Adolf Krebs | ||||||
| (1900–1981) | West Germany | ||||||||
| United Kingdom | "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1953/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607220439/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1953/index.html | archive-date=7 June 2007 | url-status=live}} | |
| [[File:Portrait of Fritz Albert Lipmann (1899-1986), Biochemist (2551001689).jpg | 75px]] | Fritz Albert Lipmann | |||||||
| (1899–1986) | United States | "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism" | |||||||
| 1954 | John Franklin Enders | ||||||||
| (1897–1985) | United States | "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue" | |||||||
| [[File:Frederick Chapman Robbins nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Frederick Chapman Robbins | |||||||
| (1916–2003) | |||||||||
| [[File:Thomas Huckle Weller.jpg | 75px]] | Thomas Huckle Weller | |||||||
| (1915–2008) | |||||||||
| 1955 | [[File:Hugo Theorell nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell | ||||||
| (1903–1982) | Sweden | "for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1955/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011084711/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1955/index.html | archive-date=11 October 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1956 | [[File:André Frédéric Cournand nobel.jpg | 75px]] | André Frédéric Cournand | ||||||
| (1895–1988) | France | ||||||||
| United States | "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system" | ||||||||
| [[File:Werner Forssmann nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Werner Forssmann | |||||||
| (1904–1979) | West Germany | ||||||||
| [[File:Dickinson W. Richards nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Dickinson W. Richards | |||||||
| (1895–1973) | United States | ||||||||
| 1957 | [[File:Daniel Bovet nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Daniel Bovet | ||||||
| (1907–1992) | Switzerland | ||||||||
| Italy | "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1957/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929160117/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1957/index.html | archive-date=29 September 2007 | url-status=live}} | |
| 1958 | [[File:George Wells Beadle.jpg | 75px]] | George Wells Beadle | ||||||
| (1903–1989) | United States | "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events" | |||||||
| [[File:Edward Lawrie Tatum nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Edward Lawrie Tatum | |||||||
| (1909–1975) | |||||||||
| [[File:Joshua Lederberg crop.jpg | 75px]] | Joshua Lederberg | |||||||
| (1925–2008) | "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria" | ||||||||
| 1959 | [[File:Arthur Kornberg (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Arthur Kornberg | ||||||
| (1918–2007) | United States | "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid" | |||||||
| [[File:Severo Ochoa nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Severo Ochoa | |||||||
| (1905–1993) | Spain | ||||||||
| United States | |||||||||
| 1960 | [[File:Frank Macfarlane Burnet nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet | ||||||
| (1899–1985) | Australia | "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance" | |||||||
| [[File:Peter Brian Medawar.jpg | 75px]] | Sir Peter Brian Medawar | |||||||
| (1915–1987) | United Kingdom | ||||||||
| 1961 | [[File:Georg von Békésy nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Georg von Békésy | ||||||
| (1899–1972) | Hungary | ||||||||
| United States | "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1961/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929142105/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1961/index.html | archive-date=29 September 2007 | url-status=live}} | |
| 1962 | [[File:Francis Crick (3x4 cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Francis Crick | ||||||
| (1916–2004) | United Kingdom | "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material" | |||||||
| [[File:James Dewey Watson (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | James Dewey Watson | |||||||
| (1928–2025) | United States | ||||||||
| [[File:Maurice Wilkins nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins | |||||||
| (1916–2004) | New Zealand | ||||||||
| United Kingdom | |||||||||
| 1963 | [[File:Sir_John_Eccles_Wellcome_L0026812.jpg | 75px]] | Sir John Carew Eccles | ||||||
| (1903–1997) | Australia | "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane" | |||||||
| [[File:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin | |||||||
| (1914–1998) | United Kingdom | ||||||||
| [[File:Andrew Fielding Huxley nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley | |||||||
| (1917–2012) | |||||||||
| 1964 | [[File:Konrad Bloch (head shoulders 3x4 cropped) (cropped).JPG | 75px]] | Konrad Bloch | ||||||
| (1912–2000) | United States | "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism" | |||||||
| [[File:Feodor Lynen with pipette.jpg | 75px]] | Feodor Lynen | |||||||
| (1911–1979) | West Germany | ||||||||
| 1965 | [[File:François Jacob nobel.jpg | 75px]] | François Jacob | ||||||
| (1920–2013) | France | "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis" | |||||||
| [[File:André Lwoff nobel.jpg | 75px]] | André Lwoff | |||||||
| (1902–1994) | |||||||||
| [[File:Jacques Monod nobel (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Jacques Monod | |||||||
| (1910–1976) | |||||||||
| 1966 | [[File:Peyton Rous nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Peyton Rous | ||||||
| (1879–1970) | United States | "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1966/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929145218/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1966/index.html | archive-date=29 September 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| [[File:Charles Brenton Huggins nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Charles Brenton Huggins | |||||||
| (1901–1997) | Canada | ||||||||
| United States | "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer" | ||||||||
| 1967 | [[File:Ragnar Granit2.jpg | 75px]] | Ragnar Granit | ||||||
| (1900–1991) | Finland | ||||||||
| Sweden | "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye" | ||||||||
| [[File:Haldan Keffer Hartline nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Haldan Keffer Hartline | |||||||
| (1903–1983) | United States | ||||||||
| [[File:George Wald nobel.jpg | 75px]] | George Wald | |||||||
| (1906–1997) | |||||||||
| 1968 | [[File:Robert W. Holley nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Robert W. Holley | ||||||
| (1922–1993) | United States | "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis" | |||||||
| [[File:Har Gobind Khorana nobel.jpg | 75px]] | Har Gobind Khorana | |||||||
| (1922–2011) | India | ||||||||
| United States | |||||||||
| [[File:Marshall Nirenberg 2003.jpg | 75px]] | Marshall W. Nirenberg | |||||||
| (1927–2010) | United States | ||||||||
| 1969 | [[File:Max Delbruck (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Max Delbrück | ||||||
| (1906–1981) | United States | "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses" | |||||||
| [[File:Alfred Hershey (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Alfred Hershey | |||||||
| (1908–1997) | |||||||||
| [[File:Salvador E. Luria ca.1969 (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Salvador E. Luria | |||||||
| (1912–1991) | Italy | ||||||||
| United States | |||||||||
| 1970 | [[File:Axelrod01.jpg | 75px]] | Julius Axelrod | ||||||
| (1912–2004) | United States | "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation" | |||||||
| [[File:Ulf von Euler.jpg | 75px]] | Ulf von Euler | |||||||
| (1905–1983) | Sweden | ||||||||
| [[File:Sir Bernard Katz.jpg | 75px]] | Sir Bernard Katz | |||||||
| (1911–2003) | West Germany | ||||||||
| United Kingdom | |||||||||
| 1971 | [[File:Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.jpg | 75px]] | Earl W. Sutherland Jr. | ||||||
| (1915–1974) | United States | "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1971/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010215540/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1971/index.html | archive-date=10 October 2013 | url-status=live}} |
| 1972 | [[File:Professor Gerald M. Edelman (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Gerald M. Edelman | ||||||
| (1929–2014) | United States | "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies" | |||||||
| [[File:Rodney Robert Porter.jpg | 75px]] | Rodney R. Porter | |||||||
| (1917–1985) | United Kingdom | ||||||||
| 1973 | [[File:Karl von Frisch - Atelier Veritas, c. 1926.jpg | 75px]] | Karl von Frisch | ||||||
| (1886–1982) | Austria | "for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns" | |||||||
| [[File:Konrad Lorenz (3x4 cropped).JPG | 75px]] | Konrad Lorenz | |||||||
| (1903–1989) | |||||||||
| [[File:Nikolaas Tinbergen 1978.jpg | 75px]] | Nikolaas Tinbergen | |||||||
| (1907–1988) | Netherlands | ||||||||
| 1974 | [[File:Albert Claude 1974.jpg | 75px]] | Albert Claude | ||||||
| (1899–1983) | Belgium | ||||||||
| United States | "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell" | ||||||||
| [[File:Christian de Duve cropped (3x4 cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Christian de Duve | |||||||
| (1917–2013) | Belgium | ||||||||
| [[File:George Emil Palade 2021 stamp of Romania (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | George E. Palade | |||||||
| (1912–2008) | Socialist Republic of Romania | ||||||||
| United States | |||||||||
| 1975 | [[File:Dr. David Baltimore2.jpg | 75px]] | David Baltimore | ||||||
| (1938–2025) | United States | "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell" | |||||||
| [[File:Renato Dulbecco crop.jpg | 75px]] | Renato Dulbecco | |||||||
| (1914–2012) | Italy | ||||||||
| United States | |||||||||
| [[File:Howard Martin Temin 1975 (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Howard Martin Temin | |||||||
| (1934–1994) | United States | ||||||||
| 1976 | [[File:Baruch Samuel Blumberg by Tom Trower (NASA) (3x4 cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Baruch Samuel Blumberg | ||||||
| (1925–2011) | United States | "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases" | |||||||
| [[File:Daniel Carleton Gajdusek 2bw cropped.jpg | 75px]] | D. Carleton Gajdusek | |||||||
| (1923–2008) | |||||||||
| 1977 | [[File:Roger Guillemin.jpg | 75px]] | Roger Guillemin | ||||||
| (1924–2024) | France | ||||||||
| United States | "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain" | ||||||||
| [[File:Schally portrait.jpg | 75px]] | Andrew V. Schally | |||||||
| (1926–2024) | United States | ||||||||
| [[File:Rosalyn Yalow (3x4 cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Rosalyn Yalow | |||||||
| (1921–2011) | "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones" | ||||||||
| 1978 | [[File:Werner Arber 2008.jpg | 75px]] | Werner Arber | ||||||
| (b. 1929) | Switzerland | "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics" | |||||||
| [[File:37. Tagung 1987 Mediziner Daniel Nathans lächelnd - W134Nr.125411c - Willy Pragher (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Daniel Nathans | |||||||
| (1928–1999) | United States | ||||||||
| [[File:Hamilton Smith (3x4 cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Hamilton O. Smith | |||||||
| (1931–2025) | |||||||||
| 1979 | [[File:A. M. Cormack.jpg | 75px]] | Allan M. Cormack | ||||||
| (1924–1998) | South Africa | ||||||||
| United States | "for the development of computer assisted tomography" | ||||||||
| [[File:Godfrey Hounsfield.jpg | 75px]] | Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield | |||||||
| (1919–2004) | United Kingdom | ||||||||
| 1980 | [[File:Baruj Benacerraf 1969.jpg | 75px]] | Baruj Benacerraf | ||||||
| (1920–2011) | Venezuela | ||||||||
| United States | "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions" | ||||||||
| [[File:Jean Dausset 1968.jpg | 75px]] | Jean Dausset | |||||||
| (1916–2009) | France | ||||||||
| [[File:No image.svg | 75px]] | George D. Snell | |||||||
| (1903–1996) | United States | ||||||||
| 1981 | [[File:Roger Wolcott Sperry.jpg | 75px]] | Roger W. Sperry | ||||||
| (1913–1994) | United States | "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1981/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718173032/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1981/index.html | archive-date=18 July 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| [[File:DHUBEL.jpg | 75px]] | David H. Hubel | |||||||
| (1926–2013) | "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system" | ||||||||
| [[File:Torsten Wiesel-7Nov2006.jpg | 75px]] | Torsten N. Wiesel | |||||||
| (b. 1924) | Sweden | ||||||||
| 1982 | [[File:Sune Bergström 3.jpg | 75px]] | Sune K. Bergström | ||||||
| (1916–2004) | Sweden | "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances" | |||||||
| [[File:Bengt Samuelsson.png | 75px]] | Bengt I. Samuelsson | |||||||
| (1934–2024) | |||||||||
| [[File:John Robert Vane.jpg | 75px]] | Sir John R. Vane | |||||||
| (1927–2004) | United Kingdom | ||||||||
| 1983 | [[File:Barbara McClintock (1902-1992) shown in her laboratory in 1947 (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Barbara McClintock | ||||||
| (1902–1992) | United States | "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1983/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718160129/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1983/index.html | archive-date=18 July 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1984 | [[File:Niels Kaj Jerne 1950 crop.jpg | 75px]] | Niels K. Jerne | ||||||
| (1911–1994) | Denmark | "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies" | |||||||
| [[File:Einweihung des Max-Planck-Institutes für Immunbiologie (1990) (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Georges J. F. Köhler | |||||||
| (1946–1995) | West Germany | ||||||||
| [[File:Milstein lnp restauración (3x4 cropped).jpg | 75px]] | César Milstein | |||||||
| (1927–2002) | Argentina | ||||||||
| 1985 | [[File:Mike Brown 2003.jpg | 75px]] | Michael S. Brown | ||||||
| (b. 1941) | United States | "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism" | |||||||
| [[File:Joe Goldstein.JPG | 75px]] | Joseph L. Goldstein | |||||||
| (b. 1940) | |||||||||
| 1986 | [[File:Stanley Cohen-Biochemist.jpg | 75px]] | Stanley Cohen | ||||||
| (1922–2020) | United States | "for their discoveries of growth factors" | |||||||
| [[File:Rita Levi-Montalcini (1986) (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Rita Levi-Montalcini | |||||||
| (1909–2012) | Italy | ||||||||
| 1987 | [[File:Susumu Tonegawa Photo cropped.jpg | 75px]] | Susumu Tonegawa | ||||||
| (b. 1939) | Japan | "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1987/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718014635/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1987/index.html | archive-date=18 July 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 1988 | [[File:James Black (pharmacologist) (3x4 cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Sir James W. Black | ||||||
| (1924–2010) | United Kingdom | "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment" | |||||||
| [[File:Gertrude Elion.jpg | 75px]] | Gertrude B. Elion | |||||||
| (1918–1999) | United States | ||||||||
| [[File:George H. Hitchings 1988.jpg | 75px]] | George H. Hitchings | |||||||
| (1905–1998) | |||||||||
| 1989 | [[File:Nci-vol-8172-300 j michael bishop.jpg | 75px]] | J. Michael Bishop | ||||||
| (b. 1936) | United States | "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes" | |||||||
| [[File:HEVarmus.jpg | 75px]] | Harold E. Varmus | |||||||
| (b. 1939) | |||||||||
| 1990 | Joseph E. Murray | ||||||||
| (1919–2012) | United States | "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease" | |||||||
| [[File:Edward Donnall "Don" Thomas.jpg | 75px]] | E. Donnall Thomas | |||||||
| (1920–2012) | |||||||||
| 1991 | [[File:Erwin neher 2007 lindau.jpg | 75px]] | Erwin Neher | ||||||
| (b. 1944) | Germany | "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells" | |||||||
| [[File:Sakmann.jpg | 75px]] | Bert Sakmann | |||||||
| (b. 1942) | |||||||||
| 1992 | [[File:Edmond Fischer Nobel Laureate 1992.jpg | 75px]] | Edmond H. Fischer | ||||||
| (1920–2021) | Switzerland | ||||||||
| United States | "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism" | ||||||||
| Edwin G. Krebs | |||||||||
| (1918–2009) | United States | ||||||||
| 1993 | [[File:Roberts, Richard John (1943).jpg | 75px]] | Sir Richard J. Roberts | ||||||
| (b. 1943) | United Kingdom | "for their discoveries of split genes" | |||||||
| [[File:Phillip A Sharp NIH.jpg | 75px]] | Phillip A. Sharp | |||||||
| (b. 1944) | United States | ||||||||
| 1994 | [[File:Alfred Goodman Gilman (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Alfred G. Gilman | ||||||
| (1941–2015) | United States | "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells" | |||||||
| [[File:Rodbell, Martin (1925-1998).jpg | 75px]] | Martin Rodbell | |||||||
| (1925–1998) | |||||||||
| 1995 | [[File:Ed Lewis 1986.png | 75px]] | Edward B. Lewis | ||||||
| (1918–2004) | United States | "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development" | |||||||
| [[File:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard mg 4383 (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard | |||||||
| (b. 1942) | Germany | ||||||||
| [[File:Eric F. Wieschaus.jpg | 75px]] | Eric F. Wieschaus | |||||||
| (b. 1947) | United States | ||||||||
| 1996 | [[File:Peter C. Doherty 2017.jpg | 75px]] | Peter C. Doherty | ||||||
| (b. 1940) | Australia | "for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence" | |||||||
| [[File:Rolf Zinkernagel Erudite Conclave medical college trivandrum (3x4 cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Rolf M. Zinkernagel | |||||||
| (b. 1944) | Switzerland | ||||||||
| 1997 | [[File:Stanley B. Prusiner in 2024 (3x4 close cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Stanley B. Prusiner | ||||||
| (b. 1942) | United States | "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1997/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010222022/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1997/index.html | archive-date=10 October 2013 | url-status=live}} |
| 1998 | [[File:Drfurchgott (3x4 closer cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Robert F. Furchgott | ||||||
| (1916–2009) | United States | "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system" | |||||||
| [[File:Loius Ignarro.jpg | 75px]] | Louis J. Ignarro | |||||||
| (b. 1941) | |||||||||
| [[File:Ferid Murad.jpg | 75px]] | Ferid Murad | |||||||
| (1936–2023) | |||||||||
| 1999 | [[File:Gunter Blobel 2008 1.JPG | 75px]] | Günter Blobel | ||||||
| (1936–2018) | United States | "for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1999/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718172945/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1999/index.html | archive-date=18 July 2007 | url-status=live}} |
| 2000 | [[File:Arvid Carlsson 2011a (3x4 cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Arvid Carlsson | ||||||
| (1923–2018) | Sweden | "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system" | |||||||
| [[File:Paul Greengard.jpg | 75px]] | Paul Greengard | |||||||
| (1925–2019) | United States | ||||||||
| [[File:Eric Kandel 01 (3x4 cropped).JPG | 75px]] | Eric Kandel | |||||||
| (b. 1929) | Austria | ||||||||
| United States | |||||||||
| 2001 | [[File:No image.svg | 75px]] | Leland H. Hartwell | ||||||
| (b. 1939) | United States | "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle" | |||||||
| [[File:Tim hunt.jpg | 75px]] | Sir Tim Hunt | |||||||
| (b. 1943) | United Kingdom | ||||||||
| [[File:Paul Nurse 2007.jpg | 75px]] | Sir Paul M. Nurse | |||||||
| (b. 1949) | |||||||||
| 2002 | [[File:Sydney Brenner OIST 2008 (33208371153) (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Sydney Brenner | ||||||
| (1927–2019) | South Africa | "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'" | |||||||
| H. Robert Horvitz | |||||||||
| (b. 1947) | United States | ||||||||
| [[File:Sulston, John Edward (1942).jpg | 75px]] | Sir John E. Sulston | |||||||
| (1942–2018) | United Kingdom | ||||||||
| 2003 | [[File:Paul Lauterbur 2003 cropped.jpg | 75px]] | Paul Lauterbur | ||||||
| (1929–2007) | United States | "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging" | |||||||
| [[File:Peter Mansfield Leipzig.jpg | 75px]] | Sir Peter Mansfield | |||||||
| (1933–2017) | United Kingdom | ||||||||
| 2004 | [[File:Richard Axel (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Richard Axel | ||||||
| (b. 1946) | United States | "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system" | |||||||
| [[File:Linda Buck cropped 1 (3x4 cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Linda B. Buck | |||||||
| (b. 1947) | |||||||||
| 2005 | [[File:marshall 2008.JPG | 75px]] | Barry J. Marshall | ||||||
| (b. 1951) | Australia | "for their discovery of the bacterium *Helicobacter pylori* and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease" | |||||||
| [[File:Robin Warren (3x4 cropped).jpg | 75px]] | J. Robin Warren | |||||||
| (1937–2024) | |||||||||
| 2006 | [[File:Andrew Fire, Stanford University.jpg | 75px]] | Andrew Z. Fire | ||||||
| (b. 1959) | United States | "for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA" | |||||||
| [[File:Craig Mello 01 (3x4 cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Craig C. Mello | |||||||
| (b. 1960) | |||||||||
| 2007 | [[File:MarioCapecchiFotoThalerTamas2.JPG | 75px]] | Mario R. Capecchi | ||||||
| (b. 1937) | Italy | ||||||||
| United States | "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells." | ||||||||
| [[File:Martin Evans Nobel Prize (3x4 cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Sir Martin Evans | |||||||
| (b. 1941) | United Kingdom | ||||||||
| [[File:Oliver Smithies HD2009 AIC Gold Medal portrait (3x4cropped).JPG | 75px]] | Oliver Smithies | |||||||
| (1925–2017) | United Kingdom | ||||||||
| United States | |||||||||
| 2008 | [[File:Harald zur Hausen-press conference Dec 06th, 2008-6.jpg | 75px]] | Harald zur Hausen | ||||||
| (1936–2023) | Germany | "for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2008/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009040944/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2008/index.html | archive-date=9 October 2008 | url-status=live}} |
| [[File:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi-press conference Dec 06th, 2008-1.jpg | 75px]] | Françoise Barré-Sinoussi | |||||||
| (b. 1947) | France | "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus" | |||||||
| [[File:LucMontagnier1995 065.jpg | 75px]] | Luc Montagnier | |||||||
| (1932–2022) | |||||||||
| 2009 | [[File:Elizabeth Blackburn 2009-01.JPG | 75px]] | Elizabeth H. Blackburn | ||||||
| (b. 1948) | Australia | ||||||||
| United States | "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase" | ||||||||
| [[File:GREIDER Carol 2014 - Less vignetting.jpg | 75px]] | Carol W. Greider | |||||||
| (b. 1961) | United States | ||||||||
| [[File:JSzostak.jpg | 75px]] | Jack W. Szostak | |||||||
| (b. 1952) | Canada | ||||||||
| United States | |||||||||
| 2010 | [[File:Robert Geoffrey Edwards (2010).jpg | 75px]] | Sir Robert G. Edwards | ||||||
| (1925–2013) | United Kingdom | "for the development of in vitro fertilization" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=28 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006202129/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/index.html | archive-date=6 October 2010 | url-status=live}} |
| 2011 | [[File:Nobel Prize 2011-Press Conference (3x4 cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Bruce A. Beutler | ||||||
| (b. 1957) | United States | "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity" | |||||||
| [[File:Nobel Prize 2011-Press Conference KI-DSC 7584.jpg | 75px]] | Jules A. Hoffmann | |||||||
| (b. 1941) | France | ||||||||
| [[File:RMSt.jpg | 75px]] | Ralph M. Steinman | |||||||
| (1943–2011) | Canada | "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity" (awarded posthumously) | |||||||
| 2012 | [[File:John Gurdon Cambridge 2012.JPG | 75px]] | Sir John B. Gurdon | ||||||
| (1933–2025) | United Kingdom | "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent" | |||||||
| [[File:Shinya Yamanaka 3x4.jpg | 75px | Shinya Yamanaka]] | Shinya Yamanaka | ||||||
| (b. 1962) | Japan | ||||||||
| 2013 | [[File:James Edward Rothman.jpg | 75px]] | James E. Rothman | ||||||
| (b. 1950) | United States | "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells" | |||||||
| [[File:Randy Schekman 8 February 2012.jpg | 75px]] | Randy W. Schekman | |||||||
| (b. 1948) | |||||||||
| [[File:Thomas C Südhof 2013 (3x4 cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Thomas C. Südhof | |||||||
| (b. 1955) | Germany | ||||||||
| United States | |||||||||
| 2014 | [[File:John O'Keefe (neuroscientist) 2014b.jpg | 75px]] | John O'Keefe | ||||||
| (b. 1939) | United States | ||||||||
| United Kingdom | "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain" | ||||||||
| [[File:May-Britt Moser 2014.jpg | 75px]] | May-Britt Moser | |||||||
| (b. 1963) | Norway | ||||||||
| [[File:Edvard Moser (3x4 cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Edvard I. Moser | |||||||
| (b. 1962) | |||||||||
| 2015 | [[File:William C. Campbell 4983-1-2015.jpg | 75px]] | William C. Campbell | ||||||
| (b. 1930) | Ireland | ||||||||
| United States | "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites" | ||||||||
| [[File:Satoshi Ōmura 5086-1-2015.jpg | 75px]] | Satoshi Ōmura | |||||||
| (b. 1935) | Japan | ||||||||
| [[File:Tu Youyou 5012-1-2015.jpg | 75px]] | Tu Youyou | |||||||
| (b. 1930) | China | "for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria" | |||||||
| 2016 | [[File:Nobel Laureates 1042 (30647248184).jpg | 75px]] | Yoshinori Ohsumi | ||||||
| (b. 1945) | Japan | "for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy" | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2016/index.html | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=3 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003193708/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2016/index.html | archive-date=3 October 2016 | url-status=live}} |
| 2017 | [[File:Jeffrey C. Hall EM1B8737 (38162359274).jpg | 75px]] | Jeffrey C. Hall | ||||||
| (b. 1945) | United States | "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm" | |||||||
| [[File:Michael Rosbash EM1B8756 (38847326642).jpg | 75px]] | Michael Rosbash | |||||||
| (b. 1944) | |||||||||
| [[File:Michael W. Young D81 4345 (38162439194).jpg | 75px]] | Michael W. Young | |||||||
| (b. 1949) | |||||||||
| 2018 | [[File:James P. Allison (2015).JPG | 75px]] | James P. Allison | ||||||
| (b. 1948) | United States | "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation" | |||||||
| [[File:Tasuku Honjo 201311.jpg | 75px]] | Tasuku Honjo | |||||||
| (b. 1942) | Japan | ||||||||
| 2019 | [[File:William G. Kaelin Jr. UNIST CGI 2019 (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | William Kaelin Jr. | ||||||
| (b. 1957) | United States | "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability" | |||||||
| [[File:Peter J. Ratcliffe (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Peter J. Ratcliffe | |||||||
| (b. 1954) | United Kingdom | ||||||||
| [[File:Gregg L. Semenza (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Gregg L. Semenza | |||||||
| (b. 1956) | United States | ||||||||
| 2020 | [[File:Harvey J Alter 2020 (3x4 cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Harvey J. Alter | ||||||
| (b. 1935) | United States | "for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus" | |||||||
| [[File:Prof Michael Houghton.jpg | 75px]] | Michael Houghton | |||||||
| (b. 1949) | United Kingdom | ||||||||
| [[File:Charles M. Rice (3x4 close cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Charles M. Rice | |||||||
| (b. 1952) | United States | ||||||||
| 2021 | [[File:Dr David Julius by christopher michel in 2022 (3x4 cropped).jpg | 75px]] | David Julius | ||||||
| (b. 1955) | United States | "for the discovery of receptors for temperature and touch" | |||||||
| [[File:Ardem Patapoutian by C Michel 67.jpg | 75px]] | Ardem Patapoutian | |||||||
| (b. 1967) | Lebanon | ||||||||
| United States | |||||||||
| 2022 | [[File:Professor Svante Paabo ForMemRS (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Svante Pääbo | ||||||
| (b. 1955) | Sweden | "for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution" | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2022/10/press-medicine2022.pdf | title=The 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine | publisher=Nobel Foundation | access-date=2022-10-03 | archive-date=3 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003100442/https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2022/10/press-medicine2022.pdf | url-status=live}} |
| 2023 | [[File:Katalin Karikó by Christopher Michel in 2024 (3x4 close cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Katalin Karikó | ||||||
| (b. 1955) | Hungary | ||||||||
| United States | "for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19" | ||||||||
| [[File:Drew Weissman Life Science medalist (close cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Drew Weissman | |||||||
| (b. 1959) | United States | ||||||||
| 2024 | [[File:Victor Ambros, 2024 Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine.jpg | 75px]] | Victor Ambros | ||||||
| (b. 1953) | United States | "for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation" | |||||||
| [[File:Gary Ruvkun, 2024 Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine 3 (cropped).jpg | 75px]] | Gary Ruvkun | |||||||
| (b. 1952) | |||||||||
| 2025 | [[File:Mary_Brunkow_-_US_Embassy_Sweden_Nobel_Reception_2025.jpg | 75px]] | Mary E. Brunkow | ||||||
| (b. 1961) | United States | "for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance" | |||||||
| [[File:Fred_Ramsdell_-_US_Embassy_Sweden_Nobel_Reception_2025.jpg | 75px]] | Fred Ramsdell | |||||||
| (b. 1960) | |||||||||
| [[File:Shimon Sakaguchi cropped 2 Shimon Sakaguchi 201711.jpg | 75px]] | Shimon Sakaguchi | |||||||
| (b. 1951) | Japan |
References
Notes
A. The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org.
B. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship, and instead reflect their academic or scientific affiliation at the time of receiving the award.
C. The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. The links in this column are to articles (or sections of articles) on the history and areas of physiology and medicine for which the awards were presented. The links are intended only as a guide and explanation. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column.
Citations
Sources
References
- "Alfred Nobel–The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobel Foundation.
- (26 June 2001). "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1901–2000*". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobel Foundation.
- "Nobel Laureates Facts". Nobelprize.org.
- "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1911". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1913". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1919". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1935".
- (April 2006). "Spemann's organizer and self-regulation in amphibian embryos". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1938". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962". Nobel Foundation.
- (25 April 1953). "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid". Nature.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011". Nobel Foundation.
- (3 October 2011). "Ralph Steinman Remains Nobel Laureate". The Nobel Foundation.
- Sample, Ian. (3 October 2011). "Nobel prize to be awarded to dead scientist". [[The Guardian]].
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020". Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine". Nobel Foundation.
- "The 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine". Nobel Foundation.
- (2 October 2023). "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023".
- (October 7, 2024). "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024". The Nobel Prize.
- (October 6, 2025). "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025". The Nobel Prize.
- (2025-10-06). "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025".
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