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List of lunar probes

None

The first image returned by ''Luna 3'' showed the far side of the Moon

This is a list of robotic space probes that have flown by, impacted, orbited or landed on the Moon for the purpose of lunar exploration, as well as probes launched toward the Moon that failed to reach their target.

The crewed Apollo missions are listed at List of missions to the Moon.

Major programs encompassing several probes include:

Luna program — USSR Lunar exploration (1959–1976)
Ranger program — US Lunar hard-landing probes (1961–1965)
Zond program — USSR Lunar exploration (1964–1970)
Surveyor program — US Lunar soft-landing probe (1966–1968)
Lunar Orbiter program — US Lunar orbital (1966–1967)
Lunokhod program — USSR Lunar Rover probes (1970–1973)
Chang'e program - China Lunar orbiters, landers, rovers and sample return spacecrafts (2004–present)
Chandrayaan programme - Indian Lunar Exploration Programme incorporates lunar orbiters, impactors, soft landers and rover spacecrafts (2008–present)[[File:Chandrayaan3-landed.jpg|thumb|[[Chandrayaan-3]]'s lander Vikram on the Moon imaged by rover Pragyan 15 meters away]]

Key

Colour key: :{| |- | – Mission or flyby completed successfully (or partially successfully) |

– Failed or cancelled mission
– Mission en route or in progress (including mission extensions)

| | – Planned mission | |}

† means "tentatively identified", as classified by NASA http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html. These are Cold War-era Soviet missions, mostly failures, about which few or no details have been officially released. The information given may be speculative.
Date is the date of: :* closest encounter (flybys) :* impact (impactors) :* orbital insertion to end of mission, whether planned or premature (orbiters) :* landing to end of mission, whether planned or premature (landers) :* launch (missions that never got underway due to failure at or soon after launch) : In cases which do not fit any of the above, the event to which the date refers is stated. Note that as a result of this scheme missions are not always listed in order of launch.
In the case of flybys (such as gravity assists) that are incidental to the main mission, "success" indicates the successful completion of the flyby, not necessarily that of the main mission.

Lunar probes by date

1958–1960

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Pioneer 0	USA DoD	17 August 1958	orbiter	failure	first attempted launch beyond Earth orbit; launch vehicle failure; maximum altitude 16 km	[[Image:Pioneer able.png	50px]]
Luna E-1 No.1	USSR USSR	23 September 1958	impactor	failure	launch vehicle failure	[[Image:RIAN archive 510848 Interplanetary station Luna 1 - blacked.jpg	50px]]	[https://web.archive.org/web/20101222181555/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/lunae1.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20101222181555/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/lunae1.htm)
Pioneer 1	USA NASA/
[[Image:No image.svg	24px]] DoD	11 October 1958	orbiter	failure	second stage premature shutdown; maximum altitude 113,800 km; some data returned	[[Image:Pioneer I on the Launch Pad - GPN-2002-000204.jpg	50px]]
Luna E-1 No.2	USSR USSR	12 October 1958	impactor	failure	launch vehicle failure	[[Image:RIAN archive 510848 Interplanetary station Luna 1 - blacked.jpg	50px]]	[https://web.archive.org/web/20101222181555/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/lunae1.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20101222181555/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/lunae1.htm)
Pioneer 2	USA NASA/
[[Image:No image.svg	24px]] STL	8 November 1958	orbiter	failure	third stage failure; maximum altitude 1,550 km; some data returned	[[Image:Pioneer able.png	50px]]
Luna E-1 No.3	USSR USSR	4 December 1958	impactor	failure	launch vehicle failure	[[Image:RIAN archive 510848 Interplanetary station Luna 1 - blacked.jpg	50px]]	[https://web.archive.org/web/20101222181555/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/lunae1.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20101222181555/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/lunae1.htm)
Pioneer 3	USA NASA/
[[Image:No image.svg	24px]] DoD	6 December 1958	flyby	failure	fuel depletion; maximum altitude 102,360 km; some data returned	[[Image:Pioneer IV flight spare 01.jpg	50px]]
Luna 1	USSR USSR	4 January 1959	flyby	partial success	first spacecraft in the vicinity of the Moon (flew within 5,995 km, but probably an intended impactor)	[[Image:RIAN archive 510848 Interplanetary station Luna 1 - blacked.jpg	50px]]
Pioneer 4	USA NASA/
[[Image:No image.svg	24px]] DoD	4 March 1959	flyby	partial success	achieved distant flyby; first US probe to enter solar orbit	[[Image:Pioneer IV flight spare 01.jpg	50px]]
Luna E-1A No.1	USSR USSR	18 June 1959	impactor	failure	failed to reach Earth orbit	[[Image:Luna 1 - 2 Spacecraft.png	50px]]	[http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/luna_e1a.htm](http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/luna_e1a.htm)
Luna 2	USSR USSR	14 September 1959	impactor	success	first impact on Moon	[[Image:Luna 1 - 2 Spacecraft.png	50px]]
Pioneer P-1	USA NASA	24 September 1959?	orbiter?	failure	designation sometimes given to a failed launch or launchpad explosion during testing; conflicting information between sources	[[Image:Pioneer-5.jpg	50px]]
Luna 3	USSR USSR	6 October 1959	flyby	success	first images from the lunar farside	[[Image:Луна-3_(14562265547).jpg	50px]]
Pioneer P-3	USA NASA	26 November 1959	orbiter	failure	disintegrated shortly after launch	[[Image:Pioneer-5.jpg	50px]]
Luna 1960A†	USSR USSR	15 April 1960	flyby	failure	failed to attain correct trajectory		[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html](http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html)
Luna 1960B†	USSR USSR	16 April 1960	flyby	failure	launch vehicle failure		[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html](http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html)
Pioneer P-30	USA NASA	25 September 1960	orbiter	failure	second stage failure; failed to reach Earth orbit	[[Image:Pioneer-5.jpg	50px]]
Pioneer P-31	USA NASA	15 December 1960	orbiter	failure	first stage failure	[[Image:Pioneer-5.jpg	50px]]

1962–1965

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Ranger 3	USA NASA	28 January 1962	impactor	failure	missed target	[[Image:1964 71392L.jpg	50px]]
Ranger 4	USA NASA	26 April 1962	impactor	failure	hit the lunar farside; no data returned	[[Image:1964 71394L.jpg	50px]]
Ranger 5	USA NASA	21 October 1962	impactor	failure	power failure, missed target	[[Image:1964 71395L-Ranger.svg	50px]]
Sputnik 25	USSR USSR	5 January 1963	lander	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
Luna E-6 No.3†	USSR USSR	2 February 1963	lander?	failure	failed to reach Earth orbit		[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html](http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html)
Luna 4	USSR USSR	5 April 1963	lander?	failure	missed target, became Earth satellite
Ranger 6	USA NASA	2 February 1964	impactor	partial success	impacted, but no pictures returned due to power failure	[[Image:The Ranger Spacecraft GPN-2000-001979.jpg	50px]]
Luna 1964A†	USSR USSR	21 March 1964	lander	failure	failed to reach Earth orbit
Ranger 7	USA NASA	31 July 1964	impactor	success	returned pictures until impact	[[Image:The Ranger Spacecraft GPN-2000-001979.jpg	50px]]
Ranger 8	USA NASA	20 February 1965	impactor	success	returned pictures until impact	[[Image:The Ranger Spacecraft GPN-2000-001979.jpg	50px]]
Cosmos 60	USSR USSR	12 March 1965	lander	failure	failed to leave Earth orbit
Ranger 9	USA NASA	24 March 1965	impactor	success	TV broadcast of live pictures until impact	[[Image:The Ranger Spacecraft GPN-2000-001979.jpg	50px]]
Luna 1965A†	USSR USSR	10 April 1965	lander	failure	failed to reach Earth orbit?		[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html](http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html)
Luna 5	USSR USSR	12 May 1965	lander	failure	crashed into Moon
Luna 6	USSR USSR	8 June 1965	lander	failure	missed Moon
Zond 3	USSR USSR	20 July 1965	flyby	success	possibly originally intended as a Mars probe, but target changed after launch window missed
Luna 7	USSR USSR	7 October 1965	lander	failure	crashed into Moon
Luna 8	USSR USSR	6 December 1965	lander	failure	crashed into Moon

1966–1967

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Luna 9	USSR USSR	3 February 1966 –
6 February 1966	lander	success	first soft landing; first images from the surface
Cosmos 111	USSR USSR	1 March 1966	orbiter	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
Luna 10	USSR USSR	3 April 1966 –
30 May 1966	orbiter	success	first artificial satellite of the Moon
Luna 1966A†	USSR USSR	30 April 1966	orbiter	failure	failed to reach Earth orbit		[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html](http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html)
Surveyor 1	USA NASA	2 June 1966	lander	success	first US soft landing; Surveyor program performed various tests in support of forthcoming human landings	[[Image:Surveyor NASA lunar lander.jpg	50px]]
Explorer 33	USA NASA	1 July 1966 –
15 September 1971	orbiter	partial success	studied interplanetary plasma, cosmic rays, magnetic fields and solar X rays; failed to attain lunar orbit as intended, but achieved mission objectives from Earth orbit	[[Image:IMP-D.jpg	50px]]
Lunar Orbiter 1	USA NASA	14 August 1966 –
29 October 1966	orbiter	success	photographic mapping of lunar surface; intentionally impacted after completion of mission	[[Image:Lunar Orbiter Engineering Mock-up.jpg	50px]]
Luna 11	USSR USSR	28 August 1966 –
1 October 1966	orbiter	success	gamma-ray and X-ray-based observations of Moon's composition; gravity, radiation and meteorite studies
Surveyor 2	USA NASA	23 September 1966	lander	failure	crashed into Moon	[[Image:Surveyor NASA lunar lander.jpg	50px]]
Luna 12	USSR USSR	25 October 1966 –
19 January 1967	orbiter	success	lunar surface photography
Lunar Orbiter 2	USA NASA	10 November 1966 –
11 October 1967	orbiter	success	photographic mapping of lunar surface; intentionally impacted after completion of mission	[[Image:Lunar Orbiter Engineering Mock-up.jpg	50px]]
Luna 13	USSR USSR	24 December 1966	lander	success	TV pictures of lunar landscape; soil measurements
Lunar Orbiter 3	USA NASA	8 February 1967 –
9 October 1967	orbiter	success	photographic mapping of lunar surface; intentionally impacted after completion of mission	[[Image:Lunar Orbiter Engineering Mock-up.jpg	50px]]
Surveyor 3	USA NASA	20 April 1967 –
4 May 1967	lander	success	various studies, primarily in support of forthcoming human landings. First lander visited by a later crewed mission (Apollo 12) that even brought its components back to Earth.	[[Image:Surveyor 3 on the Moon.jpg	50px]]
Lunar Orbiter 4	USA NASA	May–October 1967	orbiter	success	lunar photographic survey	[[Image:Lunar Orbiter Engineering Mock-up.jpg	50px]]
Explorer 35	USA NASA	July 1967 –
24 June 1973	orbiter	success	studies of interplanetary plasma, magnetic fields, energetic particles and solar X rays	[[Image:IMP-E.jpg	50px]]
Surveyor 4	USA NASA	17 July 1967	lander	failure	crashed into Moon	[[Image:Surveyor NASA lunar lander.jpg	50px]]
Lunar Orbiter 5	USA NASA	5 August 1967 –
31 January 1968	orbiter	success	lunar photographic survey; intentionally impacted after completion of mission	[[Image:Lunar Orbiter Engineering Mock-up.jpg	50px]]
Surveyor 5	USA NASA	11 September 1967 –
17 December 1967	lander	success	various studies, primarily in support of forthcoming human landings	[[Image:Surveyor NASA lunar lander.jpg	50px]]
Zond 1967A†	USSR USSR	28 September 1967		failure	lunar capsule test flight; launch failure	[[Image:Zond L1 drawing.svg	50px]]	[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html](http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html)
Surveyor 6	USA NASA	10 November 1967 –
14 December 1967	lander	success	various studies, primarily in support of forthcoming human landings	[[Image:Surveyor NASA lunar lander.jpg	50px]]
Zond 1967B†	USSR USSR	22 November 1967		failure	lunar capsule test flight; launch failure	[[Image:Zond L1 drawing.svg	50px]]	[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html](http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html)

1968–1970

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Surveyor 7	USA NASA	10 January 1968 –
21 February 1968	lander	success	various studies, primarily in support of forthcoming human landings; fifth and final Surveyor mission to achieve soft landing	[[Image:Surveyor NASA lunar lander.jpg	50px]]
Luna 1968A†	USSR USSR	7 February 1968	orbiter?	failure	failed to reach Earth orbit		[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html](http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html)
Zond 4	USSR USSR	2 March 1968 (launch)			lunar programme flight test, directed away from Moon, either intentionally or unintentionally	[[Image:Zond L1 drawing.svg	50px]]
Luna 14	USSR USSR	10 April 1968 – ?	orbiter	success	tests of radio communications technologies; lunar mascon studies
Zond 1968A†	USSR USSR	23 April 1968	flyby?	failure	launch failure	[[Image:Zond L1 drawing.svg	50px]]	[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html](http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html)
Zond 5	USSR USSR	18 September 1968	flyby	success	bioscience experiments; returned to soft landing on Earth	[[Image:Zond L1 drawing.svg	50px]]
Zond 6	USSR USSR	14 November 1968	flyby	success	cosmic-ray, micrometeoroid and bioscience studies; returned to soft landing on Earth	[[Image:Zond L1 drawing.svg	50px]]
Zond 1969A†	USSR USSR	20 January 1969	flyby	failure	launch aborted	[[Image:Zond L1 drawing.svg	50px]]	[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html](http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html)
Luna 1969A†	USSR USSR	19 February 1969	lander	failure	launch vehicle failure		[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html](http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html)
	Lunokhod 201†	rover	failure
Zond L1S-1†	USSR USSR	21 February 1969	orbiter	failure	launch vehicle failure	[[Image:Zond L1 drawing.svg	50px]]	[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html](http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html)
Luna 1969B†	USSR USSR	15 April 1969	sample return?	failure	launch failure		[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html](http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html)
Luna 1969C†	USSR USSR	14 June 1969	sample return	failure	launch failure		[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html](http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html)
Zond L1S-2†	USSR USSR	3 July 1969	orbiter	failure	launch failure	[[Image:Zond L1 drawing.svg	50px]]	[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html](http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html)
Luna 15	USSR USSR	21 July 1969	sample return?	failure?	completed 52 lunar orbits then crash-landed
Zond 7	USSR USSR	11 August 1969	flyby	success	returned to soft landing on Earth	[[Image:Zond L1 drawing.svg	50px]]
Cosmos 300	USSR USSR	23 September 1969	sample return	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
Cosmos 305	USSR USSR	22 October 1969	sample return	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
Luna 1970A†	USSR USSR	6 February 1970	sample return?	failure	launch vehicle failure		[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html](http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html)
Luna 1970B†	USSR USSR	19 February 1970	orbiter?	failure	launch vehicle failure		[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html](http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html)
Luna 16	USSR USSR	20 September 1970	sample return	success	first robotic sample return
Zond 8	USSR USSR	24 October 1970	flyby	success	returned to soft landing on Earth	[[Image:Zond L1 drawing.svg	50px]]
Luna 17	USSR USSR	17 November 1970 –
4 October 1971	lander	success	deployed rover
	Lunokhod 1	rover	success	first robotic rover; travelled over 10 km

1971–1976

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Luna 18	USSR USSR	11 September 1971	lander/sample return?	failure	crashed into Moon
Luna 19	USSR USSR	3 October 1971 –
October 1972	orbiter	success
Luna 20	USSR USSR	21 February 1972	sample return	success	second successful robotic sample return
Soyuz L3†	USSR USSR	23 November 1972	orbiter	failure	launch failure	[[Image:Soyuz TMA-7 spacecraft2edit1.jpg	50px]]	[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html](http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html)
Luna 21	USSR USSR	15 January 1973 –
May 1973?	lander	success	deployed rover
	Lunokhod 2	rover	success	second robotic rover; travelled 37 km
Explorer 49	USA NASA	15 June 1973 –
June 1975	orbiter	success	radio astronomy observations; last US lunar mission until 1994	[[Image:IMP-E.jpg	50px]]
Mariner 10	USA NASA	November 1973	flyby	success	en route to Venus and Mercury	[[Image:Mariner 10.jpg	50px]]
Luna 22	USSR USSR	2 June 1974 –
November 1974	orbiter	success
Luna 23	USSR USSR	6 November 1974	sample return	failure	damaged on landing, sample return failed
Luna 1975A†	USSR USSR	16 October 1975	sample return	failure	failed to reach Earth orbit		[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html](http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html)
Luna 24	USSR USSR	18 August 1976	sample return	success	third and final successful sample return in Luna programme

1983–1998

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
ICE (formerly ISEE-3)	USA NASA	22 December 1983	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to comet flybys	[[Image:ISEE-3.gif	50px]]
Hiten	JPN ISAS	March 1990 – October 1991	flyby (approached 10 times)	success	in Moon-crossing Earth orbit from January 1990, later transferred to lunar orbit after failure of Hagoromo; intentionally impacted on Moon at end of mission; first Japanese probe (and non-USSR/US probe) to enter lunar orbit	[[Image:Hiten.gif	50px]]
February 1992 – April 1993	orbiter	success
	Hagoromo	JPN ISAS	March 1990	orbiter	failure	released by Hiten into lunar orbit, but transmitter failed and orbit never confirmed
GEOTAIL	JPN ISAS / USANASA	September 1992 – November 1994	flyby (approached 14 times)	success	gravity assist en route magnetotail around L2 / finally deployed into high Earth orbit		[http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/missions/geotail/index.shtml](http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/missions/geotail/index.shtml)
WIND	USA NASA	1 December 1994 and 27 December 1994	flyby	success	gravity assists en route to Earth–Sun L1 Lagrangian point	[[File:Wind probe.jpg	50px]]
Clementine	USA BMDO/
[[Image:No image.svg	24px]] NASA	February – June 1994	orbiter	partial success	lunar and Earth observations and component testing; planned [Geographos](1620-geographos) flyby failed	[[Image:Clementine Deployed.png	50px]]
HGS-1	USA Hughes Global Services	May/June 1998	Flyby (orbital correction)		errant communications satellite, flew within 6,200 kilometers of Moon during orbit correction manoeuvres
Lunar Prospector	USA NASA	January 1998 –
July 1999	orbiter	success	lunar surface mapping; intentionally impacted into polar crater at end of mission to test for liberation of water vapour (not detected)	[[Image:Lunar Prospector orbiter.jpg	50px]]
Nozomi	JPN ISAS	24 September 1998	flyby	success	gravity assists on planned mission to Mars
18 December 1998	flyby	success

2001–2009

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
WMAP	USA NASA	30 July 2001	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point	[[File:WMAP2.jpg	50px]]
SMART-1	[[Image:ESA logo simple.svg	24px]] ESA	13 November 2004 –
3 September 2006	orbiter	success	technology testbed and lunar geological studies; intentionally impacted at end of mission; first European probe to orbit the Moon
STEREO A	USA NASA	15 December 2006	flyby	success	gravity assist to enter a heliocentric orbit	[[File:STEREO spacecraft.gif	50px]]
STEREO B	USA NASA	15 December 2006 and 21 January 2007	flyby	success	gravity assists to enter a heliocentric orbit
*SELENE
(Kaguya)*	JPN JAXA	3 October 2007 – 10 June 2009	orbiter	success	mineralogical, geographical, magnetic and gravitational observations	[[Image:H-IIA F13 launching KAGUYA.jpg	50px]]
	Okina
(Relay Star)	9 October 2007 – 12 February 2009	Kaguya subsatellite	success	relay for ''Kaguya'''s Far Side operations
	Ouna
(VRAD)	12 October 2007 – 29 June 2009	Kaguya subsatellite	success (still in orbit)	Very Long Baseline Interferometry
Chang'e 1	CHN CNSA	5 November 2007 – 1 March 2009	orbiter	success	3D lunar mapping and geological observations; first Chinese probe to orbit a body besides Earth; impacted to collect data in preparation for future soft landings	[[Image:Chang'e-1 mockup at BASM.jpg	50px]]	[http://english.sina.com/technology/1/2007/1024/129176.html](http://english.sina.com/technology/1/2007/1024/129176.html)[https://web.archive.org/web/20090302170937/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/01/content_10923205.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20090302170937/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/01/content_10923205.htm)
Chandrayaan-1	IND ISRO	8 November 2008 – 29 August 2009	orbiter	success	high resolution 3D mapping, search water in polar region (first detection of water) and spectral analysis of the Moon's surface and inner compositions	[[File:Chandrayaan-1.svg	50px]]	[http://www.isro.org/Chandrayaan/htmls/home.htm](http://www.isro.org/Chandrayaan/htmls/home.htm)
	Moon Impact Probe (MIP)	IND ISRO	14 November 2008	impactor	success	test and demonstrate targeting technologies for future soft landings, scientific observation from close range	[https://web.archive.org/web/20131102062027/http://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan/htmls/mip.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20131102062027/http://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan/htmls/mip.htm)
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter	USA NASA	23 June 2009 –	orbiter	in orbit	survey of lunar resources and identification of possible landing sites	[[Image:LRO 2006.jpg	50px]]
LCROSS	USA NASA	23 June 2009	flyby	success	consisted of the Shepherding Spacecraft and Centaur upper stage (Earth Departure Upper Stage)	[[Image:LCROSS separated.jpg	50px]]	[https://web.archive.org/web/20091213142507/http://lcross.arc.nasa.gov/](https://web.archive.org/web/20091213142507/http://lcross.arc.nasa.gov/)
	LCROSS Shepherding Spacecraft	9 October 2009	impactor	success	analyzed upper-stage impact plume for traces of water liberated from the Moon's surface
	LCROSS Earth Departure Upper Stage	9 October 2009	impactor	success

2010–2019

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Chang'e 2	CHN CNSA	1 October 2010 – 27 August 2011	orbiter	success	capture high resolution images of the landing zone for Chang'e 3, measure and analyze composition of the surface. Then sent to L2 and on to an asteroid flyby.	[[File:Chang'e-2 mockup at BASM.jpg	50px]]	[https://web.archive.org/web/20071028191457/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-07/26/content_4878282.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20071028191457/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-07/26/content_4878282.htm)
ARTEMIS P1	USA NASA	2 July 2011 –	orbiter	in orbit	to study the effect of the solar wind on the lunar surface	[[File:ARTEMIS mission.jpg	50px]]	[http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/nasa-spacecraft-artemis-moon-mission-101028.html](http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/nasa-spacecraft-artemis-moon-mission-101028.html)
ARTEMIS P2	USA NASA	17 July 2011 –	orbiter	in orbit	to study the effect of the solar wind on the lunar surface	[http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/nasa-spacecraft-artemis-moon-mission-101028.html](http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/nasa-spacecraft-artemis-moon-mission-101028.html)
GRAIL A
(Ebb)	USA NASA	31 December 2011 – 17 December 2012	orbiter	success	mapped the Moon's gravitational field; intentionally impacted at end of mission	[[File:GRAIL.jpg	50px]]	[https://web.archive.org/web/20100418000650/http://science.nasa.gov/missions/grail/](https://web.archive.org/web/20100418000650/http://science.nasa.gov/missions/grail/)
GRAIL B
(Flow)	USA NASA	1 January 2012 – 12 December 2012	orbiter	success	mapped the Moon's gravitational field; intentionally impacted at end of mission	[https://science.nasa.gov/missions/grail/](https://science.nasa.gov/missions/grail/)
LADEE	USA NASA	6 September 2013 – 8 April 2014	orbiter	success	designed to study the lunar exosphere and dust. Intentionally impacted on far side of Moon.	[[File:LADEE illustration over moon's surface.jpg	50px]]
Chang'e 3	CHN CNSA	1 December 2013 -	lander	in progress	soft-landed on the Moon and deployed Yutu rover on 14 December 2013; one functioning instrument as of 1 September 2020 [https://twitter.com/AJ_FI/status/1303945009394262018](https://twitter.com/AJ_FI/status/1303945009394262018)		[http://www.asianscientist.com/topnews/chang-e-3-china-first-moon-rover-launch-in-2013/](http://www.asianscientist.com/topnews/chang-e-3-china-first-moon-rover-launch-in-2013/)
	Yutu	CHN CNSA	1 December 2013 –
2016?	rover	success	survived multiple lunar nights, became immobile 42 days after landing	[[File:Yutu rover.jpg	50px]]
Chang'e 5-T1	CHN CNSA	28 October 2014	flyby	success	Technology demonstrator for Chang'e 5 mission; after separating the Xiaofei reentry capsule, the service module eventually entered lunar orbit to conduct rendezvous exercises		[http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/change-5-t1.htm](http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/change-5-t1.htm)
10 January 2015 –	orbiter	in progress
		Manfred Memorial Moon Mission	LUX Luxspace	October 2014	flyby/impactor (post mission)	success	privately funded payload attached to a Long March 3C rocket third stage; its dosimeter measured ionizing radiation in space. Unintentional Impact on 4 March 2022.
TESS	USA NASA	17 May 2018	flyby	success	gravity assist to achieve a lunar resonant high Earth orbit	[[File:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite artist concept (transparent background).png	50px]]
Queqiao	CHN CNSA	25 May 2018	flyby	success	Used a gravity assist en route to the Earth–Moon Lagrangian point. Currently serving as relay for Chang'e 4 lander and rover on the far side.	[[File:QueqiaoDFH.jpg	50px]]
Longjiang-1	CHN HIT	25 May 2018	orbiter	failure	malfunctioned after launch, became flyby
Longjiang-2	CHN HIT	25 May 2018 – 31 July 2019	orbiter	success	Very Long Baseline Interferometry, in orbit until 31 July 2019 when it was deliberately directed to crash onto the Moon.
Chang'e 4	CHN CNSA	7 December 2018 –	lander	in progress	First spacecraft to soft land on the far side of the Moon.	[[File:ChangE-4 - PCAM.png	50px]]
	Yutu-2	rover	active		[[File:ChangE-4, Yutu-2 (cropped).png	50px]]
Beresheet	ISR SpaceIL	22 February 2019 – 11 April 2019	lander	failure	First Israeli and privately funded lunar lander. Entered lunar orbit on 4 April, hard-landed on 11 April 2019.		[https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/beresheet/in-depth/](https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/beresheet/in-depth/)
Chandrayaan-2	IND ISRO	22 July 2019 –	orbiter	in orbit	observe lunar geography and mineralogy, search for water molecules
	Vikram	IND ISRO	6 September 2019	lander	failure	crashed due to a software glitch
	Pragyan	IND ISRO	7 September 2019	rover	not deployed	was to be deployed from Vikram

2020–present

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Chang'e 5	CHN CNSA	16 December 2020	sample return	success	Retrieved 1.731 kg of lunar sample and returned it to Earth	[[File:Chang-e-5-assembly-CG-1-Cropped.jpg	50px]]
	Chang'e 5 Lander	CHN CNSA	30 November 2020 - 11 December 2020	success	Obtained lunar sample and placed on ascent vehicle; conducted radar studies of underground structure
	Chang'e 5 Ascender	CHN CNSA	3 December 2020 - 7 December 2020	success	Transferred lunar sample onto return capsule via lunar-orbit rendezvous; intentionally deorbited
	Chang'e 5 Orbiter	CHN CNSA	9 September 2021	flyby	success	Extended mission following separation of Chang'e 5 Returner; returned from Sun-Earth to conduct lunar flyby
	Chang'e 5 Orbiter	CHN CNSA	Late 2021 -	orbiter	in orbit	First spacecraft to utilize Distant Retrograde Orbit (DRO) about Earth-Moon and
CAPSTONE	US NASA	14 November 2022	url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-funds-cubesat-pathfinder-mission-to-unique-lunar-orbit	title=NASA Funds CubeSat Pathfinder Mission to Unique Lunar Orbit	work=NASA	date=13 September 2019	access-date=12 October 2021}}	in orbit	Lunar orbiting CubeSat that will test and verify the calculated orbital stability planned for the Gateway space station.	[[File:Capstone graphic 13feb20 0.jpg	50px]]
Artemis 1 Orion MPCV CM-002		21 November 2022	flyby	success	Uncrewed test of the Orion spacecraft in lunar flyby and DRO orbit.	[[File:Orion Service Module.jpg	50px]]
25 November 2022	orbiter	success
5 December 2022	flyby	success
LunaH-Map	US NASA	21 November 2022 (flyby)	orbiter	failure	intended to perform engine burn to achieve a lunar orbit to search for evidence of lunar water ice inside permanently shadowed craters using its neutron detector. Orbit insertion failed possibly due to a struck valve. The mission was terminated after six month in solar orbit.	[[File:LunaH-Map.png	50x50px]]
Lunar IceCube	US NASA	21 November 2022 (flyby)	orbiter	failure	intended to perform engine burn to achieve a lunar orbit to use its infrared spectrometer to detect water and organic compounds in the lunar surface and exosphere.	[[File:Lunar IceCube Moon Southern Region.png	74x74px]]
EQUULEUS	JPN JAXA	21 November 2022	flyby	success	image the Earth's plasmasphere, impact craters on the Moon's far side and L2 experiments.
LunIR	US Lockheed Martin	21 November 2022	flyby	failure	image surface thermography, failed to observe the Moon due to faulty communication	[[File:SkyFire lunar CubeSat.jpg	50x50px]]
NEA Scout	US NASA	21 November 2022	flyby	failure	Solar sail intended to flyby a near-Earth asteroid. Communication failure.	[[File:Near Earth Asteroid Scout.jpg	50x50px]]
ArgoMoon	ITA ASI	21 November 2022	flyby	success	image the ICPS and perform deep space Nanotechnology experiments.	[[File:Artemis I - OSA Secondary Payload ARGO, BioS (KSC-20210714-PH-GEB02 0019).jpg	50x50px]]
OMOTENASHI solid motor and orbiting module	JPN JAXA	21 November 2022 (flyby)	impactor	failure	intentional impact after separation from surface probe. Prepares the trajectory for landing of surface probe. Communication failure, missed target
	OMOTENASHI surface probe	JPN JAXA	semi-hard lander	failure	inflatable module attempting to land semi-hard at lunar surface. Communication failure, missed target
CuSP	USA NASA	21 November 2022	flyby	failure	mission to study particles and magnetic fields. Did lunar flyby due to launch trajectory.	[[File:Artemis I OSA Secondary Payloads - CuSP and LunaHMap (KSC-20210714-PH-KLS01 0071) (cropped).jpg	50px]]
BioSentinel	USA NASA	21 November 2022	flyby	success	it contains yeast cards that will be rehydrated in space, designed to detect, measure, and compare the effects of deep space radiation.	[[File:Biosentinel 6U CubeSat format.jpg	50px]]
Team Miles	USA Fluid & Reason	21 November 2022	flyby	failure	demonstrate low-thrust plasma propulsion in deep space.
Danuri
(Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter)	/
16 December 2022	orbiter	in orbit	Lunar Orbiter by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) of South Korea. The orbiter, its science payload and ground control infrastructure are technology demonstrators. The orbiter will also be tasked with surveying lunar resources such as water ice, uranium, helium-3, silicon, and aluminium, and produce a topographic map to help select future lunar landing sites.	[[File:Kplo rendered image.png	50px]]
Hakuto-R Mission 1		25 April 2023	lander	failure	Lunar lander technology demonstration. Launched on 11 December 2022, orbit insertion on 21 March 2023, crashed on lunar surface on 25 April 2023 during landing attempt.
	Rashid	UAE UAESA/MBRSC	25 April 2023	rover	failure	Lunar rover, part of the Emirates Lunar Mission.
	SORA-Q	JPN JAXA/Tomy/Doshisha University	25 April 2023	rover	failure	Lunar rover technology demonstration.
Lunar Flashlight		11 December 2022 (launch)	orbiter	failure	was to enter a near-rectilinear halo orbit; couldn't leave Earth orbit due to propulsion failures.	[[File:Lunar Flashlight spaceprobe.jpeg	50px]]
JUICE	EUR ESA	19 August 2024	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to Jupiter.	[[File:Juice_launch_kit_cover_close-up.png	50px]]	url=http://sci.esa.int/juice/	title=JUICE – JUpiter ICy moons Explorer	publisher=European Space Agency	access-date=27 August 2016}}
Chandrayaan-3	IND ISRO	14 July 2023 (launch)
5 August 2023 (orbit insertion)	orbiter	success	bring the lander from Earth parking orbit to pre-landing 100 km lunar orbit and study the spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit. The spacecraft entered lunar orbit on 5 August, and India became the first country to touch down near the lunar south pole, at 69°S, the southernmost lunar landing on 23 August 2023 at 18:03 IST (12:33 UTC).	[[File:Chandrayaan-3_Integrated_Module_in_clean-room_01.webp	50px]]
	Vikram	IND ISRO	23 August 2023	lander	success	primary objective is to redo Chandrayaan-2 landing which had failed. In-site observation & conducting experiments on the materials available on the lunar surface to better understand composition of the Moon.
	Pragyan	IND ISRO	23 August 2023	rover	success	stowed inside lander. Demonstrating the rover's loitering capabilities on the Moon. In-site observation and conducting experiments on the materials available on the lunar surface to better understand composition of the Moon.
	Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion Module	IND ISRO	Between 13 October and 10 November 2023	4 flybys	success	Extended mission following lunar orbit operations to returning to Earth orbit
Luna 25	RUS Roscosmos	19 August 2023	lander	failure	Launched 10 August 2023, orbit insertion 16 August 2023, crashed on lunar surface on 19 August 2023 following an anomalous orbital lowering maneuver.	[[File:Maquette-Luna-Glob-Lander-b-DSC 0075.jpg	50px]]
SLIM		19 January 2024	gravity assist/lander	success	Successfully demonstrated precision landing by landing within 100 m of its target spot. Its solar cells were initially not generating electricity due to wrong attitude but in ten days the Sun moved enough to temporarily provide power to the spacecraft.	[[File:SLIM half scale model (cropped).png	50px]]
	LEV-1	JPN JAXA	19 January 2024	rover	success	Lunar rover with a hopping mechanism. Conducted six hops on lunar surface.
	LEV-2 (SORA-Q)	JPN JAXA/Tomy/Doshisha University	19 January 2024	rover	success	Lunar rover, reflight of the SORA-Q rover launched with the failed Hakuto-R Mission 1. Imaged SLIM lander on lunar surface.
Peregrine		8 January 2024 (launch)	lander	failure	first1=Jackie	last1=Wattles	first2=Kristin	last2=Fisher	date=2024-01-08	title=Peregrine mission abandons Moon landing attempt after suffering 'critical' fuel loss	url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/08/world/peregrine-lunar-lander-anomaly-astrobotic-nasa-scn/index.html	access-date=2024-01-09	website=CNN	language=en}}	[[File:Astrobotic Lunar Lander NASA Meatball Install (KSC-20231114-PH-ILW01 0100).jpg	50px]]
	Colmena × 5	MEX UNAM	8 January 2024 (launch)	rover	failure	Five small robots that will be catapulted onto the lunar surface. Mission phased out along with landing of Peregrine lander due to excessive propellant leak.
	Iris	USA CMU	8 January 2024 (launch)	rover	failure	Lunar rover, will test small, lightweight rover mobility on the Moon, and collect scientific images for geological sciences. Mission phased out along with landing of Peregrine lander due to excessive propellant leak.
IM-1 Odysseus		22 February 2024	lander	success	Lunar lander selected for NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services carrying a total of 6 payloads.	[[File:Intuitive Machines’ Nova-C lunar lander (IM 00309) (cropped).jpg	50px]]	[IM-1-NOVA](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=IM-1-NOVA)
	EagleCam	USA Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University	28 February 2024	semi-hard lander	failure	Deployable camera designed to attempt to capture the first third-person images of a lunar landing. Ejected post landing due to technical issues, failed to return images.
DRO-A		13 March 2024 (launch)	orbiter	in orbit	YZ-1S upper stage failed to deliver spacecrafts into correct orbit. The satellites were intended to test Distant retrograde orbit. Tracking data appears to show China is attempting to salvage spacecraft and they appear to have succeeded in reaching their desired orbit.
DRO-B	orbiter	in orbit
Queqiao-2		24 March 2024	orbiter	in orbit	Lunar far side relay satellite.	[[File:Polrelais.jpg	50px]]
	Tiandu-1	PRC Deep Space Exploration Laboratory	orbiter	in orbit	will test communications for future lunar satellite constellation technologies.
	Tiandu-2	orbiter	in orbit
Chang'e 6	CHN CNSA	3 May 2024	sample return	operational	First sample-return from the South Pole–Aitken basin on the far side of the Moon.	[[File:Chang-e-5-assembly-CG-1-Cropped.jpg	50px]]

	Chang'e 6 Lander	CHN CNSA	1 June 2024 -	success	Obtained lunar sample and placed on ascent vehicle; conducted radar studies of underground structure
	Chang'e 6 Ascender	CHN CNSA	3 June 2024 - 7 June 2024	success	Transferred lunar sample to return capsule on 6 June 2024 after lunar-orbit rendezvous; deorbited
	Jinchan rover	CHN CNSA	3 May 2024	success	Conduct infrared spectroscopy of lunar surface and imaged Chang'e 6 lander on lunar surface.
	Chang'e 6 Orbiter	CHN CNSA	8 May 2024 - 20 June 2024	orbiter	success	On extended mission orbiting Sun-Earth
	ICUBE-Q	PAK SUPARCO	3 May 2024	orbiter	operational	Pakistan's first lunar mission.
Blue Ghost M1		15 January 2025 (launch)
2 March 2025 (landing)	lander	success	title=CLPS Providers - NASA	url=https://www.nasa.gov/commercial-lunar-payload-services/clps-providers/#firefly-aerospace	access-date=2025-03-18	language=en-US}} First ever soft landing by a private company. First successful American lunar lander after over 52 years, the last being Apollo 17. Completed all objectives after landing in Mare Crisium on March 2, including deep-surface drilling and fortuitous observation of lunar eclipse from lunar nearside, having operated for 346 continuous hours. Mission ended on March 16 upon passing into lunar night, and probe powered down. The landing was live-streamed from command center. First ever video of lunar final descent sequence and landing. First fully successful CLPS contract.
Hakuto-R Mission 2		5 June 2025	lander	failure	Lunar lander technology demonstration. Launched on 15 January 2025, orbit insertion on 6 May 2025, crashed on lunar surface on 5 June 2025 during landing attempt.	[[File:Maquette de Hakuto-R IAC 2022.jpg	50px]]
	Tenacious Rover	Luxembourg Ispace Europe	5 June 2025	rover	failure	Lunar rover to collect lunar resources.
IM-2 Athena		27 February 2025 (launch)
6 March 2025 (landing)	lander	partial failure	Lunar lander contracted under NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services and carrying various scientific payloads. Probe suffered laser altimeter failure 3 minutes prior to south polar touchdown, leading to descent stage continuing to fire after landing. Slid sideways and toppled into a shadowed crater. Mission terminated due to insufficient solar power on March 7, after 13 hours of much limited operations. This is the second (partially successful) lunar landing by Intuitive Machines.	[[File:Intuitive Machines’ Nova-C lunar lander (IM 00309) (cropped).jpg	50px]]
	Micro-Nova hopper	hopper	failure	Lunar hopper, exploring multiple difficult-to-reach areas such as deep craters on the lunar surface, by firing hydrazine rockets in controlled bursts to propel itself short distances. It will hop across craters in search of lunar ice, which could contain water critical to future crewed missions to the Moon.
	AstroAnt rover		rover	failure	Lunar miniature rover, the size of a matchbox, to conduct contactless temperature measurements as it drives around on MAPP's roof.
	MAPP LV1 rover		rover	failure	Lunar rover to collect lunar samples for NASA under a contract worth just $1, which is symbolic of a new incentive for the emerging commercial space industry to access resources in space. It will also autonomously map the lunar surface, capture stereo images and thermal data, and inspect samples of lunar regolith in a special bin mounted on its wheels.
	Yaoki rover		rover	failure	Lunar rover to test mobility technologies.
Lunar Trailblazer		3 March 2025 (flyby)	orbiter	failure	Intended to achieve a lunar orbit to aid in the understanding of lunar water and the Moon's water cycle.	[[File:Lunar trailblazer artist's view.jpg	50px]]
Brokkr-2	USA AstroForge	3 March 2025	flyby	failure	Asteroid probe intended to flyby the near-Earth asteroid [2022 OB5](2022-ob5). Communication failure.
Chimera-1	USA Epic Aerospace	3 March 2025	flyby	failure?	Space tug planned TLI to Geosynchronous. Communication failure?

Future

Main article: List of missions to the Moon#Future missions

Notes

References

"Chandrayaan-1 - ISRO".
[https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer.] Mahesh Guptan, ''The Week''. 16 November 2019.
(2022-02-15). "A Chinese spacecraft is testing out a new orbit around the moon".
(2020-12-21). "Chang'e-5 orbiter embarks on extended mission to Sun-Earth Lagrange point".
(2021-09-06). "China's Chang'e-5 orbiter is heading back to the moon".
Figliozzi, Gianine. (8 June 2022). "CAPSTONE Mission Launch No Longer Targeting June 13". [[NASA]].
(13 September 2019). "NASA Funds CubeSat Pathfinder Mission to Unique Lunar Orbit". [[NASA]].
(9 August 2021). "Rocket Lab to Launch NASA Funded Commercial Moon Mission from New Zealand". [[Rocket Lab]].
Wall, Mike. (November 21, 2022). "NASA's Artemis 1 Orion spacecraft aces close moon flyby in crucial engine burn". Space.com.
Wall, Mike. (November 23, 2022). "Artemis 1 cubesat fails to fire engine as planned during moon flyby". Space.com.
(3 August 2023). "LunaH-Map Mission".
Lockheed Martin Space. (9 December 2022). "As a @LockheedMartin funded tech demo mission, LunIR's primary goal was to gain knowledge to support future exploration. While we ran into an unexpected issue with our radio signal and couldn't snap any pics of the Moon, we DID try something new, and here's what we learned".
S.Korean Spaceflight. (28 July 2022). "Danuri(KPLO) launch now scheduled for August 5th 08:08 KST, according to MSIT/KARI.".
(25 April 2023). "Japan's ispace assumes failure in bid to make first commercial moon landing". Reuters.
(15 May 2023). "NASA ends Lunar Flashlight mission because of thruster problems".
Howell, Elizabeth. (February 9, 2023). "Tiny NASA moon probe can't reach lunar orbit as planned". Space.com.
"JUICE – JUpiter ICy moons Explorer". [[European Space Agency]].
Zak, Anatoly. (19 August 2023). "Luna-Glob mission lifts off". RussianSpaceWeb.
Jones, Andrew. (19 January 2024). "Japan makes history with tense, successful moon landing". SpaceNews.
Jones, Andrew. (2024-01-22). "Japan's moon lander forced to power down but may yet be revived".
"SLIM Project Press Kit".
(24 January 2024). "小型月着陸実証機（SLIM）および小型プローブ（LEV）の月面着陸の結果・成果等の記者会見".
Jones, Andrew. (29 January 2024). "SLIM moon lander revived after solar power setback".
(2024-01-08). "Peregrine mission abandons Moon landing attempt after suffering 'critical' fuel loss".
"2/3 mission plans and procedures in order to deploy its CubeSat camera system. Despite the team's strong effort, the technical complications ultimately resulted in an inability to capture images of the Odysseus lander.".
Jones, Andrew. (2024-03-14). "Surprise Chinese lunar mission hit by launch anomaly".
Jones, Andrew. (2024-08-20). "Chinese spacecraft appear to reach lunar orbit despite launch setback".
Jones, Andrew. (2024-03-28). "China appears to be trying to save stricken spacecraft from lunar limbo".
"China's Moon Missions Shadow NASA Artemis's Pace - IEEE Spectrum".
Jones, Andrew. (10 January 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 probe arrives at spaceport for first-ever lunar far side sample mission". [[SpaceNews]].
(2024-05-08). "嫦娥六号探测器成功实施近月制动顺利进入环月轨道飞行". 中国新闻网.
Jones, Andrew. (6 June 2024). "Chang'e-6 spacecraft dock in lunar orbit ahead of journey back to Earth". [[SpaceNews]].
(6 May 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 is carrying a surprise rover to the moon".
(10 September 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 orbiter tunrs up at Sun-Earth Lagrange point after moon sampling mission".
"CLPS Providers - NASA".
(2024-12-18). "Firefly CEO Bullish on Blue Ghost January Launch - SPACE & DEFENSE".
Foust, Jeff. (2025-03-17). "Firefly Aerospace wraps up successful Blue Ghost 1 mission".
"Blue Ghost Mission 1".
(2025-03-11). "Watch sparks fly as Blue Ghost lander drills into the moon (video)".
(2025-03-17). "Farewell, Blue Ghost! Private moon lander goes dark to end record-breaking commercial lunar mission".
Firefly Aerospace. (2025-03-02). "Firefly's Blue Ghost Mission 1 Lunar Landing".
(2025-03-13). "NASA Cameras on Blue Ghost Capture First-of-its-Kind Moon Landing Footage - NASA".
Intuitive Machines. (2025-03-06). "Intuitive Machines IM-2 Mission Landing Live Stream".
Foust, Jeff. (2025-03-07). "IM-2 lunar lander mission ends".
Berger, Eric. (2025-03-13). "Athena landed in a dark crater where the temperature was minus 280° F".
(27 February 2025). "Intuitive Machines' IM-2 Lunar Lander Successfully Commissioned and En Route to the Moon".

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