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List of historical states of Italy

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Italy, up until its unification in 1861, was a conglomeration of city-states, republics, and other independent entities. The following is a list of the various Italian states during that period. Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the arrival of the Middle Ages (in particular from the 11th century), the Italian Peninsula was divided into numerous states. Many of these states consolidated into major political units that balanced the power on the Italian Peninsula: the Papal States, the Venetian Republic, the Republic of Florence, the Duchy of Milan, the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Sicily. Unlike all the other Italian states of the medieval and early modern period, the republics of Venice and Genoa, thanks to their maritime power, went beyond territorial conquests within the Italian Peninsula, conquering various regions across the Mediterranean and Black Seas.

Ancient Italy

Main article: List of ancient peoples of Italy

The ancient peoples of Italy are broadly referred to in historiography as Italic peoples, although in modern linguistics this term is used to define only the speakers of the Italic languages, namely the Latino-Faliscans and the Osco-Umbrians. They include:

  • Etruscans
  • Italic peoples in the strict sense:
    • Latino-Faliscans:
      • Latins
        • Romans
          • Roman Kingdom
          • Roman Republic
          • Roman Empire
          • Western Roman Empire
      • Falisci
    • Osco-Umbrians, also called Sabellians:
      • Umbrians
        • Marsi
        • Umbri
        • Volsci
      • Oscans
        • Marrucini
        • Osci
          • Aurunci
          • Ausones
          • Campanians
        • Paeligni
        • Sabines
      • Samnitics
        • Bruttii
        • Frentani
        • Lucani
        • Samnites
          • Pentri
          • Caraceni
          • Caudini
          • Hirpini
      • Others:
        • Aequi
        • Fidenates
        • Hernici
        • Picentes
        • Vestini
        • Sicels
        • Venetics
  • Ligures
  • Sardinians
  • Greek colonies in Magna Graecia
  • Phoenician settlements in insular Italy
  • Carthaginian settlements in insular Italy
  • Cisalpine Gauls

Early Middle Ages

  • Kingdom of Italy
  • Ostrogothic Kingdom
  • Lombard Kingdom
  • Duchy of Rome (under the Byzantine Empire)
  • Exarchate of Ravenna (under the Byzantine Empire)
  • Exarchate of Carthage (under the Byzantine Empire)
  • Thema of Sicily (under the Byzantine Empire)
  • Catepanate of Italy (under the Byzantine Empire)
  • Lombard Calvary cross potent (transparent).png Duchy of Benevento
  • Wappen Irslingen.png Duchy of Spoleto
  • Duchy of Naples
  • Papal States
  • Republic of Venice

High Middle Ages

Political map of Italy in the year 1000
Political map of Southern Italy in the year 1112

States in Central and Northern Italy

  • Papal States
  • Flag of the Republic of Venice (Mid-14th century).svg Republic of Venice
  • Flag of Genoa.svg Republic of Genoa
  • Flag of the Republic of Pisa.svg Republic of Pisa
  • Flag of Florence.svg Republic of Florence
  • Merchant Flag of the Republic of Lucca (13th century-1799).svg Republic of Lucca
  • Flag of Siena.svg Republic of Siena
  • Flag of the Republic of Ancona (c. 1177-1532).svg Republic of Ancona
  • Flag of the Republic of Noli.svg Republic of Noli
  • Secondary flag of Republic of Ragusa.svg Republic of Ragusa
  • Republic of San Marino

[[List of south Italian principalities|States in Southern Italy]]

  • Lombard Calvary cross potent (transparent).png Principality of Benevento
  • Coat of Arms of Principato Citra.svg Principality of Salerno
  • Catepanate of Italy (under the Byzantine Empire)
  • Principality of Capua
  • Flag of Gaeta (10th century).svg Duchy of Gaeta
  • Duchy of Naples
  • Flag of the Republic of Amalfi.svg Duchy of Amalfi
  • Sorrento-Stemma.svg Duchy of Sorrento
  • Rectangular green flag.svg Emirate of Sicily (under the Fatimid Caliphate)
  • Coat of Arms of Roger I of Sicily.svg County of Sicily
  • Coat of Arms of Robert Guiscard.svg County of Apulia
  • Coat of Arms of Robert Guiscard.svg Duchy of Apulia
  • Coat of Arms of Robert Guiscard.svg Duchy of Calabria
  • Coat of Arms of Robert Guiscard.svg Duchy of Apulia and Calabria
  • Flag of the Kingdom of Sicily (Hohenstaufen).svg Kingdom of Sicily

States of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]

Map of city-states or communes participating in the first and second Lombard League, during the 12th and 13th centuries

  • Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor with haloes (1430-1806).svg Kingdom of Italy

  • Coat of arms of the house of Canossa.svg March of Tuscany

  • March of Verona and Aquileia.svg March of Verona

  • March of Treviso

  • March of Ivrea (Before turning into the Commune of Ivrea)

  • March of Turin

  • Flag of Montferrat.svg March of Montferrat

  • March of Genoa

  • Bandiere dal Friûl.svg Patriarchate of Aquileia (including March of Friuli and March of Istria)

  • Wappen Irslingen.png Duchy of Spoleto

  • Wappen Bistum Brixen.png Bishopric of Brixen

  • Wappen Bistum Trient.png Bishopric of Trent

  • Bishopric of Acqui

  • Commune of Acqui

  • Commune of Alba

  • Commune of Alessandria

  • Commune of Arezzo

  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of Bergamo.svg

  • Flag of Bologna.svg Commune of Bologna

  • Commune of Brescia

  • Commune of Camerino

  • Commune of Chieri

  • Bandiera di Como.PNG Commune of Como

  • Coat of arms of Crema (13th century–1797).png Commune of Crema

  • {{Flagicon image| Flag of Cremona (Historical).svg

  • Commune of Faenza

  • Arms of the house of Este (1).svg Commune of Ferrara

  • Commune of Lodi

  • Commune of Mantua

  • Flag of Milan (1171).svgCommune of Milan

  • Commune of Modena

  • Commune of Novara

  • Commune of Orvieto

  • Commune of Padau

  • Commune of Pavia

  • {{Flagicon image|Coat of arms of Parma.svg

  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of Perugia.svg

  • Piacenza-Stemma.svg Commune of Piacenza

  • Commune of Reggio

  • Commune of San Gimignano

  • {{Flagicon image|Blason de Savona (Italie).svg

  • Commune of Terdona

  • Commune of Treviso

  • Commune of Vercelli

  • Commune of Vicenza

  • Municipality of Ascoli

  • Stemma Tizzoni di Desana.jpg County of Desana

  • Königsbanner 14Jh.svg County of Savoy

  • Flag of the County of Gorizia.svg County of Gorizia

  • Flag of the Marquistate of Saluzzo (14th century-c. 1507).svg Marquisate of Saluzzo

  • Arms of the house of Ceva.svg Marquisate of Ceva

  • Arms of the house of Incisa.svg Marquisate of Incisa

  • Flag of the Marquisate of Finale (12th century-1602).svg Marquisate of Finale

  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of Sassari (1259–1323).svg

[[Sardinian medieval kingdoms|Sardinian Judicates]]

  • Flag of the Republic of Pisa.svg Agugliastra
  • Flag of the Giudicato of Arborea.svg Arborea
  • Coat of arms of Judicate of Cagliari.svg Cagliari
  • Gallo del Giudicato di Gallura.svg Gallura
  • Torre Merlata del Giudicato di Torres.svg Logudoro

Late Middle Ages

Italy in 1454, right after the [[Peace of Lodi
The Italian Peninsula in 1499

Major states

  • Vexillum2.svg Papal States
  • Flag of the Republic of Venice (Mid-14th century).svg Republic of Venice
  • Flag of Florence.svg Republic of Florence
  • Bandera de Nápoles - Trastámara.svg Kingdom of Naples
  • Flag of the Duchy of Milan.png Duchy of Milan
  • Flag of Genoa.svg Republic of Genoa

Minor states

  • Flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia (1324-1720).svg Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica
  • Kingdom of Sicily naval flag.svg Kingdom of Sicily
  • Ducado de Modena (antes de 1830).svg Duchy of Ferrara
  • Flag of Bologna.svg Lordship of Bologna
  • Manfredi-1.jpg Lordship of Faenza
  • Flag of the Lordship of Milan (XIII century-1395).svg Lordship of Milan (before being raised to Duchy in 1395)
  • {{Flagicon image|Stemma Nobiliare Carrara.svg
  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of Perugia.svg
  • Ducado de Modena (antes de 1830).svg Duchy of Modena and Reggio
  • Wappen Bistum Brixen.png Prince-Bishopric of Brixen
  • Wappen Bistum Trient.png Prince-Bishopric of Trent
  • {{Flagicon image|Coat of arms of the House of Landi, Piacenza.svg
  • Blason Ville fr Bastia.svg Marquisate of Bastia
  • Arms of the house of Ceva.svg Marquisate of Ceva
  • Flag of the Marquisate of Finale (12th century-1602).svg Marquisate of Finale
  • Coat of arms of the House of Malaspina (Spino Fiorito) (2).svg Marquisate of Fosdinovo
  • Arms of the house of Incisa.svg Marquisate of Incisa
  • Flag of the Margraviate of Mantua (1328–1575).svg Marquisate of Mantua
  • It massa.png Marquisate of Massa
  • Flag of the Marquistate of Saluzzo (14th century-c. 1507).svg Marquisate of Saluzzo
  • Flag of Montferrat.svg Marquisate of Montferrat
  • Asti bandiera.svg County of Asti
  • County of Cocconato
  • Arms of the house of Da Coreggio (2).svg County of Correggio
  • Stemma Tizzoni di Desana.jpg County of Desana
  • Flag of the County of Gorizia.svg County of Gorizia
  • Arms of Gianfrancesco I Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua.svg County of Guastalla
  • Flag of Masserano (1614-1701).svg County of Masserano
  • Coat of arms of Pico della Mirandola (1311-1432) (early).svg County of Mirandola
  • Blason famille Torelli.svg County of Montechiarugolo
  • {{Flagicon image|Stemma gonzaga.jpg
  • Blason fam it Orsini.svg County of Pitigliano
  • CoA Sforza.svg County of Santa Fiora
  • Königsbanner 14Jh.svg County of Savoy (raised to Duchy of Savoy in 1416)
    • Flag of the County of Nice.svg County of Nice (in personal union with Savoy)
  • County of Scandiano
  • Coat of Arms of the House of Aldobrandeschi.svg County of Sovana
  • Arms of the house of Lascaris di Ventimiglia.svg County of Tende
  • Banner of Arms of the Duchy of Urbino.svg County of Urbino (raised to Duchy of Urbino in 1443)
  • County of Correggio
  • {{Flagicon image|Blason de Savona (Italie).svg
  • Flag of the Golden Ambrosian Republic.svg Golden Ambrosian Republic
  • Flag of the Republic of Ancona (c. 1177-1532).svg Republic of Ancona
  • Flag of Cospaia.svg Republic of Cospaia
  • Merchant Flag of the Republic of Lucca (13th century-1799).svg Republic of Lucca
  • Flag of the Republic of Noli.svg Republic of Noli
  • St. Blaise - State Flag of the Ragusan Republic.svg Republic of Ragusa
  • Republic of San Marino
  • Republic of Senarica
  • Flag of Siena.svg Republic of Siena
  • Rebel city-states in Papal States

After the Italian Wars

The Peace of Cateau Cambrésis ended the Italian Wars in 1559. The kingdoms of Sicily, Sardinia, Naples (inclusive of the State of Presidi) and the Duchy of Milan were left under the control of Spanish Habsburgs. France was in control of several fortresses and in particular of the Marquisate of Saluzzo. All the other Italian states remained independent, with the most powerful being the Venetian Republic, the Medici's Duchy of Tuscany, the Savoyard state, the Republic of Genoa, and the Papal States. The Gonzaga in Mantua, the Este in Modena and Ferrara and the Farnese in Parma and Piacenza continued to be important dynasties. Parts of the north of Italy remained a part of the Holy Roman Empire.

Major states

  • Flag of the Papal States, ca. 1523.svg Papal States
  • Flag of Republic of Venice (1659-1675).svg Republic of Venice
  • Flag of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1562-1737) - type 2.svg Grand Duchy of Tuscany
  • Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Kingdom of Naples
  • Flag of Genoa.svg Republic of Genoa
  • Flag of Savoie.svg Duchy of Savoy
  • Flag of the Duchy of Milan (1450).svg Duchy of Milan

Minor states

  • Flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia (1324-1720).svg Kingdom of Sardinia (under Spanish rule)
  • Flag of the Kingdom of Sicily.svg Kingdom of Sicily
  • Wappen Bistum Brixen.png Prince-Bishopric of Brixen
  • Wappen Bistum Trient.png Prince-Bishopric of Trent
  • {{Flagicon image|Coat of arms of the House of Landi, Piacenza.svg
  • Bandiera Appiani.svg Principality of Piombino
  • Lozenge flag of Monaco.svg Principality of Monaco
  • Principality of Bozollo
  • Mantua Flag 1575-1707 (new).svg Duchy of Mantua
  • Ducado de Modena (antes de 1830).svg Duchy of Ferrara
    • Ducado de Modena (antes de 1830).svg Duchy of Modena and Reggio (In personal union with Ferrara)
  • Flag of the Duchy of Parma.svg Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
    • Duchy of Castro CoA.svg Duchy of Castro (in personal union with Parma)
  • Flag of Duchy of Urbino.svg Duchy of Urbino
  • Marquisate of Arquata
  • Blason Ville fr Bastia.svg Marquisate of Bastia
  • Marquisate of Castiglione (raised to Principality of Castiglione in 1609)
  • Flag of the Marquisate of Finale (12th century-1602).svg Marquisate of Finale
  • Coat of arms of the House of Malaspina (Spino Fiorito) (2).svg Marquisate of Fosdinovo
  • It massa.png Marquisate of Massa (raised to Principality of Massa in 1568)
    • Marquisate of Carrara (in personal union with Massa)
  • Flag of Masserano (1614-1701).svg Marquisate of Masserano (raised to Principality of Masserano in 1598)
  • Flag of Montferrat.svg Marquisate of Montferrat (raised to Duchy of Montferrat in 1574; in personal union with Mantua)
  • Sabbioneta, stemma ducale.jpg Marquisate of Sabbioneta (raised to Duchy of Sabbioneta in 1577)
  • Flag of Torriglia (1547-1797).svg Marquisate of Torriglia
  • Arms of the house of Da Coreggio (4).svg County of Correggio (raised to Principality of Correggio in 1616)
  • Arms of Gianfrancesco I Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua.svg County of Guastalla
  • Coat of arms of the house of Orsini (2).svg County of Pitigliano
  • Coat of arms of Duchy of Mirandola.svg County of Mirandola
  • Blason famille Torelli.svg County of Montechiarugolo
  • Arms of the house of Gonzaga-Novellara.svg County of Novellara and Bagnolo
  • CoA Sforza.svg County of Santa Fiora
  • Arms of the house of Lascaris di Ventimiglia.svg County of Tende
  • County of Correggio (raised to Duchy of Coreggio in 1630)
  • Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Monastic State of the Order of Malta
  • Flag of the Republic of Ancona (c. 1177-1532).svg Republic of Ancona
  • Flag of Cospaia.svg Republic of Cospaia
  • Merchant Flag of the Republic of Lucca (13th century-1799).svg Republic of Lucca
  • Flag of the Republic of Noli.svg Republic of Noli
  • St. Blaise - National Flag of the Ragusan Republic.svg Republic of Ragusa
  • Republic of San Marino

After the Wars of Succession of the 18th century

Political map of Italy in the year 1789

During the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714), Savoy acquired Sicily, while the remaining Spanish dominions in Italy (Naples, Sardinia, and Milan) were taken over by the Austrian Habsburgs. In 1720, Savoy exchanged Sicily for Sardinia. Following the extinction of the House of Medici, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany was ruled by the Habsburg-Lorraine. Later on, Southern Italy passed to a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, known as House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. Other states such as Genoa, Venice, Modena, the Papal States and Lucca remained with their governments unchanged.

Major states

  • Papal States
  • Kingdom of Naples (under the Habsburg monarchy from 1714 to 1735; in personal union with Sicily under the Bourbon-Two Sicilies thereafter)
  • Flag of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1840).svg Grand Duchy of Tuscany (under Habsburg-Lorraine after 1737)
  • Flag of Milan.svg Duchy of Milan (under Habsburg Monarchy)
  • Flag of Savoie.svg Duchy of Savoy
  • Flag of Genoa.svg Republic of Genoa
  • Flag of Republic of Venice (1659-1675).svg Republic of Venice

Minor states

  • State Flag of the Savoyard States (late 16th - late 18th century).svg Kingdom of Sardinia (under Austrian monarchy from 1714 to 1720; in personal union with Savoy thereafter)
  • Bandiera del Regno di Sicilia 4.svg Kingdom of Sicily (under Savoy from 1713 to 1720; under Austrian monarchy from 1720 to 1734; in personal union with Naples under the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies thereafter)
  • Mantua Flag 1575-1707 (new).svg Duchy of Mantua (under House of Gonzaga until 1708, Austrian Monarchy thereafter)
  • Flag of the Duchy of Parma.svg Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (under Habsburg Monarchy from 1734 to 1748, under House of Bourbon-Parma thereafter)
  • Arms of Ferrante II Gonzaga, Duke of Guastalla.svg Duchy of Guastalla (in personal union with Parma from 1748)
  • Ducado de Modena (antes de 1830).svg Duchy of Modena and Reggio [[File:Italy 1796.svg|360x360px|thumb|Political map of Italy in the year 1796]]
  • Flag of Massa and Carrara.png Duchy of Massa and Carrara (in personal union with Modena from 1731)
  • Coat of arms of Duchy of Mirandola.svg Duchy of Mirandola (in personal union with Modena from 1710)
  • Wappen Bistum Brixen.png Prince-Bishopric of Brixen
  • Flag of Trento.svg Prince-Bishopric of Trent
  • Flag of Masserano (1701-1767).svg Principality of Masserano
  • Coat of Arms of the House of Doria.svg Principality of Torriglia
  • Flag of the Principality of Piombino (1701-1801).svg Principality of Piombino
  • Lozenge flag of Monaco.svg Principality of Monaco
  • Flag of Montferrat.svg Duchy of Montferrat, to House of Savoy from 1708
  • Coat of arms of the House of Malaspina (Spino Fiorito) (2).svg Marquisate of Fosdinovo
  • Blason Ville fr Bastia.svg Marquisate of Bastia
  • Merchant Flag of the Republic of Lucca (13th century-1799).svg Republic of Lucca
  • Republic of San Marino
  • St. Blaise - National Flag of the Ragusan Republic.svg Republic of Ragusa
  • Flag of the Republic of Noli.svg Republic of Noli
  • Flag of Cospaia.svg Republic of Cospaia
  • Flag of the Free State of Fiume.svg City of Fiume and its District
  • Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Monastic State of the Order of Malta

Their populations and other vital statistics stood as follows in the late 18th century:

  • Kingdom of Naples (including Sicily): 6,000,000 (400,000 in Naples), army of 60,000 to 80,000, 2 ships of the lines and some frigates
  • Republic of Venice: 3,500,000 (140,000 in the city of Venice itself), standing army and navy of 30,000, 12-15 ships of at least 54 guns plus frigates and brigs
  • Kingdom of Sardinia: 2,900,000 (2,400,000 on the mainland and 500,000 on the island), 12-15 fortified cities and towns (largest being Turin at 80,000), standing army of 25,000, which could be raised to 50,000 in a time of war and 100,000 with militia
  • Papal States: 2,400,000 (140,000 in the city of Rome), standing army of 6,000 to 7,000
  • Austrian Lombardy (Duchy of Milan, Duchy of Mantua, and minor territories): 1,100,000 (40,000 in the city of Milan itself)
  • Grand Duchy of Tuscany: 1,000,000 (80,000 in Florence), standing army of 6,000, navy of 3 frigates
  • Republic of Genoa: 500,000 (100,000 in the city of Genoa itself)
  • Duchy of Parma: 500,000 (40,000 in the city of Parma itself), standing army of 2,500 to 3,000
  • Duchy of Modena: 350,000 (20,000 in the city of Modena itself), standing army of 5,000 to 6,000
  • Republic of Lucca: 100,000 Total: 18.3 million

During Napoleonic times (1792–1815)

Political map of Italy in the year 1810

Sister republics of Revolutionary France

  • Flag of the Republic of Alba.svg Republic of Alba
  • Flag of the Repubblica Anconitana.svg Anconine Republic
  • Flag of the Astese Republic (1797).png Astese Republic
  • Italy cockade.svg Republic of Bergamo
  • Bolognese Republic
  • Italy cockade.svg Republic of Brescia
  • Flag of the Repubblica Cisalpina.svg Cisalpine Republic
  • Flag of the Cispadane Republic.svg Cispadane Republic
  • Flag of the Republic of Crema.svg Republic of Crema
  • Flag of the Italian Republic (1802).svg Italian Republic
  • Flag of Genoa.svg Ligurian Republic
  • Flag of Lucca (1799-1801).svg Jacobin State of Lucca
  • Flag of the Parthenopaean Republic.svg Parthenopean Republic
  • Flag of the Republic of Pescara.svg Republic of Pescara
  • Piedmontese Republic
  • Flag of the Repubblica Romana 1798.svg Roman Republic
  • Subalpine Republic
  • Tiberina Republic
  • Flag of the Repubblica Transpadana.svg Transpadane Republic

Client states of the First French Empire

  • Etrurian Kingdom and War Flag with Great Royal Coat of Arms.svg Kingdom of Etruria
  • Flag of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy.svg Kingdom of Italy
  • Flag of the Kingdom of Naples (1811).svg Kingdom of Naples
  • Flag of the Principality of Lucca (1805-1809).svg Principality of Lucca and Piombino
  • Coat of Arms of Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (Empire).svg Principality of Benevento
  • Coat of arms of Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte.svg Principality of Pontecorvo

Other states

  • State Flag and War Ensign of the Kingdom of Sardinia (1816-1848).svg Kingdom of Sardinia
  • Kingdom of Sicily
  • Bandiera Elba.svg Principality of Elba (non-hereditary Monarchy under the exiled Emperor Napoleon)
  • Flag of Cospaia.svg Republic of Cospaia
  • Republic of San Marino

From the restoration to the unification

Political map of Italy in the year 1843

Following the defeat of Napoleon's France, the Congress of Vienna (1815) was convened to redraw the European continent. In Italy, the Congress restored the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments, either directly ruled or strongly influenced by the prevailing European powers, particularly Austria. The Congress also determined the end of two millenary republics: Genoa was annexed by the then Savoyard Kingdom of Sardinia, and Venice was incorporated with Milan into a new kingdom of the Austrian Empire.

At the time, the struggle for Italian unification was perceived to be waged primarily against the Habsburgs, since they directly controlled the predominantly Italian-speaking northeastern part of present-day Italy and were the most powerful force against the Italian unification. The Austrian Empire vigorously repressed nationalist sentiment growing in its domains on the Italian Peninsula, as well as in the other parts of Habsburg domains.

  • Flag of the Papal States (1825-1870).svg Papal States
  • State Flag and War Ensign of the Kingdom of Sardinia (1816-1848).svg Kingdom of Sardinia
  • Flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1816).svg Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
  • Flag of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (1815–1866).svg Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (under Austrian Empire)
  • Flag of the Kingdom of Illyria.svg Kingdom of Illyria (under Austrian Empire)
  • State flag simple of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.svg Grand Duchy of Tuscany
  • Flag of the Duchy of Parma (1851-1859).svg Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla
  • State Flag of the Duchy of Modena and Reggio (1830-1859).svg Duchy of Modena and Reggio
  • Flag of Massa and Carrara.png Duchy of Massa and Carrara
  • Third Flag of the Duchy of Lucca.svg Duchy of Lucca
  • Lozenge flag of Monaco.svg Principality of Monaco
  • Flag of San Marino (pre–2011, civil).svg Republic of San Marino
  • Carbonari.svgRepublic of Benevento
  • Flag of the Republic of Pontecorvo.svgRepublic of Pontecorvo
  • Flag of Cospaia.svgRepublic of Cospaia
  • Flag of the Republic of San Marco.svg Republic of San Marco
  • Flag of the Roman Republic (19th century).svg Roman Republic
  • Flag of Italy.svg United Provinces of Central Italy

Post-unification states

  • Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of Italy
  • Flag of San Marino (1862–2011).svg Republic of San Marino

Post-World War I microstates

  • Labaro Reggenza Italiana del Carnaro.svg Italian Regency of Carnaro
  • Flag of the Free State of Fiume.svg Free State of Fiume

Post-1922 states

  • Kingdom of Italy Fascist Italy
  • Flag of San Marino (1862–2011).svg Republic of San Marino
  • Vatican City Vatican City

States during World War II

  • Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of Italy
    • Kingdom of the South
  • Nazi occupied northern Italy
    • Italian Social Republic Italian Social Republic
    • Flag of San Marino (1862–2011).svg Republic of San Marino (Briefly in 1944)
  • Vatican City Vatican City
  • The Italian Partisan Republics were the provisional state entities liberated by Italian partisans from the rule and occupation of Nazi Germany and the Italian Social Republic in 1944 during the Second World War. They were universally short-lived, with most of them being reconquered by the Wehrmacht within weeks of their formal establishments and re-incorporated into the Italian Social Republic.
    • Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg Republic of Alba (10 October – 2 November)
    • Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg Republic of Alto Monferrato (September – 2 December)
    • Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg Republic of Alto Tortonese (September – December)
    • Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg Republic of Bobbio (7 July – 27 August)
    • Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg Republic of the Cansiglio (July – September)
    • Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg Republic of Carnia (26 September – 10 October)
    • Bandiera delle Brigate Garibaldi partigiane (1943-1945).svg (2 February – March)
    • Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg Republic of Oriental Friuli (30 June – September)
    • Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg Republic of Pigna (IM) (18 September – 8 October)
    • Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg Republic of the Langhe (September – November)
    • Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg (17 June – 1 August)
    • Flag of the Italian Partisan Republic of Ossola.svg Republic of Ossola (10 September – 23 October)
    • Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg (26 June – 27 November)
    • Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg Republic of the Ceno Valley (10 June – 11 July)
    • Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg Republic of the Enza Valley and the Parma Valley (June – July)
    • Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg Republic of the Maira Valley and the Varaita Valley (June – 21 August)
    • Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg (15 June – 24 July)
    • Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg Republic of the Lanzo Valley (25 June – September)
    • Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg Republic of the Sesia Valley (11 June – 10 July)
    • Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg Republic of Varzi (19/24 September – 29 November)

Post-1946 states

  • Italy Italian Republic
  • San Marino Republic of San Marino
  • Vatican City Vatican City State
  • Free Territory Trieste Flag.svg Free Territory of Trieste (de facto dissolved 1954)

References

References

  1. "End of Europe's Middle Ages - Italy's City-States".
  2. Bragadin, Marc'Antonio. (2010). "Storia delle repubbliche marinare". Odoya.
  3. [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cassiodorus/varia2.shtml Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator, ''Variae'', Lib. II., XLI. Luduin regi Francorum Theodericus rex.]
  4. Burman, Edward. (1989). "Italian Dynasties: Great Families of Italy from the Renaissance to the Present Day". Equation; First Edition.
  5. Christine Shaw, Michael Mallett. "The Italian Wars 1494-1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe". Routledge.
  6. "Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis {{!}} European history".
  7. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qHE_AQAAMAAJ&q=in+1796%2C+when+the+french+entered+italy%2C+that+fine+country+was+divided+into+several+states&pg=RA1-PA201 Journal of the Private Life and Conversations of the Emperor, Vol. 3]. Emmanuel-Auguste-Dieudonne comte de Las Cases. 1816.
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