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List of Ebola outbreaks

Cases and outbreaks of Ebola virus disease

List of Ebola outbreaks

Cases and outbreaks of Ebola virus disease

Ebola virus (SEM)

This list of Ebola outbreaks records the known occurrences of Ebola virus disease, a highly infectious and acutely lethal viral disease that has afflicted humans and animals primarily in equatorial Africa. The pathogens responsible for the disease are the five ebolaviruses recognized by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses: Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), Reston virus (RESTV), Taï Forest virus (TAFV), and Bundibugyo virus (BDBV). Four of the five variants have caused the disease in humans as well as other animals; RESTV has caused clinical symptoms only in non-human primates. RESTV has caused subclinical infections in humans, producing an antibody response but no visual symptoms or disease state manifestations.

Transmission of the ebolaviruses between natural reservoirs and humans is rare, and outbreaks of Ebola virus disease are often traceable to a single case where an individual has handled the carcass of a gorilla, chimpanzee, bats, or duiker. The virus then spreads person-to-person, especially within families, in hospitals, and during some mortuary rituals where contact among individuals becomes more likely.

Learning from failed responses, such as during the 2000 outbreak in Uganda, the World Health Organization (WHO) established its Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network, and other public health measures were instituted in areas at high risk. Field laboratories were established to confirm cases, instead of shipping samples to South Africa. Outbreaks are also closely monitored by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Special Pathogens Branch.

Nigeria was the first country in western Africa to successfully curtail the virus, and its procedures have served as a model for other countries to follow.

Events

The information in the following tables comes from the World Health Organization (WHO). This data excludes all laboratory personnel cases, Reston virus cases (since they are all asymptomatic), and suspected cases. For a complete overview, those cases are included below with footnotes and supporting sources.

Major or massive cases

DateCountryVirusHuman casesHuman deathsCase fatality rateDescription
Jun–Nov 1976SUDV28415153%Occurred in Nzara (the source town), Maridi, Tumbura, and Juba (cities in present-day South Sudan). The index cases were workers in a cotton factory. The disease was spread by close contact with an acute case, usually from patients to their nurses. Many medical care personnel were infected.
Aug 1976EBOV31828088%Occurred in Yambuku and surrounding areas in what was then Zaire (present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo DRC). It spread through personal contact and by use of contaminated needles and syringes in hospitals and clinics.
Aug–Sep 1979SUDV342265%Occurred in Nzara and Maridi. This was a recurrent outbreak at the same site as the 1976 Sudan epidemic.
Dec 1994–Feb 1995EBOV523160%Occurred in Makokou and gold-mining camps deep in the rainforest along the Ivindo River. Until 1995, the outbreak was incorrectly classified as yellow fever.
May–Jul 1995EBOV31525481%Occurred in Kikwit and surrounding areas. The outbreak was traced to a patient who worked in a forest adjoining the city. The epidemic spread through families and hospital admissions.
Jan 1996–Mar 1997EBOV916672.53%The first strain Occurred in the village of Mayibout 2 and neighboring areas. A chimpanzee found dead in the forest was eaten by villagers hunting for food. Nineteen people involved in the butchery of the animal became ill, and other cases occurred in their family members.
Oct 2000–Jan 2001SUDV42522453%Occurred in the Gulu, Masindi, and Mbarara districts of Uganda. The three greatest risks associated with Sudan virus infection were attending funerals of case-patients, having contact with case-patients in one's family, and providing medical care to case-patients without using adequate personal protective measures. Victims included Matthew Lukwiya.
Oct 2001–Dec 2003
Republic of the Congo ROCEBOV30225484.11%The first strain Occurred on both sides of the border between Gabon and the Republic of the Congo (RC). This outbreak included the first reported occurrence of Ebola virus disease in the RC.
Apr–Jun 2004SUDV17741%Occurred in Yambio county in Western Equatoria of southern Sudan (present-day South Sudan). This outbreak was concurrent with an outbreak of measles in the same area, and several suspected EVD cases were reclassified later as measles cases.
Apr-May 2005Republic of the Congo ROCEBOV121083%Occurred in the Etoumbi district of Cuvette Ouest Department of the Republic of the Congo
Aug–Nov 2007Democratic Republic of the Congo DRCEBOV26418771%Outbreak was declared in September in Luebo and Mweke health zones of the Kasaï-Occidental province.
Dec 2007–Jan 2008BDBV1493725%last1=Townerfirst1=J. S.last2=Sealyfirst2=T. K.last3=Khristovafirst3=M. L.last4=Albariñofirst4=C. S. G.last5=Conlanfirst5=S.last6=Reederfirst6=S. A.last7=Quanfirst7=P. L.last8=Lipkinfirst8=W. I.last9=Downingfirst9=R.last10=Tapperofirst10=J. W.last11=Okwarefirst11=S.last12=Lutwamafirst12=J.last13=Bakamutumahofirst13=B.last14=Kayiwafirst14=J.last15=Comerfirst15=J. A.year=2008editor1-last=Baslereditor1-first=Christopher F.title=Newly Discovered Ebola Virus Associated with Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreak in Ugandajournal=PLOS Pathogensvolume=4issue=11article-number=e1000212doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1000212pmc=2581435pmid=19023410doi-access=freelast16=Rollinfirst16=P. E.last17=Ksiazekfirst17=T. G.last18=Nicholfirst18=S. T.}}
Dec 2008–Feb 2009Democratic Republic of the Congo DRCEBOV321445%Occurred in the Mweka and Luebo health zones of the Kasaï-Occidental province.
Jun–Aug 2012SUDV241771%Occurred in the Kibaale District.
Jun–Nov 2012Democratic Republic of the Congo DRCBDBV572951%author=Centers For Disease Controltitle=Outbreak Postingsurl=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/resources/outbreaks.html#nov-2012-congoaccess-date=2014-07-11publisher=Centers for Disease Controlarchive-date=16 May 2019archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516032258/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/resources/outbreaks.html#nov-2012-congourl-status=live }}
Dec 2013–Jun 2016Widespread:
Limited and local:
EBOV28,61611,310author=WHO Ebola Response Teamdate=23 September 2014title=Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa – The First 9 Months of the Epidemic and Forward Projectionsjournal=New England Journal of Medicinevolume=371issue=16pages=1481–1495doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1411100pmc=4235004pmid=25244186}}
57–59% (among hospitalized patients)This was the most severe Ebola outbreak in recorded history in regards to both the number of human cases and fatalities. It began in Guéckédou, Guinea, in December 2013 and spread abroad. Flare-ups of the disease continued into 2016, and the outbreak was declared over on 9 June 2016.
Aug–Nov 2014Democratic Republic of the Congo DRCEBOV664974%Occurred in Équateur province. Outbreak detected 24 August and, as of 28 October 2014, the WHO said that twenty days had passed since the last reported case was discharged and no new contacts were being followed. Declared over on 15 November 2014.
May–Jul 2018Democratic Republic of the Congo DRCEBOV543361%
Aug 2018–Jun 2020Widespread:
Democratic Republic of the Congo DRC
Limited and local:
EBOVtitle=Operations Dashboard for ArcGISurl=https://who.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/e70c3804f6044652bc37cce7d8fcef6caccess-date=20 February 2020website=who.maps.arcgis.comarchive-date=21 August 2019archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821210526/https://who.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/e70c3804f6044652bc37cce7d8fcef6curl-status=live }}2,28066%
May 2020–Nov 2020Democratic Republic of the Congo DRCEBOV1305542%On 31 May 2020, the DRC Health Minister Eteni Longondo announced an additional Ebola outbreak, separate to the ongoing Kivu Ebola epidemic. The outbreak originated in Équateur province (which was also the location of the [2018 Équateur province Ebola outbreak](2018-equateur-province-ebola-outbreak)). By 17 October 2020, the case count was 128 with 53 fatalities.
Feb–May 2021Democratic Republic of the Congo DRCEBOV12650%On 6 February 2021, an outbreak was declared in Butembo in the North Kivu province by the Ministry of Public Health of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. By 3 May 2021, the outbreak was declared over.
Feb–Jun 2021EBOV231252%last=Maddipatlafirst=Manojnadate=1 March 2021title=Three new Ebola cases confirmed in Congo, two in Guineaurl=https://www.metro.us/three-new-ebola-cases/access-date=2 March 2021website=metroarchive-date=1 March 2021archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301234916/https://www.metro.us/three-new-ebola-cases/url-status=live }} The first cases were confirmed on 14 February 2021, and by 9 April 2021, there were 23 reported cases of the virus, with 12 fatalities and 9 recoveries. Scientists concluded that the likely source of the outbreak was a man who had survived the 2013-2016 West African epidemic but had unknowingly harbored the Ebola virus in his body, eventually transmitting it to somebody in his community, although the first known case of this current outbreak was a female nurse who had died on 28 January 2021. The outbreak was declared over on 19 June 2021.
Oct–Dec 2021Democratic Republic of the Congo DRCEBOV11982%On 8 October 2021, the Ministry of Public Health for the Democratic Republic of the Congo reported a new laboratory confirmed case of Ebola virus disease, ten more related cases were later confirmed. On 16 December the outbreak was declared over.
Sept 2022–Jan 2023Uganda UGASUDV1647747%On 20 September 2022 an outbreak was declared in Mubende District, Uganda. Seventy-seven people died, with a total of 164 cases detected. The outbreak was declared over in January 2023.
Feb–Apr 2025Uganda UGASUDV144
Aug 2025–Dec 2025Democratic Republic of the Congo DRCEBOV8128

Minor or single cases

DateCountryVirusHuman casesHuman deathsDescription
1976SUDV or EBOV10Laboratory infection by accidental stick of contaminated needle.
1977EBOV11last1=Heymannfirst1=D. L.last2=Weisfeldfirst2=J. S. llast3=Webbfirst3=P. A.last4=Johnsonfirst4=K. M.last5=Cairnsfirst5=T.last6=Berquistfirst6=H.year=1980title=Ebola hemorrhagic fever: Tandala, Zaire, 1977–1978journal=Journal of Infectious Diseasesvolume=142issue=3pages=372–376doi=10.1093/infdis/142.3.372pmid=7441008}}
1989–1990PhilippinesRESTV30The Reston virus (RESTV) was first identified when it caused high mortality in crab-eating macaques in a primate research facility responsible for exporting animals to the United States. Three workers in the facility developed antibodies to the virus but did not get sick.
1989RESTV00RESTV was introduced into quarantine facilities in Virginia and Pennsylvania by monkeys imported from the Philippines. No human cases were reported.
1990RESTV4{{efnname=two}}0
1992RESTV00RESTV was introduced into quarantine facilities in Siena by monkeys imported from the same facility in the Philippines that was the source of the 1989 and 1990 U.S. outbreaks. No human cases resulted.
1994Côte d'IvoireTAFV10last1=Le Guennofirst1=B.last2=Formentyfirst2=P.last3=Wyersfirst3=M.last4=Gounonfirst4=P.last5=Walkerfirst5=F.last6=Boeschfirst6=C.year=1995title=Isolation and partial characterisation of a new strain of Ebola virusjournal=Lancetvolume=345issue=8960pages=1271–1274doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90925-7pmid=7746057s2cid=38897209}}
1995Côte d'IvoireUnknown10One person, fleeing the civil war in neighboring Liberia, was identified as an Ebola case in Gozon. This is considered as a suspected case, excluding from the WHO outbreak counts.
1996EBOV11n/a
1996RESTV00RESTV was again introduced into a quarantine facility in Texas by monkeys imported from the same facility in the Philippines that was the source of the 1989 and 1990 U.S. outbreaks. No human cases resulted.
1996PhilippinesRESTV00RESTV was identified at a monkey export facility in the Philippines. No human cases resulted.
1996EBOV11Laboratory contamination.
2004EBOV11Laboratory contamination.
2008RESTV6{{efnname=two}}0
2011SUDV11A 12 year old girl from Luwero District in central Uganda.
2012SUDV74Occurred in the Luweero and Kampala districts of Uganda in November and December 2012
2015RESTV00On 6 September 2015, the Philippine health secretary reported an outbreak of RESTV in a primate research and breeding facility. Twenty-five workers subsequently tested negative for the virus.
2017Democratic Republic of the Congo DRCEBOV84
2018N/A00On 20 April 2018, a laboratory accident led to a single worker being exposed to the Ebola virus, though he did not develop symptoms.
2022Democratic Republic of the Congo DRCEBOV55An outbreak in DRC began on April 23, and has killed 100% of those infected.
2022Democratic Republic of the Congo DRCEBOV11A single case was confirmed in North Kivu.

List of other Filoviridae outbreaks

YearCountryVirusHuman casesHuman deathsCase fatality rateComments
1967
MARV31723%In 1967 outbreaks in Marburg, Germany where the virus was first identified (historically) and the subsequent naming of the virus per the location
1975Rhodesia
South AfricaMARV3133%Individual had traveled to Zimbabwe
1980MARV2150%Individual(s) traveled to Kitum Cave
1987RAVV11100%Ravn virus (RAVV) one of two members of the species Marburg marburgvirus
1990MARV11100%Laboratory incident
1998–2000Democratic Republic of the Congo DRCMARV & RAVV15412883%Occurred in Durba
2004–2005MARV25222790%Largest Marburg virus outbreak ever occurred in Angola
2007MARV & RAVV4125%Occurred in Kamwenge
2008
MARV2150%-
2012MARV15427%Occurred in Kabale
2014MARV11100%-
2017MARV33100%Uganda has had five outbreaks of the virus
2021MARV11100%In August 2021, two months after the re-emergent Ebola epidemic in the Guéckédou prefecture was declared over, a case of the Marburg virus disease was confirmed by health authorities through laboratory analysis. This is the first-ever case of the Marburg virus disease in West Africa. On August 2, the patient succumbed to the illness.
2022MARV33100%
2023MARV171270%
2023MARV9667%
2024MARV661523%
2025MARV14964%

Notes

References

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