List of ancient peoples of Italy

Speakers of non-Indo-European languages

Scholars believe - though sometimes on the basis of scanty evidence - that the following peoples spoke non-Indo-European languages. Some of them were Pre-Indo-Europeans or Paleo-Europeans while, with regard to some others, Giacomo Devoto proposed the definition of Peri-Indo-European (i.e. everything that has hybrid characters between Indo-European and non-Indo-European).

Sardinians

• The Sardinians were possibly Sherden.
• Balares (Balari)
• Ilienses/Iolaes/Diagesbes (Iliensi/Iolei)
• Corsi (Possibly related to Ligures)

Tyrrhenians

The Tyrrhenians were the Etruscans and their linguistic relatives.

• Etruscans - Centered in Etruria with later influences stretching from the Po Valley to Campania.
• Raeti
• Camunni

Others (classification uncertain)

• North Picenes - Centered on the Adriatic Coast with settlements around the region of Ancona.
• Rutuli
• Sicani
• Ligures

Speakers of Indo-European languages

• Proto-Indo-Europeans

Italo-Celtic

Main article: Italo-Celtic

Italic and Celtic languages are commonly grouped together on the basis of features shared by these two branches and no others. This could imply that they are descended from a common ancestor and/or Proto-Celtic and Proto-Italic developed in close proximity over a long period of time.

Italic

Speakers of Italic languages included:

• Latino-Faliscans
  • Latins- centered around the central plain of Italy between the Tiber and the Alban Hills.
    • Romans- centered in the city of Rome.
  • Falisci

• Sicels
• Adriatic Veneti - centered in an area corresponding to the modern-day region of Veneto.
  • Carni
  • Catali
  • Catari
  • Histri
  • Liburnians
    • Lopsi
  • Secusses
  • Venetulani
• Umbri - Centered in central Italy stretching from the Adriatic coast to the upper Tiber.
  • Sabines - Centered north of Rome and by the river Tiber.
  • Marsi - Centered around Lake Fucinus
  • Volsci - Centered on the Pontine plain
  • South Picenes
  • Marrucini

• Oscans - Centered in the part of Italy towards Tyrrhenia".
  • Opici
    • Aurunci/Ausones
    • Sidicini
    • Campanians - Centered in the region of Naples
    • Mamertines
    • Paeligni
  • Frentani - Centered on the southern Adriatic coast.
  • Samnites - Centered in central Italy, south-east of Rome north-east of Capua.
    • Pentri
    • Caraceni
    • Caudini
    • Hirpini
  • Lucani - Centered on the south-western coast of Italy.
    • Bruttii
• Oenotri
  • Itali
  • Morgetes
• Others
  • Aequi
  • Hernici
  • Vestini
  • Euganei

Celts

The Celts of the Italian peninsula included,

• Cisalpine Gauls - Centered in the area south of Lepontii.
  • Boii
  • Carni
  • Cenomani
  • Lingones
  • Senones
  • Vertamocorii
  • Gaesatae?
  • Insubres
  • Arverni
  • Aedui
  • Ambarri
  • Aulerci
  • Bituriges
  • Carnutes

• Lepontics
  • Graioceli
  • Lepontii
  • Salassi
  • Medulli
  • Ceutrones
  • Allobroges
  • Veragri
  • Helvetii
  • Seduni

Ligures

The Ligures, who may have spoken Pre-Indo-European or an Indo-European language, were:

• Ligures
  • Apuani
  • Bagienni
  • Briniates
  • Friniates
  • Garuli
  • Hercates
  • Ilvates
  • Orobii
  • Laevi
  • Lapicini
  • Marici
  • Segusini
  • Statielli
  • Taurini

Greeks

Sometimes referred in ancient sources as Pelasgi, the Ancient Greeks of the Italian peninsula included,

• Achaeans
• Dorians
• Ionians
• Italiotes
• Siceliotes

Others (classification uncertain)

• Iapygians or Apulians (possibly related to Illyrians) - Centered in an area corresponding to the modern-day region of Apulia.
  • Messapians
  • Peucetians
  • Daunians
• Elymians, who inhabited the western part of Sicily during the Bronze Age and Classical antiquity.

Prehistoric [[archeological culture]]s

Main article: Prehistoric Italy

The specific identities or names of the tribes or groups of peoples that practiced these pre-Roman archeological cultures are mostly unknown. The posited existence of these archeological cultures is based on archeological assemblages of artifacts that share common traits and are found within a certain region and originate within a certain prehistoric period. Therefore, many of these archeological cultures may not necessarily correspond to a specific group of ancient people and, in fact, may have been shared among various groups of ancient peoples. The extent to which an archeological culture is representative of a particular cohesive ancient group of people is open for debate; many of these cultures may be the product of a single ancient Italian tribe or civilization (e.g. Latial culture), while others may have been spread among different groups of ancient Italian peoples and even outside of Italy. For example, Latial culture is believed to be the product specifically of the Ancient Latin tribe; the Canegrate culture and Golasecca culture have been associated with various ancient proto-Celtic, Celtic and Ligure tribes including the Lepontii, Orobii, and Insubres, while other archeological cultures may have been present among multiple groups throughout and beyond the Italian peninsula.

[[Neolithic]]

• Pre-Nuragic Sardinia
  • Cardial Culture
  • Grotta Verde culture
  • Filiestru culture
  • Bonu Ighinu culture
  • San Ciriaco culture
  • Arzachena culture
  • Ozieri culture
• Gaudo culture

[[Copper Age]]

• Pre-Nuragic Sardinia
  • Abealzu-Filigosa culture
  • Monte Claro culture
  • Sardinian Beaker culture
• Beaker culture
• Remedello culture
• Rinaldone culture
• Laterza culture
• Gaudo culture
• Conelle-Ortucchio culture
• Serraferlicchio culture
• Spilamberto group

[[Bronze Age]]

• Apennine culture
• Bonnanaro culture
• Nuragic civilization
• Torrean civilization
• Canegrate culture
• Proto-Villanovan culture
• Polada culture
• Castelluccio Culture
• Thapsos Culture
• Terramare culture
• Castellieri culture
• Luco-Meluno culture
• Scamozzina culture

[[Iron Age]]

• Hallstatt culture
• La Tène culture
• Villanova culture
• Latial culture
• Este culture
• Golasecca culture
• Camunni culture
• Fritzens-Sanzeno culture

Genetics

A genetic study published in Science in November 2019 examined the remains of six Latin males buried near Rome between 900 BC and 200 BC. They carried the paternal haplogroups R-M269, T-L208, R-311, R-PF7589 and R-P312 (two samples), and the maternal haplogroups H1aj1a, T2c1f, H2a, U4a1a, H11a and H10. A female from the preceding Proto-Villanovan culture carried the maternal haplogroups U5a2b. These examined individuals were distinguished from preceding populations of Italy by the presence of ca. 25-35% steppe ancestry. Overall, the genetic differentiation between the Latins, Etruscans and the preceding proto-villanovan population of Italy was found to be insignificant.

References

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