Legion of Honor (museum)

History and building

The land on which the Legion of Honor stands was once the city-owned Golden Gate Cemetery, established in 1870 and closed in 1909. It held about 29,000 remains and included a Chinese burial ground and a Potter's field.

The Legion of Honor was the gift of Alma de Bretteville Spreckels, wife of the sugar magnate and thoroughbred racehorse owner/breeder Adolph B. Spreckels.

The building is a full-scale replica, by George Applegarth and Henri Guillaume, of the French Pavilion at the 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition, which in turn was a three-quarter-scale version of the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur (also known as the Hôtel de Salm) in Paris, by Pierre Rousseau (1782). At the close of the exposition, which was located just a few miles away, the French government granted Spreckels permission to construct a permanent replica of the French Pavilion. World War I delayed the groundbreaking until 1921. Dedicated as a memorial to California soldiers killed in the war,

The museum building occupies an elevated site in Lincoln Park in the northwest of the city, with views over the nearby Golden Gate Bridge and the distant downtown skyline.

Between March 1992 and November 1995 the Legion underwent a major renovation that included seismic strengthening, building systems upgrades, restoration of historic architectural features, and an underground expansion that added 35,000 square feet. The Court of Honor was pierced by a pyramidal skylight opening onto the new gallery space below, a quotation in miniature of the Louvre Pyramid. The architects for the project were Edward Larrabee Barnes and Mark Cavagnero.

The plaza and fountain in front of the Legion of Honor is the western terminus of the Lincoln Highway, the first improved road for automobiles across America. The terminus marker and an interpretive plaque are located in the southwest corner of the plaza and fountain, just to the left of the Palace, next to the bus stop. Dominating the classical plaza is Pax Jerusalemme, a modern sculpture by Mark di Suvero that stirred controversy at its installation in 2000. In 2023, US president Joe Biden held a state dinner at the Legion of Honor for world leaders, including Chinese president Xi Jinping. |File:Alma de Bretteville Spreckels in Queen Marie of Roumania's audience chair (1924) (cropped).jpg|Alma de Bretteville Spreckels and her husband Adolph built the museum and donated it to the city. |File:500px photo (55877656).jpeg|The design of the California Palace of the Legion of Honor was based on the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur. |File:Anna Hyatt Huntington--El Cid Campeador--1927--Legion of Honor--San Francisco--photo by Steven Saylor (cropped).jpg|El Cid Campeador by Anna Hyatt Huntington (1927) on the grounds, facing the Golden Gate. |File:Legion thinker2.jpg|The Thinker by Auguste Rodin (1904) in the inner courtyard. |File:Ed_Barnes_and_Mark_Cavagnero_Legion_of_honor.jpg|Architects Edward Larrabee Barnes and Mark Cavagnero during the 1995 seismic renovation and expansion. |File:Legion of Honor at night (cropped).jpg|The Legion of Honor at night.

Collections

The Legion of Honor displays a collection spanning more than 6,000 years of ancient and European art and houses the Achenbach Foundation for Graphic Arts.

The Hall of Antiquities displays ancient works from Egypt, the Near East, Greece, and Rome, including sculptures, figurines, vessels, jewelry, and carved reliefs. Notable works include a 4,000-year-old carved wood figure of Seneb, an Egyptian royal scribe. The collection is supported in part by the Ancient Art Council, which offers a speakers program focusing on the ancient world.

The museum contains a representative collection of European art, the largest portion of which is French. Its most distinguished collection is of sculpture by Auguste Rodin. Casts of some of his most famous works are on display, including one of The Thinker in the Court of Honor. Other artists in the collection include El Greco, Titian, Rubens, Rembrandt, Boucher, David, Tiepolo, Gainsborough and many of the Impressionists and post-Impressionists—Degas, Renoir, Monet, Pissarro, Seurat, Cézanne, van Gogh and others.

The Achenbach Foundation for Graphic Arts (AFGA) is responsible for the museum's collection of works on paper. With more than 90,000 items, the AFGA is the largest repository of works of art on paper in the western United States. The department is named for Moore and Hazel Achenbach, who gave the bulk of their collection to the city of San Francisco in 1948, and the remainder upon Moore Achenbach's death in 1963. Many additional acquisitions form the basis for special collections within the department, such as the Anderson Collection of Graphic Arts. Selections from the Logan collection, more than 400 books dating from the nineteenth century to the present, are regularly used in exhibitions in the Reva and David Logan Gallery of Illustrated Books located in a small room off the Hall of Antiquities.

The museum's collection of European Decorative Arts includes a gilded Spanish ceiling from c. 1500; numerous items of furniture, including Horace Walpole’s commode of 1763 from Strawberry Hill House, west of London; and three period rooms, including the Salon Doré from the Hôtel de La Trémoille, Paris, said to be the only complete example of a pre-Revolutionary Parisian salon to be displayed anywhere.

The Bowles Porcelain Gallery displays an array of porcelain and pottery from England and continental Europe with a strong emphasis on the eighteenth century. Adjacent to the gallery is the Ceramic Study Center.

The Contemporary Arts Program, which brings the work of living artists into dialogue with the building and the collections, was inaugurated in 2017 with an exhibition of more than 30 works by Urs Fischer installed throughout the museum. Subsequent exhibitions have featured works and interventions by artists including Lynn Hershman Leeson, Julian Schnabel, Alexandre Singh, and Wangechi Mutu.

Situated off the northwest corner of the Legion grounds is the Holocaust Memorial, a sculptural group of white-painted bronze by George Segal installed in 1984. Although not part of the Legion's collection, the sculpture is often seen by visitors to the museum.

|File:Legion of honour, Mudéjar ceiling 01.jpg|Mudéjar ceiling from Altamira Palace, Torrijos, Spain (c. 1482–1503) |File:Charger depicting Psyche's Father Consulting the Oracle, after Agostino Veneziano, Italy, Faenze, c. 1550-1570, maiolica - California Palace of the Legion of Honor - San Francisco, CA - DSC03027.jpg|Psyche's Father Consulting the Oracle, Italian (c. 1550–70) |File:Cabinet on stand by Pierre Gole, Paris, c. 1665, ebony, kingwood, etc, tortoiseshell, with Vases, Arita, Japan, late 1600s, porcelain - California Palace of the Legion of Honor - San Francisco, CA - DSC02734.jpg|Cabinet, Pierre Gole (c. 1665) |File:Grand Canal, Venice, 1908 by Claude Monet - California Palace of the Legion of Honor.jpg|Le Grand Canal, Claude Monet (1881) |File:California Palace of the Legion of Honor 102 2015-01-03.JPG|Coffin of Iret-hor-irou, Egyptian (380–43 BC) |File:Flask, Eastern Mediterranean, 1st century AD, free-blown glass - California Palace of the Legion of Honor - San Francisco, CA - DSC03064.jpg|Flask, Eastern Mediterranean (1st century) |File:Arte romana, da policleto, torso di hermes, II secolo DC.JPG|Torso of Hermes, Roman (2nd century) |File:San Juan Bautista -El Greco.jpg|St. John the Baptist, El Greco (c. 1600) |File:Legion of Honor 21.jpg|Joris de Caulerij, Rembrandt (1632) |File:Ramón de Posada y Soto por Goya.jpg|Don Ramón de Posada y Soto Francisco Goya (c. 1801) |File:Édouard Manet,At the Milliner's (La modiste), 1881. Oil on Canvas.jpg|La Modiste, Édouard Manet (1881) |File:Vincent van Gogh - Shelter on Montmartre (1887-06).jpg|Shelter on Montmartre, Vincent van Gogh (1887) |File:Breton Bathers by Paul Gauguin, zincograph, California Palace of the Legion of Honor.JPG|Bathers in Britanny, Paul Gauguin (1889) |File:Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun - Portrait of Hyacinthe Gabrielle Roland.jpg|Portrait of Hyacinthe Gabrielle Roland, Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun (1791)

Spreckels Organ and Gunn Theater

The 316-seat James A. and Cynthia Fry Gunn Theater, located downstairs off the Hall of Antiquities, is a venue for chamber music concerts by the San Francisco Symphony and for lectures and other programs. Architect George Applegarth designed the circular theater and decorated it in the style of Louis XVI. The descending entrance stairways on either side are decorated with portraits by Nicolas de Largillière. The ceiling mural is The Apotheosis of the California Soldier by Spanish artist Julio Vila y Prades.

Film appearances

• In the 1952 thriller Sudden Fear, Lester Blaine (Jack Palance) and Irene Neves (Gloria Grahame) have a clandestine rendezvous at a Bach organ recital at the Legion of Honor.
• The museum plays a major part in the Alfred Hitchcock movie Vertigo (1958) when Scottie (played by James Stewart) follows Madeleine Elster (played by Kim Novak) to the museum, where she stares at one painting for a considerable time. The painting, a portrait of the fictitious Carlotta Valdes, was a prop created specifically for the production by artist John Ferren and is not housed at the museum.
• The character Dr. Crippen (played by Signe Hasso) in The Black Bird, a 1975 comedy sequel to Maltese Falcon, has an office in the Legion of Honor.
• The exterior of the museum appears in several scenes in Brian De Palma's Raising Cain (1992).
• The Legion of Honor appears in the 1993 miniseries Tales of the City, based on the first of the Tales of the City series of novels by Armistead Maupin. The character of Mary Ann Singleton (played by Laura Linney) arranges to meet her neighbor Norman Neal Williams (played by Stanley DeSantis) at the museum.

References

References

1. "About the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco". www.famsf.org.
2. [[Sebastian Smee]] and [[Philip Kennicott]]. (October 24, 2024). "The 20 best art museums in America".
3. Winegarner, Beth. (2022-09-26). "The Hidden History of San Francisco's Graveyards".
4. (July 12, 1922). "Mrs. A.B. Spreckels to Study Women Workers In Europe as America's Special Agent". [[The New York Times]].
5. Baker, Kenneth. (July 16, 2000). "A Legion of Concerns Over Sculpture / Di Suvero's mediocre 'Pax Jerusalem' may signal a troubling trend at Fine Arts Museums". San Francisco Chronicle.
6. "World Leaders Party at Rain-Soaked Legion of Honor Museum in San Francisco".
7. "Ancient Art".
8. "Ancient Art Council".
9. "Achenbach Foundation for Graphic Arts".
10. "Reva and David Logan Collection of Illustrated Books".
11. "European Decorative Arts".
12. "The Salon Doré".
13. "The Bowles Porcelain Gallery".
14. "Urs Fischer: The Public and the Private".
15. "Lynn Hershman Leeson: VertiGhost".
16. "Julian Schnabel: Symbols of Actual Life".
17. "Alexandre Singh: A Gothic Tale".
18. "Wangechi Mutu: I Am Speaking, Are You Listening?".
19. "The Spreckels Organ".
20. "Organ Concert".
21. "Portrait of a Gentleman".
22. "Portrait of a Lady".
23. "Legion of Honor: Inside and Out". Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 2013..
24. "Lights, Camera, Action! Alfred Hitchcock's Vertigo at the Legion of Honor".