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Legality of cannabis

Legal status of cannabis worldwide

Note

cannabis as a psychoactive

Map of world cannabis laws for non-medical use

Adult legal status of cannabis possession for recreational use1

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Map of world cannabis laws for medical use

Adult legal status of cannabis for medical use1

----]] The legality of cannabis for medical and recreational use varies by country, in terms of its possession, distribution, and cultivation, and (in regards to medical) how it can be consumed and what medical conditions it can be used for. These policies in most countries are regulated by three United Nations treaties: the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the 1988 Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Cannabis is only scheduled under the Single Convention and was reclassified in 2020 to a Schedule I-only drug (from being both Schedule I and IV drug previously, with the schedules from strictest to least being IV, I, II, and III). As a Schedule I drug under the treaty, countries can allow the medical use of cannabis but it is considered to be an addictive drug with a serious risk of abuse. and may be able to regulate non-medical cannabis industry under its Article 2 paragraph 9.

The use of cannabis for recreational purposes is prohibited in most countries; however, many have adopted a policy of decriminalization to make simple possession a non-criminal offense (often similar to a minor traffic violation). Others have much more severe penalties such as some Middle Eastern and Far Eastern countries where possession of even small amounts is punished by imprisonment for several years. Countries that have legalized recreational use of cannabis are Canada, Czech Republic, Germany, Luxembourg, Malta, South Africa, and Uruguay, plus 24 states, 3 territories, and the District of Columbia in the United States and the Australian Capital Territory in Australia. Commercial sale of recreational cannabis is legalized nationwide in two countries (Canada and Uruguay) and in all subnational U.S. jurisdictions that have legalized possession except Virginia and Washington, D.C. A policy of limited enforcement has also been adopted in many countries, in particular the Netherlands where the sale of cannabis is tolerated at licensed coffeeshops.

The legalization of recreational cannabis has been put forward as a solution to restrict access to the drug by minors, a method of harm reduction, a way of reducing organized crime, aid economic growth and revenue, as well as enable job creation. Unregulated cannabis from the illegal black market comes with increased health risks, such as unknown THC rate, unknown potency, possible toxic additives and contaminants and synthetic cannabinoids. Whereas, a legal and regulated cannabis system enables product quality and safety requirements to be mandated for public safety and consumer awareness. Cannabis illegality tends to become a burden on the criminal justice system, with legalization as a way to free up police time and resources to focus on more serious crimes, reduce the prison population of non-violent drug offenders and thus save taxpayers money.

Countries that have legalized medical use of cannabis include Albania, Argentina, Australia, Barbados, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, North Macedonia, Norway, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Thailand, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Others have more restrictive laws that allow only the use of certain cannabis-derived pharmaceuticals, such as Sativex, Marinol, Cesamet, or Epidiolex. In the United States, 40 states, 4 territories, and the District of Columbia have legalized the medical use of cannabis, but at the federal level its use remains prohibited.

Legalization timeline

By country

For legal countries, use for color coding and for sorting parameter. For illegal countries, use for color coding and leave out sorting parameter. For in-between countries, use for color coding and for sorting parameter.--

Country/Territory	Recreational	Medical	Notes
Afghanistan			Production banned by King Zahir Shah in 1973.
Albania			Prohibited but plants highly available throughout the country and law often unenforced.
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina			Medicinal cannabis was legalized on 22 September 2017.
Armenia
Australia			In September 2019, the Australian Capital Territory became the first state or territory of Australia to legalize recreational use of cannabis. Since 31 January 2020 residents have been allowed to grow two plants and possess 50 g, though sales or other transfer is prohibited, including cannabis seeds. Federal law also remains enforceable.
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh			Sale banned in 1989, but laws are rarely enforced and cannabis is openly sold in many parts of the country.
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium			Up to 3 g decriminalized for adults since 2003.
Belize			Possession prohibited, but use is common and largely tolerated. Possession of up to 10 g decriminalized.
Benin
Bermuda			In November 2016, the Supreme Court of Bermuda ruled in favor of allowing the medical use of cannabis. As of July 2018, two doctors have been licensed to prescribe the drug.
Bhutan			Illegal, but plants grow prolifically and have multiple traditional uses, such as feeding pigs and producing textiles.
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina			In 2016, the Ministry of Civil Affairs formed a task force to explore the legalization of cannabis and cannabinoids for medicinal purposes.
Botswana			Cannabis (or dagga) is illegal.
Brazil	or cultivation of 6 plants for personal use		Legislation passed in 2006 to require treatment and community service for possessing small amounts of drugs instead of jail time. Possession of large amounts, as well as sale, transportation, and cultivation, are considered drug trafficking.
Brunei
Bulgaria			Cannabis is classified as a class A (High-risk) drug, together with heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, and MDMA (ecstasy). Until 2004, a loosely defined "personal dose" existed.
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia			Illegal, but this prohibition is lax and enforced opportunistically. "Happy" restaurants in cities publicly offer food cooked with marijuana, or as a side garnish.
Cameroon
Canada			Legal for medicinal purposes since 2001 and for recreational purposes since 17 October 2018. The age to buy or consume cannabis varies by province: 19 in most provinces, 18 in Alberta, and 21 in Quebec.
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile			Private personal use and recreational cultivation decriminalized. Medicinal cultivation legal with the authorization of The Chilean Agriculture Service (SAG) and sale of medication allowed on prescription in pharmacies.
People's Republic of China (PRC)			Penalty for possession or consumption: 10–15 days' detention without prosecution and a fine.
Colombia			Decriminalized up to 22 g for personal consumption. Individuals carrying greater amounts, or cultivating up to 20 plants, cannot be prosecuted if the drug is for personal use.
Comoros			Cannabis was legal in Comoros between January 1975 and May 1978, when president Ali Soilih legalized cannabis consumption among other measures.
Cook Islands			A [non-binding referendum](2022-cook-islands-medical-cannabis-referendum) in August 2022 asked "Should we review our cannabis laws to allow for research and medicinal use?" 62% voted yes.
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Costa Rica			Decriminalized since police officers do not detain people for personal use, yet no amount has been defined as a minimum for possession. Use of cannabis is widespread throughout the country.
Croatia			Possession of small amounts is considered a misdemeanor subject to fixed fines. Medicinal cannabis legal for patients with illnesses such as cancer, multiple sclerosis, or HIV/AIDS.
Cuba
Cyprus			Class B substance – life imprisonment is possible for use and maximum 8 years for possession (at the maximum 2 years for the first offense for people under 25).
Czech Republic			Possession of less than 15 grams (½ oz) has been decriminalized since 1 January 2010. Since January 1, 2026, it has been legal for persons over the age of 21 to possess up to 100 g of cannabis at home and up to 25 g in public, and to grow up to 3 plants. Medical use has been legal and regulated since 2013.
Denmark			As with all drugs, cannabis-related offenses are punishable by a fine or imprisonment for up to 2 years. Freetown Christiania, a self-declared autonomous community in Copenhagen, is known for its cannabis trade.
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador			Possession of up to 10 g decriminalized in 2013, but policy was repealed by President Daniel Noboa in 2023.
Egypt			Illegal since 1925 but use is widespread. Convictions for personal use are rare. Formerly a plant of high status with several documented medicinal uses in ancient times.
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia			Up to 7.5 g is considered an amount for personal use, and is punished with a fine. Large amounts and distribution are criminal offenses punishable with a custodial sentence of up to 5 years. Medical cannabis is technically legal, but to get a prescription is an arduous process and is practically never given, with a single patient having received Sativex preparation.
Eswatini
Ethiopia			Despite being the spiritual homeland of the Rastafari movement, possession of cannabis can result in up to six months imprisonment.
Fiji
Finland			Personal use is generally not prosecuted in court but subject to summary fine. Medicinal cannabis possible under a special license since 2006; in 2014, 223 licenses were issued.
France			Possession up to 100 g entails a €200 fine since November 2018, although a judge is still legally able to pronounce a stricter sentence. Medical use of some cannabinoid drugs legalized in 2013.
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia	Legislaitvely decriminalized up to 5g dried or 10g fresh, only for first offenders since 2025.
Germany			On 23 February 2024, the German Bundestag passed the Act on the Controlled Use of Cannabis, legalizing possession of 25 g outside the home, 50 g at home, and private cultivation of three plants, for adults 18 and over, since 1 April 2024. Collective, noncommercial cultivation is legal in cultivation associations (i.e. cannabis social clubs) since 1 July 2024.
Ghana
Greece
Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat)
Grenada
Guatemala			In 2016 a constitutional commission rejected proposals to legalize medicinal or recreational use of cannabis.
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana			Possession of 15 g or over can result in charges of drug trafficking.
Haiti
Honduras			The possession, sale, transportation, and cultivation of cannabis is illegal.
Hong Kong			Possession, sale, transportation, and cultivation illegal under the Dangerous Drug Ordinance. (Chapter 134 of the Law of Hong Kong)
Hungary			There is no distinction in Hungarian law between illicit drugs according to dangers. Heroin use has the same legal consequences as cannabis use.
Iceland			Banned in 1969. Possession of small amounts is subject to arrest and fine but no threat of jail time.
India			Albeit illegal, usage is prevalent and some government-owned shops sell cannabis in the form of bhang. States have their own laws regarding cannabis, locally known as ganja.
Indonesia			Banned in 1927. Minimum sentence of 4 years in prison (additional fines may apply) if caught dealing / distributing. Rehabilitation or maximum sentence of 4 years if caught in possession alone.
Iran			Maximum of capital punishment to possess hashish over 5 kg but unenforced.
Iraq
Ireland			The National Drugs Strategy of 2009–2016 did not favor decriminalizing cannabis. A new strategy was planned for 2017. Cannabis-derived medicines may be licensed since 2014. A review of policy on medicinal cannabis was announced in November 2016, and a private member's bill to legalize it passed second stage in the Dáil in December 2016.
Israel			As of April 2019, public possession of small amounts is a non-criminal offense punished by escalating fines. A third offense can result in criminal charges, however. Possession in the privacy of one's home is not punished.
Italy			Possession of small amounts for personal use is a misdemeanor subject to fines and the suspension of documents (passports or driver's licenses). Sale is punishable by imprisonment, even if in small amounts. Licensed cultivation for medicinal and industrial use strictly regulated.
Ivory Coast
Jamaica			Decriminalized since 2015, and in 2018 the first medical cannabis dispensary opened.
Japan			Restricted in 1948. Use and possession are punishable by up to 5 years imprisonment and a fine. Cultivation, sale, and transport are punishable by 7–10 years imprisonment and a fine.
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea, North (DPRK)			Cannabis is listed in Appendix 1 Narcotics in the DPRK. Narcotics Control Law (2005) states that narcotics may be used when prescribed. There are conflicting reports on the legal status of cannabis in North Korea. Multiple reports from defectors and tourists claim there is no law regarding the possession of cannabis in North Korea or if there is, it is mostly unenforced. However, other reports claim that cannabis is illegal.
Korea, South			Medical use of cannabis was legalized in November 2018. The plant itself, however, remains unavailable due to a policy implemented by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety.
Kosovo
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Latvia			Possession of up to 1 g can result in a €280 fine; for second offenses within a year period, criminal charges are applied. Larger quantities can be punished with up to 15 years in prison.
Lebanon			Hashish banned in 1926; cultivation banned in 1992. Large amounts of cannabis are still grown within the country illicitly, however. Cultivation of cannabis for medical use was legalized in April 2020.
Lesotho			Licensed cultivation allowed for export to other countries. Also widely grown for illicit purposes.
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania			Medical cannabis is illegal in Lithuania, but a law allowing seriously ill patients to use drugs made from synthetic cannabinoids was passed by the Seimas on 11 October 2018.
Luxembourg			Decriminalized in 2001. Home use and cultivation legal since 21 July 2023.
Macau, SAR of China
Madagascar
Malawi			Illegal but widely used and cultivated; Malawian cannabis is famed internationally for its quality. Chamba is grown mainly in central and northern regions like Mzuzu.
Malaysia			Mandatory death penalty for convicted drug traffickers, legally defined as individuals possessing more than 200 g of cannabis.
Maldives
Mali
Malta			On 30 March 2021, Prime Minister Robert Abela announced a proposal to legalize possession of up to 7 g and the cultivation of up to 4 plants, and for people charged with possession in the past to have it expunged from their criminal records. In December 2021, legislation was passed by the Maltese Parliament and signed into law by President George Vella.
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico			Possession of 5 g was decriminalized in 2009. In 2015 the Supreme Court voted 4–1 that prohibiting people from growing the drug for personal use was unconstitutional. In 2018 the Supreme Court reaffirmed the ruling and requested that the legislature update the country's laws regarding cannabis. After the legislature failed to act, the Supreme Court in 2021 invalidated laws regarding the personal possession and cultivation of cannabis.
Micronesia
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco			Morocco is among the world's top producers of hashish.
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia			Cannabis is illegal; in 2007 the government proposed but declined a 20-year jail sentence for any drug possession.
Nauru
Nepal			All cannabis licenses canceled in 1973.
Netherlands			Personal possession decriminalized and sale allowed only in certain licensed coffeeshops in the continental Netherlands. Cultivation often tolerated but growers can still have their plants and equipment confiscated and face eviction or cancellation of their mortgage for one single plant. Zero tolerance policy in the Caribbean Netherlands.
New Zealand			Banned in 1927. Possession over 28 g is presumed for supply. Medical use was legalized in 2018. In 2020, a [referendum to legalize recreational use](2020-new-zealand-cannabis-referendum) failed by a 50.7% to 48.4% margin.
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
North Macedonia			If one possesses large amounts, a jail sentence of anywhere from 3 months to 5 years may be given. Medicinal cannabis legalized since 2016.
Norway			Illegal since 1965. As of 2022, use and possession of up to 15 g are punished with heavy fines and possible loss of driver's license. Solberg's Cabinet proposed a decriminalization bill in 2021 that would remove all sanctions for illegal drug use, including possession of up to 10 g of cannabis. Six parties (43,8%) voted for, while three parties (56,2%) voted against. As a result, the bill did not pass the parliament.
Oman
Pakistan			Prohibited, but the smoking of hashish in Peshawar and the northern parts of Pakistan tends to be tolerated. One may be sent to jail for up to six months if found with charas in other parts of the country. CBD legalized by cabinet announcement in September 2020.
Palau
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay			The possession of up to 10 g of cannabis is not punishable.
Peru			Possession of up to 8 g is not punished. Cultivation, production, and sale are punished with 8–15 years in prison.
Philippines			Medical use of cannabis is possible with a special permit from the Food and Drugs Authority for use by individuals with serious or terminal illness.
Poland			Since 2011, prosecutors can choose not to prosecute possession of small quantities of cannabis for personal use if it is a first offense or if the person is drug dependent. Possession of large quantities of drugs can result in up to 10 years in prison.
Portugal			In 2001, Portugal became the first country in the world to decriminalize the use of all drugs.
Qatar
Romania			Small quantities punishable by a large fine for first offenders or 6 months to 2 years in prison if the person has been convicted before. Possession of large amounts or trafficking is punishable by 2–7 years of jail time. Decriminalization proposed. Limited medical use approved in 2013.
Russia			Possession of up to 6 g of cannabis (or 2 g of hashish) is an administrative offense, punishable by a fine of ₽5,000 or detention of up to 15 days. Possession of larger amounts is a criminal offense. Foreign nationals and stateless individuals who violate the law are subject to deportation regardless of the amount.
Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
San Marino
São Tomé and Príncipe
Saudi Arabia			Use and possession for personal use of any kind of recreational drugs is punishable by imprisonment if caught. Imprisonment for personal use can entail jail time of six months or more. Dealing and smuggling high amounts of drugs usually result in harsher prison time or even execution, although recently executions have been rare. Foreigners who use drugs might be deported.
Senegal
Serbia			Possession of small amounts is punishable by fine or imprisonment of up to 3 years. Sale and transportation punishable by imprisonment of 3–12 years. Cultivation punishable by imprisonment from 6 months to 5 years. Higher penalties for organized crime.
Seychelles
Sierra Leone			Cannabis banned in 1920.
Singapore			Banned in 1870. Cannabis is a Class A drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act, making it illegal to cultivate, sell, or possess. Those who are caught with 500 g of cannabis or more are considered drug traffickers and are liable to be punished with an automatic death penalty. In rare cases, permission has been granted to use cannabis-derived pharmaceuticals for treatment of epilepsy.
Slovakia			Possession of small amounts punishable by up to 8 years in prison.
Slovenia		{	Medical cannabis legalized in 2025. Prior to 2025, cannabis-based drugs were legal for medicinal use, but not cannabis itself. Possession of any drug for personal use is decriminalized.
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa			Private use and cultivation have been legal since September 2018.
South Sudan
Spain			All actions related to cannabis for own consumption aren't considered criminal offenses, but misdemeanors punishable by a fine. Cannabis trafficking, including sale, import, or cultivation for sale, is punishable by jail time. Legalized in Catalonia in 2017, but that law was challenged by the state and declared unconstitutional. Cultivation in private areas for own consumption is allowed if the plants cannot be seen from the street or other public spaces.
Sri Lanka			The sale of cannabis is decriminalized for traditional medicine vendors and it is commonly used in Ayurvedic traditional medicines.
Sudan
Suriname			Cannabis was banned in Suriname in the early 20th century, having been popularized there by Asian immigrants.
Sweden			All cannabis-related activity illegal. The national police runs a "disturb and annoy" program aimed at users supported by the national "zero tolerance" policy.
Switzerland			Since 2017, consuming cannabis in Switzerland may result in a fine, but possession of up to 10 g without evidence of consumption is not penalized; and as of 2023, confiscated amounts under this limit must be returned to the individual.
Syria			If someone is considered an addict by the Syrian government then they face no criminal penalties for drug possession.
Taiwan			Cannabis is a schedule 2 narcotic in the ROC, and possession can result in up to 3 years imprisonment.
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand			Criminalized in 1935, medical use legalized in 2018. Recreational use legalized in 2022 for those aged 20 and over. Unprescribed products with over 0.2% THC were recriminalized in 2025, but this law is often unenforced.
Timor-Leste
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago			Banned in 1925. Decriminalized in 2019.
Tunisia			Banned in 1953. Using or possessing entails 1–5 years of imprisonment and 1000–3000 dinars (around $500–1500).
Turkey			Medical grade cannabis containing less than 0.3% THC legalized in 2025. Recreational use is illegal and is punishable by 1 year of probation while repetition is punishable by 2 years of probation and enforced treatment. Sale and supply is punishable by a prison term of 5–10 years, and production or trafficking by a minimum term of 10 years.
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine			In December 2023, Parliament adopted a bill to legalize medical cannabis on second reading. It was signed into law by President Zelensky on 15 February 2024.
United Arab Emirates			In 2008, even the smallest amounts of the drug could lead to a mandatory 4-year prison sentence.
United Kingdom			Banned in 1928. A class B drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. Limited medical use legal since 1 November 2018 when prescribed by a specialist consultant, not a GP. Guidance: only prescribe when clearly beneficial and no other option available.
United States			Cannabis remains a Schedule I drug at federal level, prohibiting even its medical use with narrow exceptions. The Rohrabacher–Farr amendment prevents federal enforcement in states that have legalized medical, however. No such protections exist regarding recreational, but the federal government has so far generally not intervened. Recognized Indian reservations are allowed to legalize for either use under a policy announced in 2014. Every U.S. state that has legalized recreational use has set a mandatory legal minimum age of 21 for purchase, possession, and use. In 2024, the Drug Enforcement Administration and the Department of Justice indicated they were planning to reschedule cannabis to Schedule III.
Uruguay			Legal since late 2013. Buyers must be eighteen or older, residents of Uruguay, and must register with the authorities. Authorities grow the cannabis that can be sold legally. Non-profit Cannabis Clubs can also operate. The minimum age to purchase or obtain cannabis in Uruguay is 18.
Uzbekistan			Opiates, cannabis and other plants containing psychotropic substances are illegal.
Vanuatu
Vatican City
Venezuela			Possession of up to 20 g of marijuana or 5 g of genetically modified marijuana for commercial purposes is punishable by 1–2 years in prison at judge's discretion. If deemed to be for personal consumption, the user is subject to security measures involving rehabilitation and detoxification procedures.
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe

Annual cannabis use by country
Adult lifetime cannabis use by country
Harm reduction
Minors and the legality of cannabis
Timeline of cannabis law
War on drugs

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