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Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)

Head of the Conservative Party of the United Kingdom

Field	Value
post	Leader
insignia	Conservatives logo.svg
insigniasize	250px
insigniacaption	Logo for the Conservative Party
image	Official portrait of Kemi Badenoch MP, 2024.jpg
type	Party leader
status	Chief executive officer
incumbent	Kemi Badenoch
incumbentsince	2 November 2024
member_of	Conservative Party
formation	1834 (de facto)
1922 (de jure)
inaugural	Robert Peel (de facto)
Bonar Law (de jure)
body	the Conservative and Unionist Party

1922 (de jure) Bonar Law (de jure)

The leader of the Conservative Party (officially the leader of the Conservative and Unionist Party) is the highest position within the United Kingdom's Conservative Party. The current holder of the position is Kemi Badenoch, whom the party elected on 2 November 2024 when she outpolled Robert Jenrick.{{Cite web |date= 2024-11-02|title=Tory leadership election live: Kemi Badenoch and Robert Jenrick await final results |url= https://www.theguardian.com/politics/live/2024/nov/02/tory-leadership-election-results-live-kemi-badenoch-robert-jenrick-new-conservative-leader |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}

From the party's formation in 1834 until 1922, the leader of the Conservative Party was not a formal position; instead, separate individuals led the party within each chamber of Parliament, and they were considered equal unless one took precedence over the other, such as when one was serving as prime minister. Following the passage of the Parliament Act 1911, the reduction of power in the House of Lords suggested that the Conservative leader in the House of Commons would become preeminent, but this situation was not formalised until 1922.

Since 1922, leaders of the Conservative Party have been formally elected, even when the party is in opposition. Originally, the party leader was appointed opaquely by other high-ranking members of the party. This process was gradually democratised in the late-20th century; in 1965, the appointment was linked to a vote by party MPs, and in 1998, the process was opened to all party members to decide between the top two candidates selected by parliamentarians. Under the party's rules, members of the party can vote for a leader even if they are not British citizens, do not reside in the UK, and do not have the right to vote in British elections.

When the Conservative Party is in opposition, as is the case , the leader of the Conservative Party usually acts (as the head of second-largest party) as the Leader of the Opposition, and chairs the shadow cabinet. Concordantly, when the party is in government, the leader usually becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, First Lord of the Treasury, Minister for the Civil Service and Minister for the Union, as well as selecting members of the Cabinet. Four of the party's leaders have been women: Margaret Thatcher, Theresa May, Liz Truss and Kemi Badenoch, all of whom, except Badenoch, have served as prime minister. Rishi Sunak was the first British Indian party leader and prime minister. The only Conservative leaders (excluding temporary acting-leaders) not to contest a general election have been Neville Chamberlain, Iain Duncan Smith and Truss (each of whom resigned before the calling of an election).

Selection process

Under the party's constitution, leaders are elected by serving MPs and party members whose membership started at least three months prior to the closing of a ballot. Candidates must be serving MPs. A former leader who has resigned may not stand in the contest triggered by their departure.

Those who wish to stand must notify the 1922 Committee, a body representing backbench Conservative Party MPs, which has broad powers to set the rules of the leadership race (e.g. the minimum number of nominees candidates need).

The party's practice is for MPs to eliminate candidates through multiple rounds of voting until two remain, from whom the winner is then chosen by a ballot of party members.

The 1922 Committee's chairman acts as the returning officer for all stages of the leadership election process.

Overall leaders of the party (1834–1922)

Overall leader	Portrait	Constituency or title	Took office	Left office	Government	Party	Prime Minister	Term
Sir Robert Peel	[[File:Robert Peel by RR Scanlan detail.jpg	80px]]	Tamworth
2nd Baronet	18 December 1834	29 June 1846	Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	himself	1834–35
British Whig Party}}"		Whig	Melbourne	1835–41
Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	himself	1841–46
Edward Smith-Stanley	[[File:Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby-1865.jpg	80px]]	Baron Stanley	29 June 1846	27 February 1868	British Whig Party}}"		Whig	Russell	1846–52
14th Earl of Derby	Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	himself	1852
Peelite}}"		Peel	Aberdeen	1852–55
British Whig Party}}"		Whig	Palmerston	1855–58
Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	himself	1858–59
Liberal Party (UK)}}"		Lib	Palmerston	1859–65
Liberal Party (UK)}}"		Lib	Russell	1865–66
Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	himself	1866–68
Benjamin Disraeli	[[File:Disraeli.jpg	80px]]	Buckinghamshire	27 February 1868	19 April 1881	Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	himself	1868
Liberal Party (UK)}}"		Lib	Gladstone	1868–74
Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	himself	1874–80
1st Earl of Beaconsfield	Liberal Party (UK)}}; height:20px;"		Lib	Gladstone	1880–85
Liberal Party (UK)}};"
	{{smalldiv
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil	[[File:Robert cecil.jpg	80px]]	3rd Marquess of Salisbury	23 June 1885	11 July 1902	Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	himself	1885–86
Liberal Party (UK)}}"		Lib	Gladstone	1886
Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	himself	1886–92
Liberal Party (UK)}}"		Lib	Gladstone	1892–94
Liberal Party (UK)}}"		Lib	Rosebery	1894–95
Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	himself	1895–1902
Arthur Balfour	[[File:A.J. Balfour LCCN2014682753 (cropped).jpg	80px]]	Manchester East	11 July 1902	13 November 1911	Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	himself	1902–05
City of London	Liberal Party (UK)}}"		Lib	C.-Bannerman	1905–08
Liberal Party (UK)}}; height:20px;"		Lib	Asquith	1908–16
vacant}}	{{smalldiv		13 November 1911}}	10 December 1916}}	Liberal Party (UK)}}; height:30px;"
Liberal Party (UK)}}; height:10px;"		Lib	Lloyd George	1916–22
Andrew Bonar Law	[[File:Andrew Bonar Law 02.jpg	80px]]	Bootle	10 December 1916	21 March 1921	Liberal Party (UK)}};"
Glasgow Central
	{{smalldiv

Leaders of the party (1922–present)

Leader
(birth–death)	Portrait	Constituency or title	Took office	Left office	Government	Party	Prime Minister	Term
Andrew Bonar Law	[[File:Andrew Bonar Law 02.jpg	80px]]	Glasgow Central	23 October 1922	28 May 1923	Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	himself	1922–23
Stanley Baldwin	[[File:Stanley Baldwin ggbain.35233 (cropped).jpg	80px]]	Bewdley	28 May 1923	31 May 1937	Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	himself	1923–24
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Lab	MacDonald	1924
Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	himself	1924–29
Labour Party (UK)}};"		Lab	MacDonald	1929–35
National Labour Party (UK)}}"		NLab
Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	himself	1935–37
Neville Chamberlain	[[File:Chamberlain Neville.jpg	80px]]	Birmingham Edgbaston	31 May 1937	9 October 1940	Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	himself	1937–40
Churchill	1940
Winston Churchill	[[File:Sir Winston Churchill (cropped).jpg	80px]]	Epping	9 October 1940	21 April 1955	Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	himself	1940–45
Woodford	Labour Party (UK)}}"		Lab	Attlee	1945–51
Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	himself	1951–55
Anthony Eden	[[File:Anthony Eden (retouched).jpg	80px]]	Warwick and Leamington	21 April 1955	22 January 1957	Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	himself	1955–57
Harold Macmillan	[[File:Harold Macmillan (cropped).jpg	80px]]	Bromley	22 January 1957	11 November 1963	Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	himself	1957–63
Alec Douglas-Home	[[File:Alec Douglas-Home (c1963) (cropped).jpg	80px]]	14th Earl of Home	11 November 1963	27 July 1965	Conservative Party (UK)}}; height: 60px;"		Con	himself	1963–64
Kinross and Western Perthshire
Labour Party (UK)}}; height:60px;"		Lab	Wilson	1964–70
Edward Heath	[[File:Sir Edward Heath.jpg	80px]]	Bexley	27 July 1965	11 February 1975
Conservative Party (UK)}}; height:50px;"		Con	himself	1970–74
Sidcup
Labour Party (UK)}}; height:20px;"		Lab	Wilson	1974–76
Margaret Thatcher	[[File:Margaret Thatcher (1983).jpg	80px]]	Finchley	11 February 1975	27 November 1990
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Lab	Callaghan	1976–79
Conservative Party (UK)}}; height:60px;"		Con	herself	1979–90
John Major	[[File:John Major Feb. 1993.jpg	80px]]	Huntingdon	27 November 1990	19 June 1997
Conservative Party (UK)}}; height: 80px;"		Con	himself	1990–97
Labour Party (UK)}}; height: 370px;"		Lab	Blair	1997–2007
William Hague	[[File:William Hague MP (3156637603) (cropped).jpg	80px]]	Richmond (Yorks)	19 June 1997	13 September 2001
Iain Duncan Smith	[[File:Official portrait of Sir Iain Duncan Smith MP crop 2.jpg	80px]]	Chingford and Woodford Green	13 September 2001	6 November 2003
Michael Howard	[[File:Michael Howard (cropped).jpg	80px]]	Folkestone and Hythe	6 November 2003	7 October 2005
David Cameron	[[File:David Cameron official.jpg	80px]]	Witney	6 December 2005	11 July 2016
Labour Party (UK)}}; height: 10px;"		Lab	Brown	2007–10
Conservative Party (UK)}};"		Coal	himself	2010–15
Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	2015–16
Theresa May	[[File:Theresa May (2016) (cropped).jpg	80px]]	Maidenhead	11 July 2016	7 June 2019	Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	herself	2016–19
Boris Johnson	[[File:Boris Johnson official portrait (cropped).jpg	80px]]	Uxbridge and South Ruislip	23 July 2019	5 September 2022	Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	himself	2019–22
Liz Truss	[[File:Liz Truss official portrait (cropped)2.jpg	80px]]	South West Norfolk	5 September 2022	24 October 2022	Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	herself	2022
Rishi Sunak	[[File:Portrait of Prime Minister Rishi Sunak (cropped).jpg	108x108px]]	Richmond (Yorks)
(2015–2024)	24 October 2022	24 July 2024	Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Con	himself	2022–24
Richmond and Northallerton
(2024)			Labour Party (UK)}}"		Lab	Starmer	2024–present
Kemi Badenoch	[[File:Official portrait of Kemi Badenoch MP crop 3, 2024 (cropped).jpg	108x108px]]	North West Essex	2 November 2024	Incumbent

Timeline

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Define $today =

Colors = id:leader value:rgb(0,0.53,0.86)

BarData = bar:Peel bar:Derby bar:Disraeli bar:Salisbury bar:Balfour bar:Law bar:Baldwin bar:Chamberlain bar:Churchill bar:Eden bar:Macmillan bar:Home bar:Heath bar:Thatcher bar:Major bar:Hague bar:Smith bar:Howard bar:Cameron bar:May bar:Johnson bar:Truss bar:Sunak bar:Badenoch

PlotData= width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-5) anchor:till

bar:Peel from: 18/12/1834 till: 29/06/1846 color:leader text:"Robert Peel" bar:Derby from: 29/06/1846 till: 27/02/1868 color:leader text:"Earl of Derby" bar:Disraeli from: 27/02/1868 till: 19/04/1881 color:leader text:"Benjamin Disraeli" bar:Salisbury from: 23/06/1885 till: 11/07/1902 color:leader text:"Marquess of Salisbury" bar:Balfour from: 11/07/1902 till: 13/11/1911 color:leader text:"Arthur Balfour" bar:Law from: 10/12/1916 till: 21/03/1921 color:leader from: 23/10/1922 till: 28/05/1923 color:leader text:"Bonar Law" bar:Baldwin from: 28/05/1923 till: 31/05/1937 color:leader text:"Stanley Baldwin" bar:Chamberlain from: 31/05/1937 till: 09/10/1940 color:leader text:"Neville Chamberlain" bar:Churchill from: 09/10/1940 till: 21/04/1955 color:leader text:"Winston Churchill" bar:Eden from: 21/04/1955 till: 22/01/1957 color:leader text:"Anthony Eden" bar:Macmillan from: 22/01/1957 till: 11/11/1963 color:leader text:"Harold Macmillan" bar:Home from: 11/11/1963 till: 27/07/1965 color:leader text:"Alec Douglas-Home" bar:Heath from: 27/07/1965 till: 11/02/1975 color:leader text:"Edward Heath" bar:Thatcher from: 11/02/1975 till: 28/11/1990 color:leader text:"Margaret Thatcher" bar:Major from: 28/11/1990 till: 19/06/1997 color:leader text:"John Major" bar:Hague from: 19/06/1997 till: 13/09/2001 color:leader text:"William Hague" bar:Smith from: 13/09/2001 till: 06/11/2003 color:leader text:"Iain Duncan Smith" bar:Howard from: 06/11/2003 till: 06/12/2005 color:leader text:"Michael Howard" bar:Cameron from: 06/12/2005 till: 11/07/2016 color:leader text:"David Cameron" bar:May from: 11/07/2016 till: 07/06/2019 color:leader text:"Theresa May" bar:Johnson from: 23/07/2019 till: 05/09/2022 color:leader text:"Boris Johnson" bar:Truss from: 05/09/2022 till: 24/10/2022 color:leader text:"Liz Truss" bar:Sunak from: 24/10/2022 till: 02/11/2024 color:leader text:"Rishi Sunak" bar:Badenoch from: 02/11/2024 till: end color:leader text:"Kemi Badenoch"

Houses of Lords and Commons leaders

Leaders in the House of Lords (1834–present)

Main article: Leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Lords

Leaders in the House of Commons (1834–1922)

Those asterisked were considered the overall leader of the party.

Sir Robert Peel: 18 December 18341846*
Lord George Bentinck: 1846–1847
The Marquess of Granby: 9 February 1848 – 4 March 1848, elected at a party meeting
None: 1848–1849
Jointly Benjamin Disraeli, the Marquess of Granby, and John Charles Herries: 1849–1852, elected at a party meeting
Benjamin Disraeli: 185221 August 1876 (overall leader from 27 February 1868)
Sir Stafford Northcote: 21 August 1876 – 24 June 1885, appointed by Prime Minister Beaconsfield
Sir Michael Hicks Beach: 24 June 1885 – 3 August 1886, appointed by Prime Minister Salisbury
Lord Randolph Churchill: 3 August 1886 – 14 January 1887, appointed by Prime Minister Salisbury
William Henry Smith: 17 January 1887 – 6 October 1891, appointed by Prime Minister Salisbury
Arthur Balfour: 189113 January 1906, appointed by Prime Minister Salisbury (overall leader from 1902)
Joseph Chamberlain: 1906
Arthur Balfour: 190613 November 1911*
Bonar Law: 13 November 1911 – 21 March 1921, elected at a party meeting (overall leader from 1916)
Austen Chamberlain: 21 March 1921 – 23 October 1922, elected at a party meeting

Elections of Conservative leaders by party meeting

House of Commons

Date of meeting	Name of leader elected	Category attending meeting	Location of meeting	Chair	Proposer	Seconder
9 February 1848	The Marquess of Granby	Protectionist commoners	Residence of George Bankes
1 February 1849	Benjamin Disraeli	rowspan=3	Residence of the Lord Stanley of Bickerstaffe	rowspan=3	rowspan=3	rowspan=3
The Marquess of Granby
John Charles Herries
13 November 1911	Bonar Law	Unionist Members of Parliament	Carlton Club, Pall Mall	Henry Chaplin, senior Privy Councillor on the Unionist benches (appointed 1885)	Walter Long	Austen Chamberlain
21 March 1921	Austen Chamberlain	Unionist Members of Parliament	Carlton Club, Pall Mall	Lord Edmund Talbot, Conservative Chief Whip	Captain Ernest George Pretyman	Sir Edward Coates: "a back bencher and one of the rank and file"
23 October 1922	Bonar Law	Unionist peers, MPs, and candidates	Hotel Cecil, The Strand	The Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, Leader of the House of Lords	The Marquess Curzon of Kedleston	Stanley Baldwin: "chosen ... to be the spokesman for the House of Commons"
28 May 1923	Stanley Baldwin	"Conservative Party"	Hotel Cecil, The Strand	The Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, Leader of the House of Lords	The Earl of Derby	Captain Ernest George Pretyman: "a member of the House of Commons who [had] been a colleague in that House of Mr Bonar Law for something over 25 years"
31 May 1937	Neville Chamberlain	"peers and MPs who receive the Conservative whip, ... prospective candidates who have been adopted by constituency associations, and ... members of the executive committee of the National Union of Conservative and Unionist associations from England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland."	Caxton Hall, Caxton Street	The Viscount Halifax, Leader of the House of Lords	The Earl of Derby	Winston Churchill (Privy Councillor since 1907)
9 October 1940	Winston Churchill	"Peers and MPs who receive the Conservative whip, ... prospective candidates who have been adopted by constituency associations, and ... members of the Executive Committee of the National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations from England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland."	London	The Viscount Halifax, Leader of the House of Lords	The Viscount Halifax	Sir George Courthope: "one of the senior back benchers of the party"
21 April 1955	Sir Anthony Eden	"Conservative and National Liberal members of the two Houses of Parliament, Conservative and National Liberal parliamentary candidates and members of the executive committee of the National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations"	Church House, Dean's Yard, Westminster	The Marquess of Salisbury, Leader of the House of Lords	The Marquess of Salisbury	Rab Butler (Privy Councillor since 1939)
22 January 1957	Harold Macmillan	"Conservative and Unionist members of the House of Lords and the House of Commons, ... prospective parliamentary candidates and ... members of the executive committee of the National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations. National Liberal members of both Houses of Parliament and adopted prospective candidates were also present"		The Marquess of Salisbury, Leader of the House of Lords	The Marquess of Salisbury	Rab Butler (Privy Councillor since 1939)
11 November 1963	Alec Douglas-Home	"members of both Houses of Parliament taking the Conservative whip, prospective candidates who [had] been adopted by constituency associations, members of the executive of the mass party, and National Liberal MPs and adopted prospective candidates"	Church House, Dean's Yard, Westminster	The Lord Carrington, Leader of the House of Lords	The Lord Carrington	Geoffrey Lloyd: "the senior Conservative Privy Councillor in the Commons next in line to Sir Winston Churchill" (appointed 1943)

House of Lords

Date of meeting	Name of leader elected	Category attending meeting	Location of meeting	Chair	Proposer	Seconder
9 March 1846	The Lord Stanley of Bickerstaffe	Peers	Residence of the Duke of Richmond	The Earl of Eglinton
15 February 1869	The Earl Cairns	23 peers		The Earl of Malmesbury	The Earl of Malmesbury
26 February 1870	The Duke of Richmond	Peers	Carlton Club		The Marquess of Salisbury	The Earl of Derby
9 May 1881	The Marquess of Salisbury	Conservative members of the House of Lords	Residence of the Marquess of Abergavenny	The Marquess of Abergavenny	The Duke of Richmond	The Earl Cairns

Deputy Leaders of the Conservative Party

Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party is sometimes an official title of a senior Conservative politician of the United Kingdom.

Some are given this title officially by the party, such as Peter Lilley, while others are given the title as an unofficial description by the media, such as William Hague. The first politician to hold the office as such was Reginald Maudling, appointed by Edward Heath in 1965. Distinct from being "second-in-command", there is formally no current position of deputy party leader in the party's hierarchy.

The term has sometimes been mistakenly used to refer to the party's deputy chair.

List of deputy leaders

Name	Term began	Term ended	Concurrent office(s)	Leader
Reginald Maudling	4 August 1965	18 July 1972	Deputy Leader of the Opposition (1965–1970)
Shadow Foreign Secretary (1965)
Shadow Defence Secretary (1968–1969)
Home Secretary (1970–1972)	Edward Heath
Not in use from 1972 to 1975}}
The Viscount Whitelaw	12 February 1975	7 August 1991	Deputy Leader of the Opposition (1975–1979)
Shadow Home Secretary (1976–1979)
Home Secretary (1979–1983)
Leader of the House of Lords (1983–1988)	Margaret Thatcher
John Major
Not in use from 1991 to 1998}}
Peter Lilley	url=https://members.parliament.uk/member/68/career	title=Parliamentary career for Lord Lilley	website=parliament.uk	accessdate=15 May 2021}}	15 June 1999	Deputy Leader of the Opposition (1998–1999)	William Hague
Not in use from 1999 to 2001}}
Michael Ancram	18 September 2001	6 December 2005	Deputy Leader of the Opposition (2001–2005)
Shadow Foreign Secretary (2001–2005)
Shadow Defence Secretary (2005)	Iain Duncan Smith
Michael Howard
Not in use since 2005}}

Notes

References

(January 2021). "Constitution of the Conservative Party".
Alexandre-Collier, Agnès. (2018-11-01). "Brexit reveals the fractures of the British Conservatives".
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(2022-10-24). "Rishi Sunak: A quick guide to the UK's new prime minister". BBC News.
Johnston, Neil. (5 September 2022). "Leadership elections: Conservative Party". House of Commons Library (UK).
(1914). "The life of Benjamin Disraeli, earl of Beaconsfield, Volume III". The Macmillan Company.
"A Cabinet Council was held at half-past 2 o'clock." Times [London, England] 10 Feb. 1848: 4. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 25 July 2014.
Malmesbury, The Right Hon. [James Howard Harris,] the [3rd] Earl of. (1885). "Memoirs of an Ex-Minister". Longmans, Green, and Co.
(1914). "The life of Benjamin Disraeli, earl of Beaconsfield, Volume III". The Macmillan Company.
"The Unionist Leadership." Times [London, England] 14 Nov. 1911: 9. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 19 July 2014.
"Unionist M.P.s' New Leader." Times [London, England] 22 Mar. 1921: 12. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 19 July 2014.
"Unionists Elect Mr. Bonar Law." Times [London, England] 24 Oct. 1922: 18. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 25 July 2014.
"Conservative Leader." Times [London, England] 29 May 1923: 19. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 19 July 2014.
"The New Leader And The Old." Times [London, England] 1 June 1937: 17+. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 19 July 2014.
"Conservative Leader." Times [London, England] 10 Oct. 1940: 2. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 19 July 2014.
Our Political Correspondent. "Sir A. Eden as Leader." Times [London, England] 22 Apr. 1955: 12. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 19 July 2014.
(23 January 1957). "Mr. Macmillan states Party philosophy". The Times.
(12 November 1963). "Prime Minister is Ageless". [[The Times]].
Malmesbury, The Right Hon. [James Howard Harris,] the [3rd] Earl of. (1885). "Memoirs of an Ex-Minister". Longmans, Green, and Co.
Malmesbury, The Right Hon. [James Howard Harris,] the [3rd] Earl of. (1885). "Memoirs of an Ex-Minister". Longmans, Green, and Co.
"We are enabled to state that, in compliance with." Times [London, England] 28 Feb. 1870: 9. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 26 July 2014.
"Meeting Of The Conservative Peers." Times [London, England] 10 May 1881: 10. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 25 July 2014.
"Peter Lilley, Member of Parliament for Hitchin and Harpenden". [[Conservative Party (UK).
Andrew Porter. (14 January 2009). "David Cameron anoints William Hague as his deputy". The Telegraph.
Blake, Robert. (14 August 1965). "A Watershed in English Politics". [[The Illustrated London News]].
Guardian editorial. (17 June 2015). "The Guardian view on party deputy leaders: a job about nothing". The Guardian.
Ann Gripper. (11 May 2015). "David Cameron's 2015 cabinet: Meet the ministers appointed in all Conservative post-election reshuffle". [[Daily Mirror]].
Ball, Stuart. (1998). "The Conservative Party Since 1945". Manchester University Press.
(1972-07-24). "Heath Faces Cabinet Reshuffle".
(1966-12-24). "A Matter of Weeks Rather Than Months: The Impasse between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith".
(1975). "Report on World Affairs". Commonwealth Parliamentary Association.
(1 July 1991). "Willie Whitelaw dies aged 81". The Guardian.
(2008-11-18). "The Hugo Young Papers: Thirty Years of British Politics – Off the Record".
(1988-01-10). "Thatcher's No. 2 Cabinet minister resigns". Upi.com.
"Parliamentary career for Lord Lilley".
Mark D'Arcy. "Democracy Live – Peter Lilley MP". BBC News.
"Parliamentary career for The Marquess of Lothian".
(2010-10-21). "Peerage for the Rt Hon Michael Ancram". Gov.uk.

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