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Large quasar group

Large astronomical structure

Large astronomical structure

A large quasar group (LQG) is a collection of quasars (a form of supermassive black hole active galactic nuclei) that form what are thought to constitute the largest astronomical structures in the observable universe. LQGs are thought to be precursors to the sheets, walls and filaments of galaxies found in the relatively nearby universe.

Prominent LQGs

On January 11, 2013, the discovery of the Huge-LQG was announced by the University of Central Lancashire, as the largest known structure in the universe by that time. It is composed of 74 quasars and has a minimum diameter of 1.4 billion light-years, but over 4 billion light-years at its widest point. According to researcher and author, Roger Clowes, the existence of structures with the size of LQGs was believed theoretically impossible. Cosmological structures had been believed to have a size limit of approximately 1.2 billion light-years.

Other scientists have expressed doubt whether these structures really exist.

List of LQGs

LQGDateMean DistanceDimension# of quasarsNotes
Webster LQG
(LQG 1)1982z=0.37Mpc51-58381-065-X}} ;
Crampton–Cowley–Hartwick LQG
(LQG 2, CCH LQG, Komberg-Kravtsov-Lukash LQG 10)1987z=1.11Mpc28Second LQG discovered
Clowes–Campusano LQG
(U1.28, CCLQG, LQG 3)1991z=1.2834Third LQG discovered
U1.901995z=1.9Mpc/h10bibcode=1995MNRAS.275..790Gtitle=Finding Quasar Superstructuresjournal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Societyvolume=275issue=3page=790last1=Grahamfirst1=M. J.last2=Clowesfirst2=R. G.last3=Campusanofirst3=L. E.year=1995doi=10.1093/mnras/275.3.790doi-access=free}}
7Sf Group
(U0.19)1995z=0.19Mpc/h7Discovered by Graham, Clowes, Campusano; this is a grouping of 7 Seyfert galaxies.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 11996z=0.6R=96 Mpc/h12arxiv=astro-ph/9602090last1=Kombergfirst1=Boris V.title=The search and investigation of the Large Groups of Quasarsjournal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Societyvolume=282issue=3date=October 1996pages=713–722last2=Kravtsovfirst2=Andrey V.last3=Lukashfirst3=Vladimir N.doi=10.1093/mnras/282.3.713doi-access=free}}
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 21996z=0.6R=111 Mpc/h12Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 31996z=1.3R=123 Mpc/h14Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 41996z=1.9R=104 Mpc/h14Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 51996z=1.7R=146 Mpc/h13Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 61996z=1.5R=94 Mpc/h10Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 71996z=1.9R=92 Mpc/h10Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 81996z=2.1R=104 Mpc/h12Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 91996z=1.9R=66 Mpc/h18Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 111996z=0.7R=157 Mpc/h11Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 121996z=1.2R=155 Mpc/h14Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.
Newman LQG
(U1.54)1998z=1.54Mpc/h21Discovered by P.R. Newman et al. This structure is parallel to the CCLQG, with its discovery, suggesting that the cellular structure of sheets and voids already existed in this era, as found in later void bubbles and walls of galaxies.,
Tesch–Engels LQG2000z=0.27Mpc/h7The first X-ray selected LQG.
U1.112011z=1.1138
Huge-LQG
(U1.27)2013z=1.2773arxiv=1401.0533bibcode= 2014A&A...561L..12Hdoi=10.1051/0004-6361/201323020title= Possible structure in the GRB sky distribution at redshift twojournal= Astronomy & Astrophysicsvolume= 561pages= L12year= 2014last1= Horváthfirst1= Istvánlast2= Hakkilafirst2= Jonlast3= Bagolyfirst3= Zsolts2cid= 24224684}}

References

References

  1. Wall, Mike. (2013-01-11). "Largest structure in universe discovered". [[Fox News]].
  2. Wall, Mike. (2013-01-11). "Largest Structure In Universe, Large Quasar Group, Challenges Cosmological Principle". The Huffington Post.
  3. (January 11, 2013). "A structure in the early Universe at z ~ 1.3 that exceeds the homogeneity scale of the R-W concordance cosmology". [[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]].
  4. (21 November 2013). "Do the largest structures in the Universe actually exist?".
  5. R.G.Clowes; "Large Quasar Groups - A Short Review"; 'The New Era of Wide Field Astronomy', ASP Conference Series, Vol. 232.; 2001; Astronomical Society of the Pacific; {{ISBN. 1-58381-065-X ; {{bibcode. 2001ASPC..232..108C
  6. Webster, Adrian. (May 1982). "The clustering of quasars from an objective-prism survey". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
  7. (1995). "Finding Quasar Superstructures". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
  8. (October 1996). "The search and investigation of the Large Groups of Quasars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
  9. (1999). "Large groups of quasars in an ultraviolet-excess survey". University of Central Lancashire.
  10. Clowes, Roger. (2001-09-01). "Two close Large Quasar Groups of size ~ 350 Mpc at z ~ 1.2". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
  11. ''ScienceDaily'', [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130111092539.htm "Biggest Structure in Universe: Large Quasar Group Is 4 Billion Light Years Across"], Royal Astronomical Society, 11 January 2013 (accessed 13 January 2013)
  12. (2014). "Possible structure in the GRB sky distribution at redshift two". Astronomy & Astrophysics.
  13. (2013). "The largest structure of the Universe, defined by Gamma-Ray Bursts".
  14. Klotz, Irene. (2013-11-19). "Universe's Largest Structure is a Cosmic Conundrum". Discovery.
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