Labored breathing

Classification

Labored breathing is distinguished from shortness of breath or dyspnea, which is the sensation of respiratory distress rather than a physical presentation.

Still, manyTheFreeDictionary, retrieved on Dec 12, 2009. Citing:

• The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009.
• Ologies & -Isms. The Gale Group 2008 simply define dyspnea as difficulty in breathing without further specification, which may confuse it with e.g. labored breathing or tachypnea (rapid breathing). Labored breathing has occasionally been included in the definition of dyspnea as well. However, in the standard definition, these related signs may be present at the same time, but do not necessarily have to be. For instance, in respiratory arrest by a primary failure in respiratory muscles the patient, if conscious, may experience dyspnea, yet without having any labored breathing or tachypnea. The other way around, labored breathing or tachypnea can voluntarily be performed even when there is no dyspnea.

Presentations

retractionsrecessions[[File:Sternal retractions.JPG|thumb|200px|Intercostal recessions on a newborn baby, a common sign of respiratory distress.]] Presentations of labored respiration include:

• Hyperpnea - faster and/or deeper breathing
• Tachypnea - increased breathing rate
• Retractions or recessions – sucking in of the skin, around the ribs
• Use of accessory muscles of respiration rather than only the diaphragm

Causes

Causes of labored breathing include:

• Severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but also kidney failure. The specific associated breathing pattern is called Kussmaul breathing.
• Cardiac disease
• Respiratory failure

References

References

1. [http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/labored+breathing TheFreeDictionary > labored breathing] Retrieved on Dec 12, 2009
2. West JB. (2008). "Pulmonary pathophysiology: the essentials". Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
3. link. (2014-07-01 MedicineNet. Last Editorial Review: 11/1/1998])
4. Levene, Malcolm I.. (2000). "Essentials of neonatal medicine". Wiley-Blackwell.
5. and the top of the sternum[http://www.uptodate.com/patients/content/topic.do?topicKey=~IJIXh1W5371lMy UpToDate >Patient information: Croup in infants and children] Charles R Woods, MD, MS. Last literature review version 17.3: September 2009
6. [http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=77652 Medilexicon Medical Dictionary – 'Labored Respiration'] Retrieved on Dec 12, 2009