L. S. Lowry

Early life

Lowry was born on 1 November 1887 at 8 Barrett Street, Stretford, which was then in Lancashire.{{Cite web | access-date = 24 February 2015 | archive-date = 24 February 2015 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20150224194306/http://www.trafford.gov.uk/residents/leisure-and-lifestyle/libraries/blue-plaques-in-stretford.aspx | url-status = dead

After Lowry's birth, his mother's health was too poor for her to continue teaching. She is reported to have been a religious woman who was talented and respected, with aspirations of becoming a concert pianist. She was also an irritable, nervous woman brought up to expect high standards by her stern father. Like him, she was controlling and intolerant of failure. She used illness as a means of securing the attention and obedience of her mild and affectionate husband and she dominated her son in the same way. Lowry maintained that he had an unhappy childhood, growing up in a repressive family atmosphere. Although his mother demonstrated no appreciation of her son's gifts as an artist, a number of books Lowry received as Christmas presents from his parents are inscribed to "Our dearest Laurie". At school he made few friends and showed no academic aptitude. His father was affectionate towards him but was, by all accounts, a quiet man who was at his most comfortable fading into the background as an unobtrusive presence.

Much of Lowry's early years were spent in the leafy Manchester suburb of Victoria Park, Rusholme, but in 1909, when he was 22, due to financial pressures, the family moved to 117 Station Road in the industrial town of Pendlebury.{{Cite news |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022533/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/golden-opportunity-save-important-piece-7989264 |archive-date=17 November 2015 | access-date = 28 April 2012 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120502031429/http://www.thelowry.com/ls-lowry/his-life-and-work/ | archive-date = 2 May 2012

Education

| access-date = 1 October 2015 After leaving school, Lowry began a career working for the Pall Mall Company, later collecting rents, he would spend some time in his lunch hour at Buile Hill Park{{Cite web | access-date = 16 February 2012 | access-date = 1 November 2012

Lowry's oil paintings were originally impressionistic and dark in tone but D. B. Taylor of the Manchester Guardian took an interest in his work and encouraged him to move away from the sombre palette he was using. Taking this advice on board, Lowry began to use a white background to lighten the pictures.{{Cite news | access-date = 27 June 2015

Death of his parents

His father died in 1932, leaving debts. His mother, subject to neurosis and depression, became bedridden and dependent on her son for care. Lowry painted after his mother had fallen asleep, between 10:00 p.m. and 2:00 or 3:00 a.m. Many paintings produced during this period were damning self-portraits (often referred to as the "Horrible Heads" series), which demonstrate the influence of expressionism and may have been inspired by an exhibition of Vincent van Gogh's work at Manchester Art Gallery in 1931. He expressed regret that he received little recognition as an artist until his mother died (1939) and that she was not able to enjoy his success. From the mid-1930s until at least 1939, Lowry took annual holidays at Berwick-upon-Tweed. After the outbreak of the Second World War Lowry served as a volunteer fire watcher and became an official war artist in 1943. In 1953, he was appointed Official Artist at the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. After his mother's death in October 1939, he became depressed and neglected the upkeep of his house to such a degree that the landlord repossessed it in 1948. He was not short of money and bought "The Elms" in Mottram in Longdendale then in Cheshire. The area was much more rural but Lowry professed to dislike both the house and the area:

Although he considered the house ugly and uncomfortable, it was spacious enough both to set up his studio in the dining room and to accommodate the collection of china and clocks that he had inherited from his mother; he stayed there until his death almost 30 years later.{{Cite web |access-date=8 November 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061112174501/http://www.britainunlimited.com/Biogs/Lowry.htm |archive-date=12 November 2006

Personal life

In later years, Lowry spent holidays at the Seaburn Hotel in Sunderland, painting scenes of the beach and nearby ports and coal mines. When he had no sketchbook, Lowry drew scenes in pencil or charcoal on the back of envelopes, paper napkins and cloakroom tickets and presented them to young people sitting with their families. Such serendipitous pieces are now worth thousands of pounds.

He was a secretive and mischievous man who enjoyed stories irrespective of their truth. His friends observed that his anecdotes were more notable for humour than accuracy and in many cases he set out deliberately to deceive. His stories about the fictional Ann were inconsistent and he invented other people as frameworks on which to hang his tales. The collection of clocks in his living room were all set at different times: to some people, he said that this was because he did not want to know the real time; to others, he claimed that it was to save him from being deafened by their simultaneous chimes. The owner of an art gallery in Manchester who visited him at his home, The Elms, noted that while his armchair was sagging and the carpet frayed, Lowry was surrounded by items such as his beloved Rossetti drawing, Proserpine, as well as a Lucian Freud drawing located between two Tompion clocks.

Lowry had many long-lasting friendships, including the Salford artist Harold Riley and painter Pat Gerrard Cooke (1935 – 2000). He made new friends throughout his adult life. He bought works from young artists he admired, such as James Lawrence Isherwood, whose Woman with Black Cat hung on his studio wall.{{Cite web | access-date = 11 March 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724203605/http://www.citylife.co.uk/arts/news/12433_dream_exhibition_for_city_fan_ben |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 July 2012

Retirement

Lowry retired from the Pall Mall Property Company in 1952 on his 65th birthday. In 1957 an unrelated 13-year-old schoolgirl called Carol Ann Lowry wrote to him at her mother's urging to ask his advice on becoming an artist. He visited her home in Heywood and befriended the family. His friendship with Carol Ann Lowry lasted for the rest of his life. BBC Radio 4 broadcast in 2001 a dramatisation by Glyn Hughes of Lowry's relationship with Carol Ann.

In the 1960s Lowry shared exhibitions in Salford with Warrington-born artist Reginald Waywell D.F.A.{{Cite web | access-date = 28 March 2019 | archive-date = 28 March 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190328164633/https://artuk.org/discover/artists/waywell-reginald-b-1924 | url-status = dead

Lowry joked about retiring from the art world, citing his lack of interest in the changing landscape. Instead, he began to focus on groups of figures and odd imaginary characters. Unknown to his friends and the public, Lowry produced a series of erotic works that were not seen until after his death. The paintings depict the mysterious "Ann" figure, who appears in portraits and sketches produced throughout his lifetime, enduring sexually charged and humiliating tortures. When these works were exhibited at the Art Council's Centenary exhibition at the Barbican in 1988, art critic Richard Dorment wrote in The Daily Telegraph that these works "reveal a sexual anxiety which is never so much as hinted at in the work of the previous 60 years." The group of erotic works, which are sometimes referred to as "the mannequin sketches" or "marionette works", are kept at the Lowry Centre and are available for visitors to see on request. Some are also brought up into the public display area on a rotation system. Manchester author Howard Jacobson has argued that the images are just part of Lowry's melancholy and tortured view of the world and that they would change the public perception of the complexity of his work if they were more widely seen.{{Cite news |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130422035748/http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1002835_let_lowrys_see_the_light |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 April 2013 |access-date=28 April 2012

Death and legacy

Lowry died of pneumonia at the Woods Hospital in Glossop, Derbyshire, on 23 February 1976, aged 88. He was buried in the Southern Cemetery in Manchester, next to his parents. He left an estate valued at £298,459, and a considerable number of artworks by himself and others to Carol Ann Lowry, who, in 2001, obtained trademark protection of the artist's signature.

Lowry left a cultural legacy, his works often sold for millions of pounds and inspired other artists. The Lowry art gallery in Salford Quays was opened in 2000 at a cost of £106 million; named after him, the 2000 m2 gallery houses 55 of his paintings and 278 drawings – the world's largest collection of his work – with up to 100 on display.{{cite news |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804030626/http://www.manchesteronline.co.uk/news/s/142/142912_lowry_bronze_unveiled.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 August 2012 |access-date=1 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912143655/http://www.manchesteronline.co.uk/news/s/144/144405_lowry_statue_too_big_a_draw_for_vandals.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 September 2012 |access-date=1 November 2012

To mark the centenary of his birth in 1987, Royston Futter, director of the L. S. Lowry Centenary Festival, on behalf of the City of Salford and the BBC commissioned the Northern Ballet Theatre and Gillian Lynne to create a dance drama in his honour. A Simple Man was choreographed and directed by Lynne, with music by Carl Davis and starred Christopher Gable and Moira Shearer (in her last dance role). It was broadcast on BBC, for which it won a BAFTA award as the best arts programme in 1988, and also performed live on stage in November 1987. Further performances were held in London at Sadler's Wells in 1988, and again in 2009.

In February 2011 a bronze statue of Lowry was installed in the basement of his favourite pub, Sam's Chop House.{{Cite news |access-date=27 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112172816/http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1408770_back_at_his_local_statue_of_ls_lowry_installed_at_the_bar_of_sams_chop_house?all_comments=1 |archive-date=12 November 2012

In 2013 a retrospective was held at the Tate Britain in London, his first there.{{Cite news

Awards and honours

Lowry was awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree by the University of Manchester in 1945, and Doctor of Letters in 1961. In April 1955 Lowry was elected as an Associate Member of the Royal Academy of Arts and in April 1962 became a full Royal Academician.{{Cite web | access-date = 22 August 2014 | archive-date = 5 July 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170705211835/http://www.racollection.org.uk/ixbin/indexplus?IXACTION=file&IXFILE=templates%2Ffull%2Fperson.html&IXTRAIL=Academicians&person=5777 | url-status = dead

In 1975 he was awarded honorary Doctor of Letters degrees by the Universities of Salford and Liverpool. In 1964, the art world celebrated his 77th birthday with an exhibition of his work and that of 25 contemporary artists who had submitted tributes at Monk's Hall Museum, Eccles. The Hallé orchestra performed a concert in his honour and Prime Minister Harold Wilson used Lowry's painting The Pond as his official Christmas card. Lowry's painting Coming Out of School was depicted on a postage stamp of highest denomination in a series issued by the Post Office depicting great British artists in 1968. Lowry twice declined appointment to the Order of the British Empire: as an Officer (OBE) in 1955, and as a Commander (CBE) in 1961, Lowry saying "There seemed little point ... once mother was dead" (as seen in the end credits of the movie Mrs Lowry & Son).{{Cite news

Quotations

• On the industrial landscape
  • "We went to Pendlebury in 1909 from a residential side of Manchester, and we didn't like it. My father wanted to go to get near a friend for business reasons. We lived next door, and for a long time my mother never got to like it, and at first I disliked it, and then after about a year or so I got used to it, and then I got absorbed in it, then I got infatuated with it. Then I began to wonder if anyone had ever done it. Seriously, not one or two, but seriously; and it seemed to me by that time that it was a very fine industrial subject matter. And I couldn't see anybody at that time who had done it – and nobody had done it, it seemed."
  • "Most of my land and townscape is composite. Made up; part real and part imaginary ... bits and pieces of my home locality. I don't even know I'm putting them in. They just crop up on their own, like things do in dreams."
• On his style
  • "I wanted to paint myself into what absorbed me ... Natural figures would have broken the spell of it, so I made my figures half unreal. Some critics have said that I turned my figures into puppets, as if my aim were to hint at the hard economic necessities that drove them. To say the truth, I was not thinking very much about the people. I did not care for them in the way a social reformer does. They are part of a private beauty that haunted me. I loved them and the houses in the same way: as part of a vision.
  • "I am a simple man, and I use simple materials: ivory black, vermilion, prussian blue, yellow ochre, flake white and no medium. That's all I've ever used in my paintings. I like oils ... I like a medium you can work into over a period of time."
• On painting his "Seascapes"
  • "It's the battle of life – the turbulence of the sea ... I have been fond of the sea all my life, how wonderful it is, yet how terrible it is. But I often think ... what if it suddenly changed its mind and didn't turn the tide? And came straight on? If it didn't stay and came on and on and on and on ... That would be the end of it all."
• On art
  • "You don't need brains to be a painter, just feelings."
  • "I am not an artist. I am a man who paints."
  • "If people call me a Sunday painter, I'm a Sunday painter who paints every day of the week."

Works

Lowry's work is held in many public and private collections. The largest collection is held by Salford City Council and displayed at The Lowry. Its collection has about 400 works.{{Citation |access-date = 25 January 2013

The Tate Gallery in London owns 23 works. The City of Southampton owns The Floating Bridge, The Canal Bridge and An Industrial Town. His work is featured at MOMA, in New York City. The Christchurch Art Gallery Te Puna o Waiwhetu in Christchurch, New Zealand has Factory at Widnes (1956) in its collection. The painting was one of the gallery's most important acquisitions of the 1950s and remains the highlight of its collection of modern British art.{{Cite web |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707233603/http://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/collection/browse/69-353/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=1 November 2012

In the early days of his career Lowry was a member of the Manchester Group of Lancashire artists, exhibiting with them at Margo Ingham's Mid-Day Studios in Manchester. He made a small painting of the Mid-Day Studios which is in the collection of the Manchester City Art Gallery.

During his life Lowry made about 1,000 paintings and over 8,000 drawings.

Selected paintings

• 1920 St Augustine's church
• 1925 Going to the Mill
• 1928 Irk Place
• 1935 The Fever Van{{Cite web | access-date = 1 November 2012
• 1936 Laying a Foundation Stone — the mayor of Swinton and Pendlebury, laying a foundation stone in Clifton{{Cite web | access-date = 1 November 2012 | archive-date = 8 March 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120308035910/http://www.ls-lowry.com/work/lafs.html | url-status = dead
• 1938 A Cricket Match — sold for £1.2m at Sotheby's, in June 2019, during the 2019 Cricket World Cup
• 1941 Houses on a Hill
• 1943 A Fylde Farm — collected by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and hung at Clarence House{{cite news |access-date = 6 February 2018 |access-date = 6 February 2018 |archive-date = 7 February 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180207122141/https://www.lythamstannesexpress.co.uk/news/fylde-scene-graces-royal-palace-wall-1-808917 |url-status = dead
• 1943 Going to Work — painted as a war artist and in the collection of the Imperial War Museum.{{Cite web | access-date = 8 March 2013
• 1945 V.E. Day{{Cite web | access-date = 1 November 2012 | archive-date = 8 March 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120308035849/http://www.ls-lowry.com/work/lls01.html | url-status = dead
• 1946 Good Friday, Daisy Nook — sold in 2007 for £3.8 million (then record price for a Lowry)
• 1947 A River Bank{{Cite web | access-date = 1 November 2012 | archive-date = 9 October 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151009032823/http://www.ls-lowry.com/work/arb47.html | url-status = dead
• 1947 Iron Works
• 1947 Cranes and Ships, Glasgow Docks — acquired by Glasgow City Council at Christie's in November 2005 for £198,400, specifically for display in the new Riverside Museum{{Cite web | access-date = 30 April 2008 | archive-date = 30 September 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120930102251/http://www.culture24.org.uk/art/painting+%26+drawing/art32729 | url-status = dead
• 1949 Agricultural fair, Mottram-in-Longdendale
• 1949 The Cripples - features number of disabled people in a park, including Lowry as a disabled person (centre). The people are a mixture of imaginary and real people. For example, it is believed that a man known locally known as 'Johnny on wheels' is depicted to the right.
• 1949 The Football Match — not seen in public for two decades before May 2011 when offered for sale at Christie's; later sold for £5.6 million, a record price for a Lowry painting.{{cite news
• 1949 The Regatta
• 1950 The Pond{{Cite web | access-date = 1 November 2012
• 1952 Ancoats Hospital Outpatients Hall — a rare internal scene, showing Ancoats Hospital and given to The Whitworth Gallery in 1975.
• 1953 Football Ground — fans converging on Bolton Wanderers's old football ground Burnden Park; painted for a competition run by the Football Association, it was later renamed Going to the Match and was bought by the Professional Footballers' Association for a record £1.9 million in 1999.{{cite news
• 1953 The Railway Platform, a scene of railway passengers standing on the platform at Pendlebury railway station
• 1954 Piccadilly Gardens, a view of the former sunken gardens in Piccadilly Gardens, Manchester, now in Manchester Art Gallery collection
• 1955 A Young Man{{Cite web | access-date = 1 November 2012
• 1955 Industrial Landscape{{Cite web | access-date = 1 November 2012
• 1956 Fairground at Daisy Nook
• 1957 Sunday Afternoon — sold at Sotheby's in March 2024 for £6.3 million by Sir Keith and Lady Showering, who had owned it since 1967. It is one of Lowry's largest canvasses.
• 1960 Old church and steps

Drawings

• 1924 View from a window of the Royal Technical College
• 1924 The Flat Iron Market
• 1928 Newton Mill and bowling green
• 1930 Swinton Industrial Schools
• 1936 Dewars Lane (Dewars Lane is now part of the Lowry Trail in Berwick-upon-Tweed)
• 1942 A Bit of Wenlock Edge
• 1947 Figures in lane
• 1945? St Luke's Church, Old Street, London{{Cite web
• 1953 Agecroft regatta

Stolen Lowry works

Five Lowry art works were stolen from the Grove Fine Art Gallery in Cheadle Hulme, Stockport on 2 May 2007. The most valuable were The Viaduct, estimated value of £700,000 and The Tanker Entering the Tyne, which is valued at over £500,000. The Surgery, The Bridge at Ringley and The Street Market were also stolen.{{Cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306085600/http://ls-lowry.com/news257.html | archive-date = 6 March 2016 | url-status = dead A further pencil drawing, "The Skater", has never been returned.

Attributed works in 2015

In July 2015 three works – Lady with Dogs, Darby and Joan and Crowd Scene – featured in the BBC One series Fake or Fortune?. The presenters concluded that the works were genuine, despite their weak provenance and the fact that Lowry was "probably the most faked British artist, his deceptively simple style of painting making him a soft target for forgers". An important element in the programme's assessment was Lowry's claim to have used only five colours including lead white, whereas a contemporary photograph showed that he had also used titanium white and zinc white.

Discovered work

The Mill, Pendlebury, a painting never publicly exhibited or featured in any book, was found in the estate of Leonard D. Hamilton, a British-American researcher, after his death in 2019. Hamilton was a Manchester Grammar School boy who studied at Balliol College, Oxford, and Trinity College, Cambridge, before moving to the US in 1949. The work was listed at Christie's with an estimate of £700,000 to £1 million, and sold on 21 January 2020, to a private collector, for £2.65 million.

Art market

In March 2014 fifteen of Lowry's works, from the A.J. Thompson Collection, were auctioned at Sotheby's in London; the total sale estimate of £15 million was achieved, even though two paintings failed to reach their reserve price and were withdrawn.{{Cite news | access-date = 27 June 2015

In popular culture

• In January 1968, rock band Status Quo paid tribute to Lowry in their first hit single "Pictures of Matchstick Men".{{Cite web
• In 1978, Brian and Michael reached number one in the UK Singles Chart with the tribute single "Matchstalk Men and Matchstalk Cats and Dogs".
• Manchester rock band Oasis released a music video for the song "The Masterplan", to promote their 2006 compilation album Stop the Clocks, using animation in the style of his paintings. The video sets the group in a number of Lowry scenes, but clues as to their modernity are given by inclusion of such items as a satellite dish.
• In August 2010, the play Figures Half Unreal was performed by the Brass Bastion theatre company in Berwick-upon-Tweed where Lowry was a regular visitor.{{Cite web |access-date=1 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321213423/http://www.journallive.co.uk/culture-newcastle/theatre-in-newcastle/2010/08/04/theatre-puts-berwick-firmly-on-the-map-61634-26990836/ |archive-date=21 March 2012
• On 1 November 2012, Google celebrated his 125th birthday with a Google Doodle.
• Lowry is mentioned in the chorus of the Manic Street Preachers' song "30-Year War" on their 2013 album Rewind the Film:{{Cite web | access-date = 9 May 2016 | So you hide all Lowry's paintings For 30 years or more 'Cos he turned down a knighthood And you must now settle the score
• The 2019 film Mrs Lowry & Son, directed by Adrian Noble and starring Vanessa Redgrave and Timothy Spall, depicts the fraught relationship between Lowry and his elderly bed-ridden mother between 1934 and 1939.
• Sunday painter by Dutch band Nits is a song inspired by Lowry.

References

• Howard, Michael. Lowry — A Visionary Artist (Lausanne, Switzerland: Acatos, 1999)
• Leber, Michael and Sandling, Judith (eds). L. S. Lowry (Oxford: Phaidon, 1987)
• Leber, Michael and Sandling, Judith. Lowry's City: A Painter and His Locale (London: Lowry House, 2001)
• Levy, Nichael. The Paintings of L. S. Lowry: Oils and Watercolours (London: Jupiter Books, 1975)
• Levy, Michael. The Drawings of L. S. Lowry: Public and Private (London: Jupiter Books, 1976)
• Lowry, L. S. L. S. Lowry, R. A.: A Selection of Masterpieces (London: Crane Kalman Gallery, 1994)
• McLean, David. L. S. Lowry (London: The Medici Society, 1978)
• Marshall, Tilly. Life with Lowry (London: Hutchinson, 1981)
• Rhode, Shelley. A Private View of L. S. Lowry (London: Collins, 1979)
• Rohde, Shelley. The Lowry Lexicon — An A–Z of L. S. Lowry (Salford Quays: Lowry Press, 1999)
• Sieja, Doreen. The Lowry I Knew (London: Jupiter Books, 1983)
• Spalding, Julian. Lowry (Oxford: Phaidon, New York: Dutton, 1979)
• Timperley, W. H. (will illustrations by L. S. Lowry), A Cotswold Book (London: Jonathan Cape, 1931)
• MacDougall, Sarah. Refiguring the 50s : Joan Eardley, Sheila Fell, Eva Frankfurther, Josef Herman, L S Lowry (Ben Uri Gallery and Museum, 2014)

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67. "NITS…Sunday Painter. Our new single and video will be released today…February 24 2022. The song is about L.S.Lowry, a painter who in the forties painted...".