Kunduz

Etymology

Kunduz is also sometimes spelled (romanized) as Kundûz, Qonduz, Qondûz, Konduz, Kondûz, Kondoz, or Qhunduz. The name of the city is believed to have derived from the Persian compound, kohan dež, "old/ancient fort".

Geography

Kunduz is located in the northern part of Afghanistan, near southern Tajikistan. It is at an altitude of 351 m above sea level and surrounded by vast farmlands. Kunduz is a strategic city that connects many other Afghan cities and towns. It is administratively divided into about 8 city districts ('nahias') with a total land area of 112 km2 or 11206 ha.

Land use of the city (within the municipal boundary) is largely agricultural (65.8% of total area). Residential land comprises nearly half of the 'built-up' land area (48.3%) with 29,877 dwellings. Institutional land comprises 17.9% of built-up land use, given that the airport is within the municipal boundary.

Climate

Kunduz has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk) with hot summers and cool winters. Precipitation is generally low except from January to April, with summers almost always rainless. |Jan record high C = 21.2 |Feb record high C = 25.0 |Mar record high C = 32.8 |Apr record high C = 38.9 |May record high C = 42.2 |Jun record high C = 46.2 |Jul record high C = 45.3 |Aug record high C = 44.2 |Sep record high C = 39.2 |Oct record high C = 39.4 |Nov record high C = 28.4 |Dec record high C = 21.6 |Jan record low C = −22.7 |Feb record low C = -23.1 |Mar record low C = −11.8 |Apr record low C = -2.1 |May record low C = 4.2 |Jun record low C = 12.5 |Jul record low C = 15.7 |Aug record low C = 12.6 |Sep record low C = 3.5 |Oct record low C = -2.0 |Nov record low C = −9.8 |Dec record low C = −20.0

History

Kunduz is believed to be the site of the ancient city of Drapsaka. It was a great centre of Buddhist learning and very prosperous during the 3rd century AD.

The city used to be called Aornos () and later Walwalij or Varvaliz, a compound of the old name Warn and . The name Kuhandiz began to be used from the time of the Timurid Empire, before the 16h century.

In the 18th century the region became part of the Durrani Empire. Kunduz served as a capital of an Uzbek Khanate which reached its largest extent, from Balkh to the Pamir Mountains, during the reign of Mohammad Murad Beg (1815–1842). Murad Beg faced the decline of his rule after being defeated by Dost Mohammad Khan. After Murad's death, the Khanate declined and was eventually subjugated by the Emirate of Afghanistan in 1859.

In the early 20th century, between 100 and 200,000 Tajiks and Uzbeks fled the conquest of their homeland (now southern Tajikistan) by the Soviet Red Army and settled in northern Afghanistan.

In the early 20th century, under the governance of Sher Khan Nashir, Kunduz became one of the wealthiest Afghan provinces. This was mainly due to Nasher's founding of the Spinzar Cotton Company, which is state-owned and still operational to the present day. At its peak, the Spinzar Cotton Company employed 5,000 people full time. Kunduz is the most important agricultural province which produces wheat, rice, millet, and other products and obtained the nickname of "the hive of the country."

21st century

Kunduz is the center for the northeast provinces and was captured by the Taliban in 1997. It was the last major city held by the Taliban before its fall to US-backed Afghan Northern Alliance forces on 26 November 2001. NATO forces killed over 100 civilians in the 2009 Kunduz airstrike. During the summer of 2015, the Taliban advanced and attacked the city, which resulted in a battle for control of the city against US-funded Afghan Armed Forces. Tens of thousands of inhabitants were displaced internally by the fighting. On 28 September 2015 the Taliban flag was again raised in the city center and the Taliban managed to capture the city prison and free many prisoners. On 3 October 2015, a United States Air Force AC-130U gunship attacked the Kunduz Trauma Centre operated by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF, or Doctors Without Borders). The US-backed Afghan forces counter-attacked and managed to re-capture the city in 15 days. The Taliban announced that, after achieving their objectives, they have withdrawn from the city's center. Zabiullah Mujahid, a Taliban spokesperson, said that their main object in leaving the city is to avoid civilian casualties from air raids. In April 2018 the Afghan Air Force conducted an airstrike that killed and injured dozens of civilians at a religious school in Kunduz. On 31 August 2019, the Taliban forces launched another attack on the city, setting off a major battle with local security forces.

On 19 May 2020, the Taliban killed one policeman and one civilian and injured 18 others in a motorbike bomb blast in Kunduz. On the same day, the Taliban attempted to re-capture Kunduz, attacking several government posts but were repelled by the Afghan security forces. The Taliban were forced to flee the city, leaving ten dead bodies behind. Eight Afghan soldiers and three civilians were killed and 55 others were wounded during the Taliban attack.

On 8 August 2021, the Taliban as part of their nationwide military offensive fully captured Kunduz, along with Sar-e-Pul and Taloqan after heavy clashes with Afghan forces.

On 8 October 2021, a militant of ISKP detonated a suicide vest targeting shia worshippers at the Gozar-e-Sayed Abad Mosque, killing 50+ people and wounding over 100.

Demographics

The Kunduz municipality has an estimated population of 413,996 people. Ethnically, they are Pashtuns followed by Uzbeks, Tajiks, Arabs and a few others. The Pashtuns became the majority after the Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan in the late 18th century.

The Arabs of Kunduz speak Dari and Pashto, Afghanistan's two official languages, rather than Arabic. However, they claim a strong Arab identity, based on their tribal origins in the Arabian Peninsula. This may point to the seventh-century and later migration to this area of many Arab tribes, especially in the wake of the Muslim conquests of Afghanistan.

Economy

The economy of Kunduz is mainly based on agriculture, trade, transport, and tourism. The city has a domestic airport and a small industrial park. Many residents of Kunduz go to work in Kabul and other Afghan cities.

Sports

The most popular sports in Kunduz are cricket, football, futsal, volleyball and buzkashi.

;Professional sports teams from Kunduz

Stadiums

• Kunduz Cricket Ground
• Kunduz Football Stadium

Notable people

• Sher Khan Nasher, politician and entrepreneur
• Gholam Nabi Nasher, politician and philanthropist
• Sayed Noorullah Murad, politician, military commander and scholar
• Gulbudin Hekmatyar, politician and former commander in the Afghan mujahideen
• Hamidullah Yousafzai, football player who played for Afghanistan national football team
• Javed Ahmadi, cricket player of the Afghanistan national cricket team
• Abdul Rauf Ibrahimi, former speaker of Afghan Parliament
• Farhad Darya, Afghan singer

Notes

References

References

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